...G;In what ways, and too what extent has globalization reshaped international politics? In the recent history of international politics, globalization has become a dynamic concept. Martell (2010) key factors of identifying and defining globalization include the greater use of global communication and the decrease of space and time dimensions.. These factors will be explored in detail to obtain a better understanding of the role of globalization and its relationship to international relations. Historically the main actors have always been states, but with globalisation come the emergence of transnational companies, humanitarian organisations and political entities gaining prominence. The question of whether globalization secures greater equality or infact leads to more global inequality will be addressed. Global politics prioritises the management of power, security and justice. The end of the cold war saw only one superpower America remaining. As a result of the collapse of communism, new countries formed with border lines being redrawn. The simple yet effective strategy was to strengthen international unity by receding national sovereignty to stand in agreement. This was an awkward agreement, as no nation wished to stand independent (Kettl, 2000). The emergence of globalization into world markets significantly increased. The term globalization only came into widespread usage in 1990s. Globalization itself is a contested term with many definitions being affirmed. One definition...
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...“monocausal mania” with multi-causal syntheses (John Ruggie,1989). Exogenous causes of state behavior as varying domestic interests, collective beliefs, and international institutions and norms tend to trump the effects of material power that is the core commitment of realism. Hence, there is a high tendency of differentiation between classical realists and realists who aknowledge that international politics are not independent from law, morality and economics. An example of this self-conscious dichotomy is the distinquish of realist and non-realist elements by Morgenthau in Politics among Nations. Morgenthau’s view in realist elements is exclusively summarized in the power struggle and political independence that truly resemble the state of nature described by Hobbes: ....’’ International politics would be governed solely by...considerations of political expediency...In such a world the weak would be at the mercy of the strong’’. In regards to Morgenthau and his historical predessesors from the Thucydides to Waltz, recent formulations of realism are minimalist depending to five basic assumptions 1. States are the primary actors in international politics 2. The fixed political expediency seeks the duo of secure and power: egotistical goals regarding territorial integrity and expand in the international environment 3. Self help is the primary state behavior in reaction to the anarchic external environment. Minimal realism depends on the claim of Watz that...
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...Social Theory of International Politics Is it a good alternative on established theories in international relations? 1811 Words Maxim de la Haije (2509740) VU University Political Analysis Dr. Paul Pennings Amsterdam, 28 June 2013 Introduction In recent decades, many approaches have emerged which all try to clarify the processes of international relations as best as possible. Alexander Wendt, a staunch supporter of the social constructivist school, developed the ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ to explain this process, this theory is based on social constructivism. His works can be seen as a response to the theory developed by Waltz, which provided the basis for the neorealist school. This new approach to international relations is increasingly gaining ground and can be seen as a important contribution towards existing theories of international relations. Wendt felt that the existing theories in international relations were too restrictive and too much adherence to guidelines. He thinks out of the box and is in certain areas very rebellious. He beliefs that realism misses the inter subjectively shared ideas which shape behaviour by constituting the identities and interest of actors. Wendt (1999) sees the international system as a social construction. In his works he emphasizes the role of shared ideas and norms in shaping state behavior. Liberal and realist perspectives aim that materialist or individualist reasons causes actions by states. Wendt...
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...1.Politics As with many things the government of a country controls how any business in that country will operate, which directly gives them influence on any form of trade happening in that country. The government has the power to do so through tariffs, surcharges, and import licenses. Import tariffs provide some protection against dumping by foreign manufacturers. The relationships governments build with each other also affects international trade and can go both ways good and bad. When one goes as far back as the Worlds Wars, one can clearly see a perfect example of this. Following the wars and the Depression, international trade and finance had been in retreat for decades, and protectionist forces seemed dominant in all major economies. National governments seemed bent on heavily restricting international economic transactions to preserve economic stability and fuller employment. As a result the Bretton Woods institutions appeared stillborn, rendered irrelevant by the highly restrictive trade and exchange control. Trade policies developed in the five largest trading economies – those of Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and the United States – new treaties were put in place and relationships had to be restored in most parts of the world. Since the end of the Second World War, US presidents have to varying degrees embraced global trade expansion and pushed for lower tariffs, increased trade flows and a multilateral regime based on fairness, transparency...
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...Political Science Paper “When the United States sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold” - (Anonymous). The chain of events arising from the international economic crisis originating from the initial disaster in the United States has affected the vast majority of countries in one way or another. The amount of influence ranges from economic devastation of some nations at one end of the spectrum to national growth and prosperity at the other. In order to deal with the global crisis, countries have used an array of economic policies and programs in order to either revive their failing financial system or to maintain momentum of a successful market for the future. This includes attempts to either spark capital flow and revenue from increased bailouts and massive stimulus packages or to keep an economy’s health and maintain its fiscal impetus through increased export, trade, and international relations. Upon investigation of the various efforts used to deal with the crisis it is clear that realistic approaches of enhanced international cooperation and exports as well as responsible, conservative government policies are the most proficient way to properly fuel an economy. The worsening condition being experienced by the global economy has appeared to stem from the United States’ financial crisis and its ensuing economic ripple-effect across the world. Because of the U.S.’ large role as one of the main superpowers in the global community, the crisis has become widespread...
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...Adeola Adegbite March 21st 2013 African International Politics Professor Throup Failure of Organizations Throughout modern history, Western powers such as the United States and Europe have always assisted weaker nations in order for those countries to maintain internal stability and external relations with other nations. Most often, Western powers to aid states with failing democratic systems or nations that are strategic allies in certain regions of the world. For Western powers, it is important to promote the ideals of Democracy, and assist other nations deemed as crucial to Democracy’s development. Democracies and its expansion are vital for several reasons Democratic nations foster peace and stability. Following World War II, the United States believed it was imperative to sustain and support Western Europe. At the time Western Europe was facing the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its communist ideologies. The United States saw its support for Western Europe as essential in order to preserve their alliance, and most importantly to continue strengthening and expanding democratic ideals. However, as of the past twenty years, when it comes sub-Saharan Africa, Western nations are not nearly as concerned about a states internal or external stability. For example, countries such as Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and many other sub-Saharan countries are in utter turmoil, but the West has turned a blind eye. The burden now falls on organizations like the United Nations, Organization...
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...DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FOURAH BAY COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE Module: Introduction to International Relations (Pols 411) First Semester, 2008 Instructor (Lecturer): Ms. Lena Thompson Name: Josephus J. Ellie Final Year, History and Politics Essay Topic: “Critically Evaluate Post War Realist Explanation of International Politics with Particular Reference to Power” Introduction The tradition of political realism – realpolitik, power politics – has a long history that is typically traced back to the great Greek historian Thucydides in the fifth century BC. Although dominant attitudes towards realism have varied, realist arguments and orientations have been central to the Western theory and practice of international relations. “In particular, “modern” international society, whether dated from the era of Machiavelli at the turn of the sixteenth century or that of Hobbes in the mid-seventeenth century, has been closely linked to realist balance of power politics. The link between realism and international theory is especially strong in the twentieth century. International relations first emerged as an academic discipline before and immediately after World War I, largely in reaction against realist balance of power politics. The discipline was then reshaped immediately before and after World War II by self-identified realists such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. Prominent scholar-practitioners...
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...DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FOURAH BAY COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE Module: Introduction to International Relations (Pols 411) First Semester, 2008 Instructor (Lecturer): Ms. Lena Thompson Name: Josephus J. Ellie Final Year, History and Politics Essay Topic: “Critically Evaluate Post War Realist Explanation of International Politics with Particular Reference to Power” Introduction The tradition of political realism – realpolitik, power politics – has a long history that is typically traced back to the great Greek historian Thucydides in the fifth century BC. Although dominant attitudes towards realism have varied, realist arguments and orientations have been central to the Western theory and practice of international relations. “In particular, “modern” international society, whether dated from the era of Machiavelli at the turn of the sixteenth century or that of Hobbes in the mid-seventeenth century, has been closely linked to realist balance of power politics. The link between realism and international theory is especially strong in the twentieth century. International relations first emerged as an academic discipline before and immediately after World War I, largely in reaction against realist balance of power politics. The discipline was then reshaped immediately before and after World War II by self-identified realists such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. Prominent scholar-practitioners, such as George Kennan and Henry Kissinger, have called themselves...
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...The United Nations in International Politics The United Nations, an intergovernmental organization, was formed shortly after WWII in the efforts to become the Successor to the League of Nations to promote and preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. In 1945, after the League of Nations ceased its operations after being unable to stop WWII, representatives from fifty-one countries met in San Francisco where they drafted the proposed United Nations charter. The charter was signed by all fifty representatives on June 26, 1945, and was then ratified four months later on October 24, 1945. The United Nations has grown from fifty-one member states in the beginning to 193 member states as of today. The United Nations has four primary goals: to maintain worldwide peace and security, develop relationships among nations, assist in cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social and cultural problems along with encouraging respect for human rights, and lastly to provide a forum where nations work together for these goals. In addition to these goals the UN also aims to protect human rights, fight epidemics, poverty and famine, and deliver aid in form of food, clothes and medicine. People of the world today still struggle with the two major issues of peace and development within the United Nations’ roles in international politics. In recent times the United Nations is considered by many to be a peacekeeping organization, but from time ...
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...Derecho Internacional Público I. “The conventional wisdom, which runs very deep in the myth system of our civilization, holds that there is a sharp distinction between law and politics, a mutual exclusiveness, even an antithesis. Law is decision according to principles, we are told: reasoned decision. Politics is decision according to power. . . . A moment’s reflection will show that this distinction between law and politics is artificial, even preposterous. Notions of authority, expectations of what is right with regard to social choices, play a major role in politics; conversely, power is a very critical and indispensable factor in law. . . . Power and authority are always co-present to varying degrees. This notion of the co-presence of authority and power or control is fundamental to legal theory . . . .” * Michael Reisman La separación entre la ley y la política, como se entiende tradicionalmente, es una falsa dicotomía: la ley es un elemento de la política, y por consiguiente, el poder. Estoy de acuerdo en que este es un punto vital que apreciar, en particular en el sistema jurídico internacional. Para evaluar mejor la teoría, se debe analizar la creación del Derecho Internacional y como la relación ley-poder llegó a crear el estado-nación que da lugar a tal institución. Para comenzar, se define el estado nacional como una organización política de población homogénea que comparte cultura, lengua, etc. con un gobierno que sirve a los intereses de esta....
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...WHAT IS POLITICS? Why do we have to be interested in politics? If you’re not, others will influence the decisions that govern your lives. For example, who decides to declare war, to fix taxes….Ignorant is manipulated. Aristotle, the founder of the discipline, called politics the “master science”: he meant that almost everything happens in a political context. For example, politics is connected to economics: suppose a hurricane or earthquake strikes a country, in this case it is the political system that decides for example which victims to aid. The disaster is natural, but its impact on society is controlled by politics. Politics may be immoral: we have a misuse of power, corruption…. But even if we don’t like these features, we have to understand how things go on: how A gets B to do what A wants. This is what Political Science tries to explain. Political Science is related to the other social sciences: - History: it’s an important source of data for political scientists (if we analyze the Cold War (1947-1989), we have to know the events so history). But the data are handled differently: political scientists look for generalizations, historians for details. - Geography: physical and human (ethnic areas, regions …….) - Economics: many political quarrels are economic. A good economic development may be the basis for democracy, only few poor countries are democratic. - Sociology: Political Science starts by looking at society to see “who thinks what”about politics. For example...
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...CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE CSS105 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Developer Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla Course Writer University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Course Co-ordinator Dr. Godwin Ifidon Oyakhiromen National Open University of Nigeria Lagos. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria 2006 First Printed 2006 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by Goshen Print Media Ltd For National Open University of Nigeria iii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE Contents Introduction......................................................................... Aims................................................................................... Objectives........................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................
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...| | |INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA | |COURSE OUTLINE | |Kulliyyah |Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences | |Department |Political Science | |Programme |Bachelor of Human Sciences (Political Science) | |Course Title |Introduction to Political Science | |Course Code |PSCI 1010 | |Status |Core Course | |Level |1 ...
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...But, what i would like to reflect is the study of Geography. It is very important for me to be able to understand the interrelationship of political science and geography, since I am currently taking up a major subject which is geopolitics. As i have undergone the learning process of my degree program, International Studies and this subject, Political Science 2, I have realized that it is necessary for a concerned citizen, an IS student, a diplomat, and most especially a political scientist to know how geography affects the arising of global issues and international politics. It is the simplest way, the actions of individuals and societies are influenced by the physical environments, particularly climate, food, soil, etc. The geographical and physical factors greatly affect or influence the character, the national life of the people, and their political institutions. Without geography, I think the political concept can't go this far. This branch of learning is just so important to explain why such phenomena happened in the past and are happening today. Say for example those nations that are rich in natural resources may become more powerful in world politics. Another concrete example in the issue in recent months with regards to the tension between China and the Philippines over their claims to the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It can obviously indicate the presence of geography in this global issue because these islands are included in the 200 nautical...
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...Chapter 02, Geopolitical and legal factors in international business Geopolitics is the study of the influence of political and economic geography on the politics, national power, and foreign policy of the states. It’s the combination of geographic and political factors influencing a country or a region. It is also the national policy based on the inter-relation of politics and geography. Geopolitics combines the study of geography with the study of politics. Geography refers to a physical landforms, size and resources while politics refers to relations between among state origin. The geopolitical environment refers to a region’s political situation while considering the countries’ geography, history, economic situation, religion, culture, and governmental structure. It may also relates either to a single to a single country situation or the one of an entire continent. The geopolitical environment of the Middle East for example is frequently discussed. Launched in the beginning of the XX century by Swedish politic scientist, Rudolph Kjellen, it has become a popular term used by political scientist, historians, etc. The analysis of a region’s geopolitical environment attempts to get a sense of the values aspect of a region’s politics, culture, and industry. The geopolitical environment may vary overtime, even tough the geography may remains static, the changing world environment can affect an area’s political power. As the world in presently depending on oil...
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