...International Trade As An Engine of Growth In Developing Countries: a Case Study of Nigeria (1980-2003) SECTION ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A ll economies are increasingly open in today’s economic environment of globalization. Trade plays a vital role in shaping economic and social performance and prospects of countries around the world, especially those of developing countries. No country has grown without trade. However, the contribution of trade to development depends a great deal on the context in which it works and the objectives it serves. In recent decades, a number of developing countries, most notably the East Asian newly industrializing countries, have been able to purposefully use the elemental force of trade to boost growth and development within a relatively short time span. At the same time many other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), have embarked on unilateral trade liberalization in recent years, with very limited results at best in terms of increased growth and development. To act as an engine of development, trade must lead to steady improvements in human conditions by expanding the range of people’s choice, a notion that the concept of human development 3 tries to capture. From this standpoint, the trade and development performance of a country cannot be seen as the mere sum of its economic growth and export performance. Instead, it is a composite notion, reflecting how trade relates to the range of choices available...
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...2-International trade policies formation and implementation. On a first time The Republic of Korea has been a APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) member since 1989. APEC aims at improving international trade and investment liberalization by reducing trade barriers, business facilitation thanks to business transactions cost reduction and finally increase economic and technical collaboration between countries. Then in 1995 South Korea became a member of WTO (World Trade Organization) which intend to supervise international trade. It provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements The year after the country became a member of OECD (composed by 34 nearly all developed countries) which provides each country members tools to monitor and analyze their economic policies. As an example, in 2012 during the OECD's Ministerial Council Meeting, held in Paris, The Republic of Korea participated to the adoption of policies regarding international growth and employment. This means South Korea decided to increase its globalization and overall competitiveness of its economy. Since the creation of the Free Trade Area Roadmap (2002-2003), Republic of Korea has vigorously pursued collaborations with its most important partners. Up to now, FTA (Free Trade Agreement) were signed with India, Peru, Singapore, Chile, ASEAN, European Union, United States and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) which is an intergovernmental organization composed by Iceland, Liechtenstein...
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...understanding of international business and trade, we must first look at the global picture, that is the national economies, or countries. 2. There are approximately 200 countries, or economies in the world, of varying sizes and positions. 3. Students are encouraged to study the world map to understand these economies better. 4. We look at national economies on two aspects first, population size, and economic size (GDP). 5. The world population is about 7 billion people, and the largest countries in terms of population are China and India (billion club), followed by the hundred millions club, like the USA, Japan et cetera, then the rest of the countries. 6. Students need to look at the list of the countries by population and memorize some of these figures (approximation). For example, the USA has a population of 320 million, Japan 127 million, Indonesia about 200 million, Singapore about 5 to 6 million people. These figures are important for us to understand IBM. 7. Another aspect to look at is economic size. The world economy is worth about USD 72 trillion, and students may look at the top 10 largest economies in the world since they play a big role in IBT (International Business and Trade). 8. The largest economy is the USA with USD17 trillion, followed by China (USD 9 trillion), Japan etc. 9. We may also look at regions, and the three most significant regions, called the Triad, is North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. These three are engines to global economic...
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...Indian Banking – The engine for sustaining India’s growth agenda 5th ICC Banking Summit Kolkata 18 May 2013 Foreword Over the past couple of years, the Indian banking sector has displayed a high level of resilience in the face of high domestic inflation, rupee depreciation and fiscal uncertainty in the US and Europe. In order to stimulate the economy and support growth of the banking sector, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) adopted several policy measures. © 2013 KPMG, an Indian Registered Partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Asset quality, capital adequacy, financial inclusion and talent management are some of the key issues facing the Indian banking industry, which despite serving the second largest populated country in the world with a total of 87 banks (including 26 public sector banks, 20 private banks and 41 foreign banks), as per the RBI, reaches out to only about half of the country’s households, scripting a nominal global footprint. The rising consumerism from the emerging ‘middle’ India and the higher purchasing power in rural India on account of rising employment provides opportunities for banks to look beyond the traditional customer segments. However, these segments would require flexible operating models which would ensure responsiveness at the last mile and at the same time be viable for the banks. On...
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...US Trade Deficit 1. How large is the US trade deficit (relative to GDP)? As a percentage of U.S. GDP, the overall international trade deficit (including goods and services) was 3.7% in 2011, up from 3.4% in 2010. For the full year 2011 this equated to $558.0 billion, which included an overall deficit of $737.1 billion in goods, and a surplus of $179.0 billion in services. 2. How has the trade deficit changed recently? Why? Clearly the deficit is up, which reflects some growth in consumer spending as the unemployment rate decline late in the year and output (GDP begins to grow). For the three months ending in December, exports of goods and services averaged $178.5 billion, while imports of goods and services averaged $224.8 billion, resulting in an average trade deficit of $46.3 billion. The December 2010 to December 2011 increase in exports of goods reflected increases in industrial supplies and materials ($6.0 billion); capital goods ($2.2 billion); automotive vehicles, parts, and engines ($1.8 billion); consumer goods ($0.1 billion); other goods ($0.1 billion); and foods, feeds, and beverages ($0.1 billion). The December 2010 to December 2011 increase in imports of goods reflected increases in industrial supplies and materials ($9.2 billion); capital goods ($4.7 billion); automotive vehicles, parts, and engines ($3.1 billion); consumer goods ($2.1 billion); foods, feeds, and beverages ($1.1 billion); and other goods ($0.3 billion). 3. Do you expect this trend to...
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...export policy. But the other Chinese experts argue that we can not decrease the export, because China is a developing country which is mainly rely on export and we can not ignore that the export brings China a lot of opportunities. Though export is still exist a lot of problems, but we can use some theory to find the solution. The government can use the methods of increasing the domestic consumption spending to keep the growth of GDP and keep the employment rate. The government should encourage the residents to increase the consumption and enlarge the domestic demand. And government should encourage the export the advance proprietary technology products and restrict the export of low level technology products to eliminate the barriers of trade Introduction Nowadays, export plays an import role in the development of economic. General Administration of customs of the People’s Republic of China announced that Chinese trade surplus arrived 31 billion American dollars in July of 2011 and it is more than 9 billion in Jun of 2011. It is the highest point of trade surplus from February of 2009. The data is a new history record. Because the world demands the Chinese lower price and higher quality products and China mainly rely on the export of products to support the development of...
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...income distribution, trade surpluses with the United States and other developed countries. Singapore is a small island had no resources other than its strategic location and the skills of its nearly 2.7 million people. In 1988 it claimed a set of economic superlatives, including the world's busiest port, the world's highest rate of annual economic growth (11 percent), and the world's highest savings rate (42 percent of income). Singapore is found that lived by international trade and operated as a free port with free markets. Its small population and dependence on international markets meant that regional and world markets were larger than domestic markets. In1988 the value of Singapore's international trade was more than three times its gross domestic product ( GDP). The country's year-to-year economic performance fluctuated unpredictably with the cycles of world markets, which were beyond the control or even the influence of Singapore's leaders. In periods of growing international trade.In 1985-1986, Singapore could reap great gains, but even relatively minor downturns in world trade could produce deep recession in the Singapore economy.The value of Singapore's international trade was more than three times its gross domestic product ( GDP). The country's year-to-year economic performance fluctuated unpredictably with the cycles of world markets, which were beyond the control or even the influence of Singapore's leaders. In periods of growing international trade, such as the 1970s...
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...WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS? WHICH COUNTRY WILL GAIN AS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS THRIVE ON WWW? 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Internet enhance migrate businesses to drive globally. Internet impacts on international businesses are huge. This study will conduct the positive and negative factors impacting international businesses. Internet effects the businesses in positive and negative sight. Internet usage in the world is migrate users to save cost of travel, fast communication and expand business market globally. Internet disadvantages are created by irresponsible users. Internet disadvantages explanation are about malwares, spamming, identity theft and unable to solve conflicts. This study examines the impact of the internet on international businesses. The findings concerns on the country that will gain as international business thrive on World Wide Web (WWW). 2.0 INTRODUCTION International business is playing a huge role in today’s economy. Everyone is taking part in international business. Larger and smaller businesses become global businesses. Business transaction between two parties from various countries is known as international business. Every day dramatic changes are happening in international business world. Export and import of goods and services, international investments, licencing, franchising and management contracts are some kind of international business activities. In addition, an organization that participates in cross-border...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction to the study 2 2. Literature review 2 2.1 Main concepts 2 2.1.1 Foreign direct investment 2 2.1.2 Economic development 3 2.2 Related literature: The role of FDI in economic development 3 2.2.1 The radical view of FDI 3 2.2.2 The positive view of FDI impact 4 2.3 The impact of economic development 5 3. Case of study: the impact of FDI in garment industry and automobile industry in Viet Nam 7 3.1 Overview of FDI in Vietnam 7 3.2 Garment industry 8 3.3 Tourism Industry 9 3.4 Assess the impact of FDI in Vietnamese economic development 10 4. Conclusion 11 References 14 Appendices 17 1. Introduction to the study Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a concept that has emerged in recent decades. It was born with the trend of globalization and become an interesting topic for economic researchers. The evidence is that there are a large number of studies on this field, including case studies in specific country and cross-country analyses, single-dimensional and multi-dimensional studies, examinations in single-sector and multi-sector. However, until now there are still some debates about the issues related to this concept. One of the noticeable discussions is the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic development. This paper, to some extent, will review these studies about the relationship between...
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...Spending Overview Enabling Impact Passenger Expeditures Freight Flows Freight Exports Domestic Air Freight Conclusion Appendix – Supplemental Tables Glossary of Economic Terms Foreword Look around. In today’s ever-changing and innovative world, aviation provides a vital link to economic opportunities at home and abroad. In the wake of global economic and financial uncertainties, runways have become the new main streets for cities and towns to get down to business and soar once more. In 2009, civil aviation supported over 10 million jobs, contributed $1.3 trillion in total economic activity and accounted for 5.2 percent of total U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Civilian aircraft engines, equipment and parts also contribute $75 billion toward the U.S. trade balance. Civilian aircraft engines, equipment and parts have been the top net export for the past decade. Our economic success clearly depends on the success of aviation. So the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is committed to providing the safest, most efficient aerospace system in the world. As we move forward, the FAA will continue to invest in airports, and build the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). NextGen is a transformation of the National Airspace System. It will add a suite of 21st century technologies and procedures to...
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...Secretary of Treasury for International Affairs Testimony before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade, and Technology House Committee on Financial Services October 1, 2003 Chairman King, Ranking Member Maloney, Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for giving me the opportunity to testify on China’s exchange rate regime and its effects on the U.S. economy. This is the fifth time that I have appeared before this Subcommittee as an Administration witness. Each time I have been asked to focus on an important facet of our international economic policy. I have testified on our policy toward emerging markets, on our policy for developing countries-including reforms at the Multilateral Development Banks and the new Millennium Challenge Account, and on our policy to remove barriers to the free flow of capital in our trade agreements-including those with Singapore and Chile. In each of these cases, an underlying goal of our policy has been to raise economic growth and increase economic stability around the world, and in doing so benefit the American people with more jobs, more security, and a better life. My testimony today on China’s exchange rate regime will be no different in this respect. The Overall International Economic Strategy for Growth and Stability The Administration’s major economic endeavor now is to strengthen the economic recovery in the United States. The President’s Jobs and Growth package, enacted into law this...
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...Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade David Hummels, Dana Rapoport, and Kei-Mu Yi T he world’s economies have become increasingly integrated and increasingly global. Among the most important and often cited features of the rise in globalization is the enormous growth in the export and import shares of GDP since World War II. In the United States, international trade— that is, exports plus imports—accounted for 23.9 percent of GDP in 1996, up from 9.2 percent in 1962.1 Worldwide, the merchandise export share of production has more than doubled over the last forty-five years, while the manufactured export share of production has almost quadrupled (Chart 1). Most countries—emerging nations as well as highly developed economies—have experienced increases in their export share of GDP (Chart 2). Clearly, a greater number of countries are trading more today than in the past. David Hummels is an assistant professor of economics at the University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business; Dana Rapoport is an assistant economist and Kei-Mu Yi an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Another significant feature of increased globalization is the internationalization of production. Rather than concentrate production in a single country, the modern multinational firm uses production plants—operated either as subsidiaries or through arm’s-length relationships—in several countries. By doing so, firms can exploit powerful locational advantages...
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...partnership Driving success – a strategy for growth and sustainability in the UK automotive sector July 2013 Contents | 3 Contents Foreword Executive summary Challenges and opportunities Investing in innovation and technology Enhancing supply chain competitiveness and growth Investing in people – ensuring the right skills A business environment that enables a competitive automotive industry 1 The UK automotive industry Overview of the sector Competitiveness – a high productivity sector Enhancing UK competitiveness: strengths and weaknesses Vision for the UK automotive sector Investing in innovation and technology Success through collaboration Developing more detailed technology roadmaps Maintaining the UK’s strength in propulsion systems Hydrogen and fuel cells Enhanced links with motorsport Enhancing collaboration with the research base Better engagement with EU funding Delivering intelligent mobility Future technologies Enhancing supply chain competitiveness and growth Key challenges for the supply chain Quantifying and capitalising on the business opportunity for the UK supply chain Improving long-term supply chain competitiveness Encouraging inward investment in the UK supply chain and creating export opportunities Access to finance Innovative processes for premium manufacturers 3 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 12 16 18 21 24 26 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 37 38 40 44 47 48 2 3 4 | Driving success – a strategy for growth and sustainability in the UK automotive sector ...
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...Monitor International Ltd. UNITED KINGDOM AUTOS REPORT Q2 2011 INCLUDING 5-YEAR INDUSTRY FORECASTS BY BMI Part of BMI’s Industry Report & Forecasts Series Published by: Business Monitor International Production Date: March 2011 Business Monitor International Mermaid House, 2 Puddle Dock, London, EC4V 3DS, UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 0468 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 0467 Email: subs@businessmonitor.com Web: http://www.businessmonitor.com © 2010 Business Monitor International. All rights reserved. All information contained in this publication is copyrighted in the name of Business Monitor International, and as such no part of this publication may be reproduced, repackaged, redistributed, resold in whole or in any part, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by information storage or retrieval, or by any other means, without the express written consent of the publisher. DISCLAIMER All information contained in this publication has been researched and compiled from sources believed to be accurate and reliable at the time of publishing. However, in view of the natural scope for human and/or mechanical error, either at source or during production, Business Monitor International accepts no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage resulting from errors, inaccuracies or omissions affecting any part of the publication. All information is provided without warranty, and Business Monitor International makes...
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...Data 02/16/2014 The mechanism behind Japanese foreign trade VS China & South Korea. Background information: After World War 2 japan recovered very rapidly and had economic boom. Japans economic growth was very high. Here is a table showing Japan’s economic growth. Behind this scenario were couple essential factors: JETRO- japans external trade organization, MITI- ministry of international trade and Industry, after renamed to METI- Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry, Sogo-Shosho independent trading houses, Japan bank for international corporation, Institute of developing economies under METI and Ministry of Finance. MITI: Combining to two different sectors under single ministry already emphasizes how long oriented and strategic meaning it carries. The main engine of Japanese economy was industry that includes- machinery, high-tech, etc… And coming to trade it is also main accumulator of Japans GPD. Japans economy relies on export mostly. Japan in early 80-90 had huge gap of budget surplus. It exported much more than it imported and that imbalance between export and imports directly influenced US economy. Japan had and still has very exclusive channel distribution. Foreign companies cannot directly sell to japan. There are many informal barriers for foreign companies. More than that Japanese companies used predatory pricing strategy wherever they go. They set aggressive pricing strategy against competitors that couldn’t survive in market. In addition to these...
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