...Introduction The profound importance for microorganisms to operate at a maximum efficiency has lead to adaptations allowing for groups of processes to be functional when resources are available, while on the contrary remaining “dormant” when not in need. This has been accomplished at the molecular level by configuring clusters of genes together on the genome into operons that elicit a processive response in the presence of a specific metabolite. The Lac operon is responsible for the cleaving of the disaccharide lactose into two products. A myriad of components control the expression of the Lac operon when two conditions are met. First, the substrate, lactose, must be present. Second, no better substrate for example, glucose, is present (2). The three structural genes in the Lac operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene lacZ encodes the tetramer, ß-galactosidase, which is responsible for hydrolyzing the ß-1,4 glycosidic linkage between galactose and glucose in lactose. The transport of lactose into the cell via the enzyme lactose permease is encoded by the gene lacY. The lacA gene encodes the enzyme, galactoside transacetylase, a trimer that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to galactosides. Activation of these genes is dependent on the activity of a promoter and three operators based on the nutritional and environmental conditions available to the cell. The lac operon is a negatively controlled inducible operon that utilizes the product of the regulator gene lacI, to...
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...Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to successfully transform pGLO plasmid into E.Coli cells. In the first segment of this laboratory exercise, one had to carry out a restriction digest. Restriction digestion is the process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces with special enzymes such as, BamH1 and EcoR1. One had to determine which of the two plasmids, A or B, were pGLO or pWEB. A plasmid is a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium (Isite, 2013). In order to determine that, one had to use BamH1 and EcoR1 on two tubes each one with plasmid A and the other with plasmid B to observe the cuts made by each enzyme. The hypothesis for this segment of the laboratory exercise states that pGLO was plasmid B, and pWEB was plasmid A. PGLO is a plasmid which contains green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is found in the Aquarius Victoria jelly fish. These jelly fish have a bioluminescent protein that emits blue light. GFP converts the blue light into green light, and that is why these jelly fish emit green light. The pGLO was inserted into E.coli by using transformation. Transformation is the process of transferring genetic material between microbial cells (Tu 2008). Bacterial cells need to be in a state of competency prior to transformation (Isite 2013). Some bacteria naturally achieve this stage when nutrients and oxygen are low (Isite 2013). In the laboratory, bacteria were artificially induced with calcium chloride to be competent for transformation...
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...The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Aging by Jessica Swantek Introduction For ages, humans have been searching for ways to counteract the aging process. The legendary fountain of youth generated much attention in the past, and more recently, thousands of dollars have been spent each year on creams, pills, plastic surgery, and various forms of therapy designed to make one look and feel younger. So far nothing has been proven to reverse or even retard human aging, but scientists are finally catching a glimpse as to a dietary manipulation technique that might work. Preliminary Experimentation In the 1930s, Clive McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found...
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...The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Aging by christiano Introduction For ages, humans have been searching for ways to counteract the aging process. The legendary fountain of youth generated much attention in the past, and more recently, thousands of dollars have been spent each year on creams, pills, plastic surgery, and various forms of therapy designed to make one look and feel younger. So far nothing has been proven to reverse or even retard human aging, but scientists are finally catching a glimpse as to a dietary manipulation technique that might work. Preliminary Experimentation In the 1930s, Clive McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found that...
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...calories are minimalized to a couple hundred calories and on the other day you would eat as normal. This diet is particularly best for weight loss due to longer periods of food restriction. The next fasting approach is called the Warrior Diet, which is based on the concept of fasting for 20 hours and promotes eating one large, healthy meal at the end of the day (Simmons). “It claims that this pattern of eating is in sync with humans’ circadian rhythm and will promote general health while ‘removing harmful toxins from the body’” (Simmons 2014). The fasting period allows you to consume small snacks such as fruits and veggies and some high protein snacks or shakes. The common factor among each one of the fasting diets is calorie restriction, which eventually leads to weight loss. Because meals are limited to a certain timeframe, ideally the calorie consumption is going to be less when following a proper diet. Eliminating multiple meals throughout the day until mealtime or “feeding” time is going to reduce added calories to one's diet. The restrictive diet helps reduce the risk factors associated with being overweight and obese such as certain cancers and diabetes (Patterson 2015). Overall fasting is not going to be the most beneficial way to lose weight by itself. Other factors such as calorie restriction and increased metabolism contribute to weight loss. For individuals who are looking for significant weight loss fasting may not be the best plan. In fasting, reducing the eating...
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...Cloning and expression of α-Amylase gene from Bacillus subtilis in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Introduction Enzyme is a type of catalyst that present in living organisms used for many biotechnological functions in various industrial processing. It has a special characteristic that allows the chemical reaction to speed up without being altered, thus significantly improve the industrial productivity (Roy et al. 2012). Among various enzymes available in market, α-amylase has received a special attention in commercial production due to its widely used applications. α-Amylase contributed to 50% of the world enzyme production and has a great importance in many industries such as in food processing, laundry and also in pharmaceutical (Asgher et al. 2007). α-Amylase enzyme acts on α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch substrate backbone leading to the formation of soluble maltodextrins, glucose and maltose (Vidyalakshmi et al. 2009). This characteristic is extremely useful especially in industries that require the hydroxylation of starch such as the production of sugar syrups. The α-amylase enzyme can be obtained from various sources such as plants animals and microbes (Ahmed et al. 2011). However, the naturally occurring enzyme is still insufficient to support all the industrial production and therefore, it is crucial to find a new alternative sources, which is cost-efficient and high yield capacity to meet the supply demand (Yin et al. 2003). In industries, the microbial...
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...traits are influenced by things like their genotype or their specific environment. Genomic markers can allow for a more direct comparison of closely related individuals (Ansari and Khan, 2012). In our case we focus on DNA extraction. The two basic parts of a DNA extraction procedure include the breaking of the cell walls to expose the DNA and the use of enzymes to remove contaminants. The DNA is analyzed for purity by taking the absorbance. The pure DNA is then visualized by gel electrophoresis. The DNA extraction of plant seeds is difficult because of their cell wall. The method used to break the cell wall includes grinding the seeds with liquid nitrogen. The addition of DNAzol is used to isolate genomic DNA (Chomczynski et al. 1997). Restriction enzymes are necessary to fragment patterns of the DNA and in turn making it easier to analyze the DNA through gel electrophoresis. BACKGROUND The purpose of our experiment is to extract the DNA from pepper seeds to be able to compare and contrast the similarities in their DNA. The extraction of DNA from a plant is slightly more difficult than that of mammals. This is due to the presence of a rigid cell wall. To overcome this problem, the pepper seeds are grinded using liquid nitrogen (Manen, Jean-François, 2005). The liquid nitrogen facilitates the pulverization of the seeds by flash freezing them and causes the outer shell to become fragile. Plant DNAzol is a guanidine thiocyanate and detergent...
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...never had a good relationship. Her jealously towards the victim was well known and they were seen in public one week prior to the incident arguing, which raises a red flag. Background The victim was a cheerleader in college and she was an honor student. She was murdered by multiple stabs and the guilty suspect disposed of the body in a dumpster near the library. Luckily, there was a trail of blood left at the scene and there was a blood sample that was connected to one of the suspects. The suspects narrowed down to her half sister who was very jealous of her and her ex-boyfriend. Similar to the procedure done in forensics the samples of the crime scene blood, the blood of suspect A and the blood of suspect B were combined with restriction enzymes and put through gel electrophoresis to determine which suspect’s blood matched the blood found at the crime scene. Results __Wide Range Marker / __Crime / / __Crime-Enz / / / __Suspect A / / / / __Suspect A-Enz / / / / / __Suspect B / / / / / / __Suspect B-Enz / / / / / / / __EL...
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... Nearly half of Americans come in contact with or personally know an individual who has anorexia. In fact, I am sure each one of us knows someone or knows of someone who has an eating disorder. My oldest sister has anorexia and I have sorrowfully watched her struggle daily with it. It happened gradually and without warning when she was only 12. She kept a journal of her daily calorie intake, and one of her entries read that she only had a small handful of nuts and bite of a brownie that day. Like my sister, anorexia is a growing problem among young women. Throughout this speech, you will learn of some aspects of this eating disorder such as its causes, preventions, and effects. Some signs and symptoms include the denial of hunger, withdrawal from usual activities and friends, refusal to eat certain foods or any food at all, and frequent comments about feeling “fat” even though dramatic weight loss is occurring. Many consequences happen as a result of Anorexia, such as an abnormally slow heart right and low blood pressure, reduction of bone density, muscle loss and weakness, severe dehydration which can lead to kidney failure, fainting and fatigue, dry hair and skin as well as hair loss, and the growth of a thin layer of hair covering the whole body called Lanugo, which is the body’s attempt to keep itself warm. Nearly 5% of all women worldwide suffer from Anorexia Nervosa, 90% of which are women between the ages of 15 and 24. Anorexia is a severe eating disorder characterized...
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...in which the company operates. Google is one such company that makes available an internet search engine worldwide. While the service has been mainly operated from the United States, Google has provided its service since 2000, in a version that is available in the Chinese language to the people of China. The Chinese government blocked Google’s Chinese version of its service, which made the greatest part of their services inaccessible to the people of China. In an effort to provide the service to all people worldwide, Google made the decision to locate an office in China that would introduce their Google.cn to the Chinese people. While Americans take for granted their freedom of speech, the Chinese people have always been restricted to censored information provided by the state run media. The government is particularly adverse to any medium that undermines the state’s power or goes against the national unity. They also restrict or ban any content that is sexual in nature. The restrictions on the content that could be accessed on the internet with Google was something that was imperative to consider before the decision to directly initiate service from China. Even with the restrictions imposed by the government, Google decided to open a Chinese based operation. They believed that they could eventually wear down the resistance of the government with the wishes of the people wanting restriction free access. What they did not consider is the indoctrination of the Chinese people...
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...Shoerack, WIFI, Geyser, Bed, Cupboard, Fan, internet, Water Purifier, boys entry, Cooking Allowed, Western Toilet, Attached Toilet. Along with the PG amenities, the residents would also benefit from the services including Parking, Security, Elevator, House Keeping, 24 Hours Water Supply, Power Backup. There are certain restrictions in the PG including Document proof.This Paying Guest Service is located in Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India and is available for Student, Working on Sharing basis. The PG service comes with only a few amenities such as Shoerack, WIFI, Geyser, Bed, Cupboard, Fan, internet, Water Purifier, boys entry, Cooking Allowed, Western Toilet, Attached Toilet. Along with the PG amenities, the residents would also benefit from the services including Parking, Security, Elevator, House Keeping, 24 Hours Water Supply, Power Backup. There are certain restrictions in the PG including Document proof.This Paying Guest Service is located in Koramangala, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India and is available for Student, Working on Sharing basis. The PG service comes with only a few amenities such as Shoerack, WIFI, Geyser, Bed, Cupboard, Fan, internet, Water Purifier, boys entry, Cooking Allowed, Western Toilet, Attached Toilet. Along with the PG amenities, the residents would also benefit from the services including Parking, Security, Elevator, House Keeping, 24 Hours Water Supply, Power Backup. There are certain restrictions in the PG including Document proof.This Paying...
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...Question 4 What keeps the customers coming coffee or free stuff? Wireless Internet at Starbucks Starbucks is now offering free, one-click, unlimited Wi-Fi to all of its company-owned stores in the United States. That means Wi-Fi at Starbucks is now: * Free – no Starbucks Card required * One-Click – no username or password needed * Unlimited – no 2-hour restriction What keeps this business moving? Work environment – greatest assets to the company. 401k for part-time employees. Question 5 Community service goals Proactive with tornadoes Question 6 Current debt ratings Include the growth charts Moddy’s rating for bonds. Question 4 What keeps the customers coming coffee or free stuff? Wireless Internet at Starbucks Starbucks is now offering free, one-click, unlimited Wi-Fi to all of its company-owned stores in the United States. That means Wi-Fi at Starbucks is now: * Free – no Starbucks Card required * One-Click – no username or password needed * Unlimited – no 2-hour restriction What keeps this business moving? Work environment – greatest assets to the company. 401k for part-time employees. Question 5 Community service goals Proactive with tornadoes Question 6 Current debt ratings Include the growth charts Moddy’s rating for bonds. Question 4 What keeps the customers coming coffee or free stuff? Wireless Internet at Starbucks Starbucks is now offering free, one-click, unlimited Wi-Fi to all of its company-owned...
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...because it decreases the revenues for artist, actor or movie makers. Education has been affected because artist, movie makers or actors are catching up on how to put a stop or piracy and online theft, by putting IP restrictions which help cut down illegal downloading , copying . The more restrictions are in place it can become more as a business and students can be affected financially and in their grades for the lack of search engines available to students due to the high cost and expenses for downloading or streaming documents. 2. My collaboration tools I normally use are computer, phone, internet google, yahoo, emails, cell phone, and messaging. For the most part this essential tools in today’s society have benefit me to accomplish and complete almost 100 percent of all my daily tasks, job duties and school responsibilities. 3. Fighting plagiarism is very difficult this days, but University of Phoenix have their own software to check plagiarism on the plagiarism checker, this will make students aware of the situation and put the more at guard when it becomes to plagiarism. I believe another method that can be used at school is to connect with other search engines so they can track more other papers and institutions that sell services in the internet. 4. Microsoft capabilities that I was unaware of are document including hard and soft returns, document displaying formatting marks, view pages by gallery, page number dialed box, break page, and document with two...
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...Cyber Ethics Assignment 1 February 2nd 2014 The Internet has come a long way since being brought up around the world. Millions of people access the internet for many uses such as communicating with friends and family, accessing vital information, paying bills, online shopping, and the list goes on and on. But there is now one phenomenon that many people are unaware of, net neutrality. Net neutrality is the paradigm where ISP providers and governments restrict the access from certain Internet web sites to the public. Web sites should be open to everybody browsing on the Internet and not be restricted. We can look in depth to this dilemma by using ethical theories to help us out. When it comes to utilitarian position regarding net neutrality, many sites should be restricted because it is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. But when it comes to the deontologist position regarding net neutrality all sites should be able to be accessed with no restrictions because it should adhere to the obligations and duties of ISP providers and governments (Boulos, 2008). Utilitarian ethics has the basis to get the greatest good for the greatest number of people. When it comes to net neutrality this means blocking or restricting many web sites to the millions of users. These decisions are made by ISP providers and by governments. For example Verizon has been paying money to ISP companies to make their bandwidth larger so it could be faster than other competing companies...
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...Mark Zuckerberg created “Facebook” in 2004. Social media sites such as Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr and Omegle expose today’s adolescence to things they shouldn’t be seeing, and it is as easy as logging in. The following paragraphs will talk about the three main negative effects that social media plays on youth today. These are; one, continuously putting users of Social Media, (and even the internet), in danger, two, damaging face to face socializing skills, and three, exposing our youth to explicit materials. * * Firstly, Social media poses many threats in today’s society. It is accessible from any Computer, Phone, Tablet or IPod with an internet connection. This means that it is easier for children as young as 8 or 9 to connect to a social media site. This in turn exposes them to nudity, swearing and the worst of all; pedophiles and rapists. Rheana Murray of New York Daily News stated that a whopping one in ten profiles online are fake (May 2013). This means that at least 10% or more of a child’s friends on Facebook could be phony. The Carly Ryan incident in 2006 proves that the internet is a very dangerous platform for children, teenagers and even adults to be using. Unfortunately, fake profiles are not just used for using fake aliases. Even if someone has only, say 10 friends on a social media site, and know that all of these are authentic, there are still ways for hackers to access your information; such as your location, photos or even bank details. Bullying is also...
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