...Introduction The profound importance for microorganisms to operate at a maximum efficiency has lead to adaptations allowing for groups of processes to be functional when resources are available, while on the contrary remaining “dormant” when not in need. This has been accomplished at the molecular level by configuring clusters of genes together on the genome into operons that elicit a processive response in the presence of a specific metabolite. The Lac operon is responsible for the cleaving of the disaccharide lactose into two products. A myriad of components control the expression of the Lac operon when two conditions are met. First, the substrate, lactose, must be present. Second, no better substrate for example, glucose, is present (2). The three structural genes in the Lac operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene lacZ encodes the tetramer, ß-galactosidase, which is responsible for hydrolyzing the ß-1,4 glycosidic linkage between galactose and glucose in lactose. The transport of lactose into the cell via the enzyme lactose permease is encoded by the gene lacY. The lacA gene encodes the enzyme, galactoside transacetylase, a trimer that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to galactosides. Activation of these genes is dependent on the activity of a promoter and three operators based on the nutritional and environmental conditions available to the cell. The lac operon is a negatively controlled inducible operon that utilizes the product of the regulator gene lacI, to...
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...traits are influenced by things like their genotype or their specific environment. Genomic markers can allow for a more direct comparison of closely related individuals (Ansari and Khan, 2012). In our case we focus on DNA extraction. The two basic parts of a DNA extraction procedure include the breaking of the cell walls to expose the DNA and the use of enzymes to remove contaminants. The DNA is analyzed for purity by taking the absorbance. The pure DNA is then visualized by gel electrophoresis. The DNA extraction of plant seeds is difficult because of their cell wall. The method used to break the cell wall includes grinding the seeds with liquid nitrogen. The addition of DNAzol is used to isolate genomic DNA (Chomczynski et al. 1997). Restriction enzymes are necessary to fragment patterns of the DNA and in turn making it easier to analyze the DNA through gel electrophoresis. BACKGROUND The purpose of our experiment is to extract the DNA from pepper seeds to be able to compare and contrast the similarities in their DNA. The extraction of DNA from a plant is slightly more difficult than that of mammals. This is due to the presence of a rigid cell wall. To overcome this problem, the pepper seeds are grinded using liquid nitrogen (Manen, Jean-François, 2005). The liquid nitrogen facilitates the pulverization of the seeds by flash freezing them and causes the outer shell to become fragile. Plant DNAzol is a guanidine thiocyanate and detergent...
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...Running Head: JESUS 1 Jesus History, Character, Purpose, and Plan Armon Q. Parker English 1300 Composition II National American University August 2012 JESUS 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4 History……………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Character……………………………………………………………………………………..........5 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Plan………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...6 References…...……………………………………………………………………………………7 JESUS 3 Abstract This paper will provide the readers with basic information concerning the history of Jesus, his character, purpose and plan. This paper is not written to sway anyone form any other belief system that they may have. It is only to give information in regards to whom He was and is. This will be done by answering four questions: What is His history, character, purpose and plan? As a result, the answering of following questions will leave the reader more informed about what he/she may not have known regarding the man known as—Jesus. JESUS 4 Jesus History, Character, Purpose, and Plan Jesus has gone down in history as one of the most influential people who has ever walked the earth, and because of whom He claimed to be, churches, movements, and even religions have become established all over the world...
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...Ranch Golf Club Case Study The Ranch Golf Club opened in 2001 in Southwick, Massachusetts. The Hall family decided to turn their dairy farm into a golf club. They would provide their land, while they enlisted the help of Rowland Bates to coordinate the project. Bates found investors to provide the capital and they started work. The investors were Peter and Korby Clark, Bernard Chiu, and Ronald Izen. It is the Ranch’s goal to be the best golf club in New England. In 2007, the Ranch Golf Club was ranked as the number one best public golf course in Massachusetts. Communication is important in any aspect of life, especially in managing a business. Without clear communication the managers at The Ranch would be unsure of expectations. Communication is not a one-time thing; it must be continual in order to be effective. Communication involves a give and take. To communicate you cannot just talk; there has to be giving and receiving, or feedback. According to Lussier and Achua, feedback is “the process of verifying messages and determining if objectives are being met” (Lussier & Achua, p. 197). As it says in the case study, “Nothing takes the place of sitting down face-to-face during regular weekly meetings and listening to each other to continually improve operations” (Lussier & Achua, p. 197). As manager of The Ranch, Peter Clark must be prepared to receive feedback, which is critical for success. Management at The Ranch uses feedback to ensure “the players are getting service...
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..."A description is an arrangement of properties, qualities, and features that the author must pick (choose, select), but the art lies in the order of their release--visually, audibly, conceptually--and consequently in the order of their interaction, including the social standing of every word." (William H. Gass, "The Sentence Seeks Its Form." A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006) Ads #1 Reason Men Pull Away www.beirresistible.com The Biggest Mistake Women Make That Kills A Man's Attraction Fast Easy Self-Publishing outskirtspress.com/selfpublishing You keep 100% of your royalties. You keep 100% of your rights. Show; Don't Tell "This is the oldest cliché of the writing profession, and I wish I didn't have to repeat it. Do not tell me that the Thanksgiving dinner was cold. Show me the grease turning white as it congeals around the peas on your plate. . . . Think of yourself as a movie director. You have to create the scene that the viewer will relate to physically and emotionally." (David R. Williams, Sin Boldly!: Dr. Dave's Guide To Writing The College Paper. Basic Books, 2009) Selecting Details "The descriptive writer's main task is the selection and verbal representation of information. You must choose the details that matter--that are important to the purposes you share with your readers--as well as a pattern of arrangement relevant to those mutual purposes. . . . "Description can be an engineer describing the terrain where an embankment must be built, a novelist...
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...The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Aging by Jessica Swantek Introduction For ages, humans have been searching for ways to counteract the aging process. The legendary fountain of youth generated much attention in the past, and more recently, thousands of dollars have been spent each year on creams, pills, plastic surgery, and various forms of therapy designed to make one look and feel younger. So far nothing has been proven to reverse or even retard human aging, but scientists are finally catching a glimpse as to a dietary manipulation technique that might work. Preliminary Experimentation In the 1930s, Clive McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found...
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...The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Aging by christiano Introduction For ages, humans have been searching for ways to counteract the aging process. The legendary fountain of youth generated much attention in the past, and more recently, thousands of dollars have been spent each year on creams, pills, plastic surgery, and various forms of therapy designed to make one look and feel younger. So far nothing has been proven to reverse or even retard human aging, but scientists are finally catching a glimpse as to a dietary manipulation technique that might work. Preliminary Experimentation In the 1930s, Clive McCay, a scientist at the laboratories at Cornell University, experimented on his rats by feeding them less than they would ordinarily take for themselves, but without depriving them of nutrition to the point of starvation. He found that the food-deprived rats lived considerably longer than expected for a standard rat's life span, and about 33 percent longer than his control group of rats, which were fed as much as they wanted to eat (Weindruch 46). McCay didn't fully understand his results, and although published, they were generally disregarded by the science world (Man Immortal). Years later, Roy Walford, a nutritionist working at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, came across the documentation of McCay's experiments, and, using modern technology and mice instead of rats, picked up where McCay had left off (Man Immortal). Walford found that...
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...calories are minimalized to a couple hundred calories and on the other day you would eat as normal. This diet is particularly best for weight loss due to longer periods of food restriction. The next fasting approach is called the Warrior Diet, which is based on the concept of fasting for 20 hours and promotes eating one large, healthy meal at the end of the day (Simmons). “It claims that this pattern of eating is in sync with humans’ circadian rhythm and will promote general health while ‘removing harmful toxins from the body’” (Simmons 2014). The fasting period allows you to consume small snacks such as fruits and veggies and some high protein snacks or shakes. The common factor among each one of the fasting diets is calorie restriction, which eventually leads to weight loss. Because meals are limited to a certain timeframe, ideally the calorie consumption is going to be less when following a proper diet. Eliminating multiple meals throughout the day until mealtime or “feeding” time is going to reduce added calories to one's diet. The restrictive diet helps reduce the risk factors associated with being overweight and obese such as certain cancers and diabetes (Patterson 2015). Overall fasting is not going to be the most beneficial way to lose weight by itself. Other factors such as calorie restriction and increased metabolism contribute to weight loss. For individuals who are looking for significant weight loss fasting may not be the best plan. In fasting, reducing the eating...
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...Cloning and expression of α-Amylase gene from Bacillus subtilis in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Introduction Enzyme is a type of catalyst that present in living organisms used for many biotechnological functions in various industrial processing. It has a special characteristic that allows the chemical reaction to speed up without being altered, thus significantly improve the industrial productivity (Roy et al. 2012). Among various enzymes available in market, α-amylase has received a special attention in commercial production due to its widely used applications. α-Amylase contributed to 50% of the world enzyme production and has a great importance in many industries such as in food processing, laundry and also in pharmaceutical (Asgher et al. 2007). α-Amylase enzyme acts on α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch substrate backbone leading to the formation of soluble maltodextrins, glucose and maltose (Vidyalakshmi et al. 2009). This characteristic is extremely useful especially in industries that require the hydroxylation of starch such as the production of sugar syrups. The α-amylase enzyme can be obtained from various sources such as plants animals and microbes (Ahmed et al. 2011). However, the naturally occurring enzyme is still insufficient to support all the industrial production and therefore, it is crucial to find a new alternative sources, which is cost-efficient and high yield capacity to meet the supply demand (Yin et al. 2003). In industries, the microbial...
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...never had a good relationship. Her jealously towards the victim was well known and they were seen in public one week prior to the incident arguing, which raises a red flag. Background The victim was a cheerleader in college and she was an honor student. She was murdered by multiple stabs and the guilty suspect disposed of the body in a dumpster near the library. Luckily, there was a trail of blood left at the scene and there was a blood sample that was connected to one of the suspects. The suspects narrowed down to her half sister who was very jealous of her and her ex-boyfriend. Similar to the procedure done in forensics the samples of the crime scene blood, the blood of suspect A and the blood of suspect B were combined with restriction enzymes and put through gel electrophoresis to determine which suspect’s blood matched the blood found at the crime scene. Results __Wide Range Marker / __Crime / / __Crime-Enz / / / __Suspect A / / / / __Suspect A-Enz / / / / / __Suspect B / / / / / / __Suspect B-Enz / / / / / / / __EL...
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... Nearly half of Americans come in contact with or personally know an individual who has anorexia. In fact, I am sure each one of us knows someone or knows of someone who has an eating disorder. My oldest sister has anorexia and I have sorrowfully watched her struggle daily with it. It happened gradually and without warning when she was only 12. She kept a journal of her daily calorie intake, and one of her entries read that she only had a small handful of nuts and bite of a brownie that day. Like my sister, anorexia is a growing problem among young women. Throughout this speech, you will learn of some aspects of this eating disorder such as its causes, preventions, and effects. Some signs and symptoms include the denial of hunger, withdrawal from usual activities and friends, refusal to eat certain foods or any food at all, and frequent comments about feeling “fat” even though dramatic weight loss is occurring. Many consequences happen as a result of Anorexia, such as an abnormally slow heart right and low blood pressure, reduction of bone density, muscle loss and weakness, severe dehydration which can lead to kidney failure, fainting and fatigue, dry hair and skin as well as hair loss, and the growth of a thin layer of hair covering the whole body called Lanugo, which is the body’s attempt to keep itself warm. Nearly 5% of all women worldwide suffer from Anorexia Nervosa, 90% of which are women between the ages of 15 and 24. Anorexia is a severe eating disorder characterized...
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...SM CONNECTOR 2.5mm pitch/Disconnectable Crimp style wire-to-wire connectors Specifications ––––––––––––––––––– The SM series are 2.5mm pitch, wire-to-wire connectors that perform reliably in high-density, small current applications. • • • • • Current rating: 3A AC, DC max. • Voltage rating: 250V AC, DC max. • Temperature range: -25˚C to +85˚C (including temperature rise in applying electrical current) • Contact resistance: Initial value/10m Ω max. After environmental testing/20m Ω max. • Insulation resistance: 500M Ω min. • Withstanding voltage: 1,500V AC/minute • Applicable wire: AWG #28 to #22 0.08 to 0.33mm2 • Applicable panel thickness: 0.5 to 2.0mm * Compliant with RoHS. * Refer to "General Instruction and Notice when using Terminals and Connectors" at the end of this catalog. * Contact JST for details. Standards –––––––––––––––––––––– 0 Recognized E60389 High contact pressure Highly reliable housing construction Mountable on a variety of panels Arm lock mechanism 1 Certified LR20812 2 R50120150 Assembly layout 2∼12 circuits：8.7 18 circuits：14.5 （22.9） Panel layout 4.0 ＋0.15 0 Panel thickness (mm) 0.5∼0.9 1.0∼1.5 1.5∼2.0 Circuits Plug housing Model No. Panel hole dimensions (mm) General tolerance 5.15＋0.15 0 4.15＋0.15 0 1.6 (2 to 12 circuits) ＋0.15 0 2 B 3 4 7.0 ＋0.15 0 1.4 (18 circuits) 5 6 10.15 ＋0.15 0 7.15＋0.15 0 7 8 9 10 11 A B ＋0...
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...Post-Conviction DNA Policy in Criminal Investigations In most legal systems around the world, the courts have convicted many innocent people due to their legal procedure and laws. Wrongful conviction refers to a miscarriage of justice by convicting or punishing individuals for crimes they did not commit. Similarly, the application of the term may be useful in another direction; civil cases and errors of impunity. Many criminal justice systems have set ways to quash or overturn, a wrongful conviction. However, it is difficult for the criminal justice systems to overturn the decisions of wrongful convictions. In certain instances, overturning a wrongful conviction may take several years, or until the courts have already convicted the innocent person or the person has died. This paper examines the causes of wrongful convictions and focuses on the DNA exoneration policy. Causes of Wrongful Convictions The first clinic to work on non-DNA exonerations was the Michigan Innocence Clinic. It revealed particular circumstances that people have always deemed as the wrongful conviction. The scenarios reveal that the criminal justice needs amendments and change how the Michigan Innocence clinic should deal with the system’s trends. The following are among the causes of wrongful convictions: Eyewitness Misidentification: sometimes the eyewitnesses could misidentify a person and cause wrongful conviction on the...
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...UCC28C40, UCC28C41, UCC28C42, UCC28C43, UCC28C44, UCC28C45 UCC38C40, UCC38C41, UCC38C42, UCC38C43, UCC38C44, UCC38C45 SLUS458E -- AUGUST 2001 -- REVISED OCTOBER 2010 BiCMOS LOW-POWER CURRENT-MODE PWM CONTROLLER FEATURES DESCRIPTION D Enhanced Replacement for UC3842A Family D D D D D D D D D D UCC38C4x family is a high-performance currentmode PWM controller. It is an enhanced BiCMOS version with pin-for-pin compatibility to the industry standard UC384xA family and UC384x family of PWM controllers. In addition, lower startup voltage versions of 7 V are offered as UCC38C40 and UCC38C41. With Pin-to-Pin Compatibility 1-MHz Operation 50-μA Standby Current, 100-μA Maximum Low Operating Current of 2.3 mA at 52 kHz Fast 35-ns Cycle-by-Cycle Overcurrent Limiting ±1-A Peak Output Current Rail-to-Rail Output Swings with 25-ns Rise and 20-ns Fall Times ±1% Initial Trimmed 2.5-V Error Amplifier Reference Trimmed Oscillator Discharge Current New Under Voltage Lockout Versions MSOP-8 Package Minimizes Board Space Providing necessary features to control fixed frequency, peak current-mode power supplies, this family offers the following performance advantages. The device offers high-frequency operation up to 1 MHz with low start-up and operating currents, thus minimizing start-up loss and low operating power consumption for improved efficiency. The device also features a very fast current-sense-to-output delay time of 35 ns and a ±1 A...
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...DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.[1] It is used in, for example, parental testing and criminal investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic twins.[2] DNA profiling uses repetitive ("repeat") sequences that are highly variable,[2] called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), particularly short tandem repeats (STR)s. VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1984[3] by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England,[4] and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), started a blood-testing centre in England.[5] Contents [hide] 1 DNA profiling process 1.1 RFLP analysis 1.2 PCR analysis 1.3 STR analysis 1.4 AmpFLP ...
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