...'The USA was hit by the Great Depression in 1929 because of increasing restrictions on international trade.' How far do you agree with this opinion? Use Sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. The USA was hit by the Great Depression in 1929 because of increasing restrictions on international trade to a small extent, as it was indeed a significant factor in creating the onset of the Great Depression, as it acted as one of the long-term problems with the US economic system. Source 7 supports this argument, and suggests that it made world trade more difficult as it led to the USA not being able to 'expand its foreign markets as rapidly as its production'. However, other factors could also be considered to have started the Great Depression more significantly, with source 8 suggesting that it was due to long-term problems in the economy associated with a lack of purchasing power and the effects of the Wall Street Crash, along with source 9 demonstrating that it was due to the laissez-faire policies pursued by the Coolidge administration. The USA was arguably hit by the Great Depression in 1929 because of the combination of under consumption and overproduction linked to the maldistribution of wealth in US society during the 1920s. The problem with under consumption was mainly due to the fact that a substantial segment of the population that was farmers and workers in declining industries had not shared in the general prosperity of the early 1920s. In 1929, American farmers...
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...Assignment 1: International distribution paper; deadline: June 3rd (week 5) The paper should contain a minimum of 2000 words (4 A4’s) + pictures / diagrams etc. (added to the 4 A4’s) - 2 A4’s consist of a summary on the subjects within the theme International Distribution, incl. literature list (min. 5 references) - 2 A4’s consist of a case study applying the theoretical knowledge of the first A4’s to a company of your own choice - Literature list (min. 5 written references, no URL’s) - ½ A4 (250 words) consists of your own opinion about the paper Assignment 1: International distribution paper; deadline: June 3rd (week 5) The paper should contain a minimum of 2000 words (4 A4’s) + pictures / diagrams etc. (added to the 4 A4’s) - 2 A4’s consist of a summary on the subjects within the theme International Distribution, incl. literature list (min. 5 references) - 2 A4’s consist of a case study applying the theoretical knowledge of the first A4’s to a company of your own choice - Literature list (min. 5 written references, no URL’s) - ½ A4 (250 words) consists of your own opinion about the paper Assignment 1: International distribution paper; deadline: June 3rd (week 5) The paper should contain a minimum of 2000 words (4 A4’s) + pictures / diagrams etc. (added to the 4 A4’s) - 2 A4’s consist of a summary on the subjects within the theme International Distribution, incl. literature list (min. 5 references) - 2 A4’s consist of a case study applying the theoretical...
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...Chapter 01 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing True / False Questions 1. (p. 3) Global commerce thrives during peacetime. TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 2. (p. 4) To date, the lesson for international commerce in the 21st century is "expect the unexpected." TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 3. (p. 5) Today, every American business is international. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 4. (p. 5) One event that will influence the shape of international business as the future unfolds is the rapid growth of the World Trade Organization, NAFTA, and the European Union. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 5. (p. 5) One event that will influence the shape of international business as the future unfolds is the unprecedented acceptance of communism and socialism in Latin America. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 6. (p. 5) A trend that will impact international business in the future is a mandate to properly manage the resources and global environment. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 7. (p. 5) Today, most business activities are local or regional in scope. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 8. (p. 6, Crossing Borders 1.1) What do French farmers, Chinese fishermen, and Russian hackers have in common--they can all receive subsidy payments from the U.S. government. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 9. (p. 6) Foreign-made products remain a small...
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...Journal of International Business Studies (2006) 37, 525–543 & 2006 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model James P. Johnson1, Tomasz Lenartowicz2 and Salvador Apud3 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park, USA; 2Deparment of Management, International Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 3LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas, Austin, USA Correspondence: Dr James P. Johnson, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Office number 204, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA. Tel: þ 1 407 646 2486; Fax: þ 1 407 646 1550; E-mail: jpjohnson@rollins.edu 1 Abstract Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of crosscultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments...
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...Managing Knowledge for Innovation: The Role of Cooperation, Competition, and Alliance Nationality Haisu Zhang, Chengli Shu, Xu Jiang, and Alan J. Malter ABSTRACT Strategic alliances play a critical role in global innovation. Firms can overcome resource constraints and achieve superior innovative performance not only by using internal resources but also by acquiring knowledge-based capabilities from alliance partners. In this study, the authors investigate how knowledge acquired from alliance partners affects organizational knowledge creation, which in turn leads to innovative performance. The authors propose that the knowledge–innovation relationship is stronger in international alliances than domestic alliances. The results from a survey of 127 German firms engaged in strategic alliances confirm that knowledge creation mediates the effect of knowledge acquisition on innovative performance and that international alliances strengthen the effect of knowledge creation on innovative performance. In addition, the authors find that interfirm cooperation and competition coexist in strategic alliances and that both factors increase knowledge acquisition, though from different motivational bases. Keywords: innovation, strategic alliance, knowledge management, cooperation, competition A lliances are a central element of most company business models (Kaplan, Norton, and Rugelsjoen 2010). The logic of working with a strategic partner is especially compelling in increasingly competitive...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Hong Kong Polytechnic University] On: 3 June 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 738313287] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 3741 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713735234 Knowledge and knowledge sharing in retail internationalization: IKEA's entry into Russia Anna Jonssona; Ulf Elga a Department of Business Administration, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Sweden To cite this Article Jonsson, Anna and Elg, Ulf(2006) 'Knowledge and knowledge sharing in retail internationalization: IKEA's entry into Russia', The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 16: 2, 239 — 256 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09593960600572316 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593960600572316 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does...
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...How does the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme promote learning? The International Baccalaureate Diploma programme was established to provide ‘the educational needs of globally mobile students’ (IBO 2012 p.3), allowing them to gain a recognised qualification to allow them access to further education in universities around the world. Beyond these very broad objectives the initial programme was based on three fundamental principles, which outlined the IB’s approach to learning: * to provide a broad education, establishing the basic knowledge and critical thinking skill * to develop international understanding and citizenship * to provide choice within a balanced curriculum to allow the students interests to be fulfilled (ibid). The aim as Peterson has suggested was to not to just provide a place for the ‘acquisition of general knowledge, but the development of the general powers of the mind to operate in a variety of ways of thinking’ (IBO 2012 p.4). This is expressed further in the IB’s Mission Statement which states its desire to create a better world through education, which it claims can best, be achieved through international-mindedness. It adds to this by stating that ‘the International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect (ibid). As with the other programmes, the PYP and MYP, the DP ‘promotes the education...
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...False Questions 1. (p. 7) Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 2. (p. 7) Tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are beginning to converge on some global norm. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 3. (p. 7) A company has to be a major multinational corporation to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization of markets. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 4. (p. 7) In Germany, 98 percent of small and midsize companies have exposure to international markets. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 5. (p. 8) Currently, the most global of markets are for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 6. (p. 8) As firms follow each other around the world, greater diversity replaces uniformity. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1-1 Topic: What Is Globalization? 7. (p. 10) Substantial impediments such as barriers to foreign direct investment...
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...Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 1411–1431 & 2009 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 www.jibs.net The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership Jan Johanson1 and Jan-Erik Vahlne2 1 2 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden Correspondence: J Johanson, Uppsala University, PO Box 513, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden. Tel: þ 46 859255215; E-mail: jan.johanson@fek.uu.se Abstract The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships. Journal of International Business Studies (2009), 40, 1411–1431. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.24 Keywords: internationalization theories and foreign market entry; network relations theory; experiential knowledge; commitment; trust; opportunity Received: 10 July 2007 Revised: 15 October...
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...Fahrenheit 451 and Hilda Doolittle’s The Walls Do Not Fall share similar themes as Anthem. Fahrenheit 451 is set in a future time where books are not allowed, and are to be burned by the dreaded firefighters. The main character, Guy Montag, struggles with the idea of destroying books taking away knowledge. He is so intrigued by books that he tells this to his distraught wife: “There must be something in books, things we can’t imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there…” (Bradbury, p.51). The leaders in his society control their citizens by the withholding of knowledge as well. That is how Montag runs away from his town in search of more knowledge and to save his life. Hilda Doolittle also valued books and knowledge very highly, as evident in her poem The Walls Do Not Fall. The author stayed in Europe when it was being bombed to see how things unfolded. She said, “…if you do not even understand what words say, how can you expect to pass judgement on what words conceal?” (Doolittle, [8]). Ayn Rand was worried that we would forget what is really important in life. Ray Bradbury feared our books being taken away. Hilda Doolittle was afraid of us leaving books and knowledge...
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...Proceedings of the 41st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 2008 Towards Measuring Knowledge Management Success Murray E. Jennex San Diego State University mjennex@mail.sdsu.edu Abstract Discussions at previous HICSS conferences have revealed that there is no general agreement on definitions of knowledge management (KM) and knowledge management system (KMS) success. We developed these concepts and presented them earlier this year. Using an expert panel approach followed by two exploratory surveys, we identify KM success measures. The research demonstrates that measures for KM success are required on multiple dimensions. This paper thus also presents a set of dimensions with measures that can be used to determine if KM in an organization is successful. Stefan Smolnik European Business School (EBS) Stefan.Smolnik@ebs.edu David Croasdell University of Nevada, Reno davec@unr.edu begin to identify instruments that can be used to operationalize these measures. Besides presenting some background on KM success, the paper also offers a series of perspectives on KM/KMS success. These perspectives were derived from an analysis of academics and practitioners’ definitions of KM/KMS success. 2. Background on KM Success After summarizing various definitions of KM, Jennex defined KM success as reusing knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness by providing the appropriate knowledge to those who need it when it is needed [13]. KM is expected to have a...
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...perspective to identify, analyze and design IT-supported business processes. Subjects: * Business Economics including disciplines like organizational theory, accounting and marketing * Business Strategy including concepts like Enterprise Resource Management, Supply Chain Management and Business Process Management * Project Management * Strategic Planning of Information Systems Information Technology 50 ECTS An understanding of IT and IT systems provides you with a basis for developing effective IT solutions supporting the optimization of business processes. You will be able to combine your understanding of an enterprise and IT knowledge and in that way develop more efficient firms. Subjects: * Programming * Database Design * Development Methods * Information Systems Architecture * International User...
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...Digital ecosystem & autopoeisis Jayanta started his career in 1972 at Siemens in Sales and Project Engineering and developed expertise in new product management. He then pioneered the introduction of advanced electronic control systems to Indian Industries at Allen-Bradley Ltd, where he rose to the position of CEO in 1990. But true to his passion he was also teaching as a visiting faculty at IIT Kanpur and at IIT Delhi during this period. Later, he co-funded Strategy Innovation Inc and became the Chief Knowledge Officer of vtPlex. In 2001 he divested out of that enterprise and joined the academia full time at Industrial & Management Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur. Visiting Professor at AIT Bangkok-School of Management & Member Academic & Research Boards of TA Pai Management Institute, Manipal & NISTADS, and New Delhi Currently he is Professor at IIT Kanpur, India, Visiting Professor at Aalto University Design Factory, Finland and member of the Advisory Council of the Knowledge Management Center at the School of Computing,...
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...FIRM-A MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASING FOREIGN MARKET COMMITMENTS JAN JOHANSON' Center of International Business Studies University of Uppsala JAN-ERIK VAHLNE' Institute of International Business Stockholm School of Economics Abstract. O n the basis of empirical research, a model of the internationalization process of the firm is developed. The model fccuses on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on the incrementally increasing commitments to foreign markets. In particular, attention is concentrated on the increasing involvement in the individual foreign country. ' , .?.. . ' 1 .ti-. ;,..,, ,--.7p.p. . & , Several studies of international business have indicated that internationalization of the firms is a process in which the firms gradually increase their international involvement. It seems reasonable to assume that, within the frame of economic and business factors, the characteristics of this process influence the pattern and pace of internationalization of firms. In this paper we develop a model of the internationalization process of the firm that focuses on the development of the individual firm, and particularly on its gradual acquisltion, integration, and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on its successively increasing commitment to foreign markets. The basic assumptions of the model are that lack of such knowledge is an important...
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...Through this course I acquired the knowledge to use in different approaches when dealing with a company internationally. I now have a perspective of the international network, and the challenges in the international environment. My first perspective is the component parts of an international company, and understanding internally how it all comes together. Now I see why it helps to identify the company’s strengths and weaknesses, prioritize the company’s tasks to solve them in the right order and synchronize efforts to move in the same direction. We covered subjects such as globalization, differences in cultures, the strategy of international business, and the organization of international business, global human resource management and global marketing. This knowledge is important because it gives me an understanding of how to utilize the knowledge behind a product, and bring inside knowledge to everyone on the team I create. I see how it’s not the physical product itself that makes an impact on the market, but how you utilize the knowledge behind the product such as the services and culture. The real value of knowledge is not the product but how to use everything to create a competitive advantage anywhere. A company has many different units, and sometimes they are not all aligned to the same. By looking more closely at challenges, when dealing with forming the strategy to implementing the strategy, I am now able to identify the misunderstandings between the decided strategy...
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