...have all the same genetic makeup, but he or she will still have an individual personality to call his or her own. The study of personality is quite complex and involves many ideas and theories from wide variety of scholars. Personality is also something people can share and relate to with one another. According to Allport, “Personality is about what is unique to the individual, but it is also about what is shared across people” (Allport, 1962). Although there are several approaches to the personality analysis, this paper will specifically focus on the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential approaches. This paper will compare and contrast these theories, explore the characteristics that accompany these theories, and explain the interpersonal relational aspects associated with these particular theories. Psychodynamic Theory The theory of psychodynamics is the basic study of all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. Although Freud established the ideas of “psychodynamics” to explain the mind flow of the libido, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Melanie Klein should also be accredited for laying the foundation for the psychodynamic theory (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc., 2011). The ideas behind psychodynamics are often divided into two sections. The first is the interaction of emotional...
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...methodology. This approach to therapy provided treatment to an individual that did not include his or family members or any associations that family members or any other individuals will have in the occurrence of the problem. Psychotherapy were more focused on getting the client to “explore their unconscious fantasy world” (Goldberg and Goldberg, 2013, p. 16). According to this approach of therapy, an individual has succeeded or failed at an event, usually failed. Because of this failure, a behavioral response to the result of the event takes place. Anticipation of success along with feelings such as pride, guilt, and shame, together define consequent conduct. Therapists who have treated individuals through the intrapersonal approach were more focused on reinforcing the client’s ability to distinguish “self” from the “problem” and how to make a distinction between each. Once this was achieved the therapist next step was to get the client to accept full responsibility for his or her decisions that were made in their life. As time progressed therapists began to alter their beliefs that an individual was solely responsible for his or her behaviors. Their focus began to shift from intrapersonal to interpersonal approach. Interpersonal approach takes into account the behavior of the individual as well as the individual family members and how each attribute to the development of the symptoms and then address what resolves the issues. Interpersonal approach base its beliefs about...
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...Family Systems Therapy Alexis M. Foote Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi Family Systems Therapy There are a number of theories under the Family Systems Therapy group that focus on communication patterns within the family unit. Systems theory is based on the family’s response to feedback from one another and the desire of the group to make changes to maintain the status quo. In the family system we discover who we are, we grow and change, and we give and receive support that is necessary for survival (Corey, 2013). A number of theories exist based on various approaches, but the theory behind them is that families are SYSTEMS of interconnected and interdependent individuals and to understand the individual, we must understand the family system. The family systems perspective is rooted in the idea that the client’s behavior may do four things, the behavior may serve a purpose of function for the family, the behavior may be unintentionally maintained by the family, be a function of the family’s inability to operate productively, and lastly the behavior could be a symptom of dysfunctional patterns that have been handed down across generations (Corey, 2013). Alfred Alder was the first therapist to use family therapy in a systemic approach. Following him, Murray Bowen developed his Multigenerational Family Therapy approach to resolving problems in the family unit. He focuses on differentiation of self for individuals to reduce the chance for entanglement, which...
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...Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P., 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. & Olson S., 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems. In general, behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims on changing undesirable types of behavior. It engages in identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier ones. . According to Rimm D. & Masters J. (1974), the label “behavior therapy” comprises a large number of different techniques that make use of psychological-especially learning- principles to deal with maladaptive human behavior. Behavior therapy is a relative new kind of psychotherapy (Corsini R. & Wedding D., 2008). As a systematic approach, behavior therapy began in the 1950’s, in order to assess and treat psychological disorders. Behavior therapy was developed by a small group of psychologists and physicians who were not satisfied with the conventional techniques of psychotherapy (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). They linked behavior therapy to experimental psychology, differentiating...
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...Evaluate the claim that Person-Centred Therapy offers the Therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients. Contents Introduction Carl Rogers. Background and Influences Theoretical Constructs Strengths and Weaknesses Conclusion Notes References Introduction In this essay I will be discussing the viability of Person-Centred Therapy as an exclusive method of treatment for clients. Without an appreciation of this approach it would be difficult to judge the merits of the claim as laid out in the main essay title. Therefore I will begin with an introduction to Carl Rogers, his background and influences. In this essay I will explore the main theoretical constructs. Following on from this I will look at the advantages of this approach and consider its success in treating psychological disorders. Although Carl Rogers inspired many, he was not without his Critics. Therefore I will include the difficulties and doubts expressed by other Practitioners in order to get an opposing viewpoint. I will end with my evaluation of the claim itself and the reasons why I have arrived at my conclusions. Carl Rogers Background and Influences Carl Rogers was born in Illinois, Chicago, in 1902. His parents were middle-class, respectable and hard-working. His Father was a Civil Engineer and his Mother a stay-at-home housewife. Carl was the fourth child in a family of six children. Rogers’...
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...Name: John M. Mwangi Course Name: Depression and Anxiety Course Number: BC 504 Assignment Number: 2 Audio Number: Project Number: Date of seminar (if applicable): Course instructor for seminar (if applicable): Location of seminar (if applicable): **The Assignment Number, Audio Number (if applicable), and Project Number (if applicable) must be accurate in order to process the lesson and record the grade. The correct information is stated in the Course Study Guide. --------------------------------------------------------------- SECULAR AND BIBLICAL APPROACHES TO DEPRESSIVE AND ANXIOUS PROBLEMS Table of Contents: * Introduction * Dysthymia * Diagnosis * Combined efficiency * Different Views * Sufficient and insufficient of medicine * Conclusion * Bibliography A comparison of the effectiveness of medical vs.non-medical treatments for any of the mood disorders or anxiety disorders listed in the DSM-IV-TR Introduction In order to understand the person that God created am going to use an analogy of a computer in comparison with the human being. Computer has two important sides; the outer part or the monitor and the inner part or the central processing unit (CPU). The Bible teaches us that man is a duplex being with two distinct aspects of a body or the outer person and the spirit or the inner person. The outer person is what everyone looks at all the time and people judge by looking at the outer side and identifies us...
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...conflicts more effectively by facing up to the negatives as well as the positives of their lives, including the tensions of life and death, love and hate, strength and weakness and meaning and absurdity. Best known authors on existential counselling are Irvin Yalom in the USA through his book Existential Psychotherapy (1981) New York: Basic Books and Emmy van Deurzen, who created the British School and who published her bookExistential Counselling and Psychotherapy in 1988 (London: Sage Publications; second edition 2002, third edition 2011). Existential therapy essentially helps deal with the problems of everyday living, such as relationship difficulties (both with Individuals & in Couple Therapy), anxiety/fear, food/body-image issues, addictions, mood disorders, social anxiety, panic, trauma, low self-esteem, unresolved childhood issues, sexual issues and others. It is a clear, direct and honest approach helping clients work on their particular, unique, experiences, problems, dilemmas and issues. It is appropriate for both short and long term therapy. It ideally suits those who wish to examine themselves and their relationship with others and the world. Existential psychotherapy and counselling draws its frame of reference from a philosophical tradition rather than medical or diagnostic principles. Unlike other, more prescriptive...
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...Caitlin Finlay: 1150300. 900 Foundations of Relational Practice A Benner, D. (2009). The gift of being yourself (pp. 75-89). Downers Grove, Illinois.: InterVarsity Press. This reading is about the human tendency of 'false self' and the lifestyle of illusion one can lead, perhaps unknowingly. A discussion as to how 'false self' is established sheds insight on how the reader can recognise their own illusions. It is explained that throughout childhood awareness is formed around the basis of the need for love, how to achieve happiness and mostly; how one feels and perceives their person as an individual. In order to cope with the emptiness false self brings, attachments are formed to provide a constant source of nourishment to help sustain the illusion. The writer extends a challenge to accept true identity in God, rather than hide behind the created appearance of who one wants to be. An acknowledgement is made; recognising the illusions in one’s life is not always an easy task due to the longevity and reality of them. Finally, help is offered in the form of Christ. God is constantly yearning for companionship whilst illusions provide a barrier in many lives. The writer emphasises the ease and rest found in living out life in Christ compared to upholding and striving to live behind the illusion of a false self. Yalom, I. (2002). The Gift of Therapy (pp. 17-25). New York: HarperCollins. Irvin Yalom talks extensively about empathy throughout this reading. On entering this...
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...therapeutic session. This paper will demonstrate how a successful relationship is constructed. It will first explore the emotional and affective component highlighting the bonding of both therapists and client. Agreement on goals between both sides be examined in a detailed method. To finalize the paper, numerous principles will be shown to illustrate the ways therapists should cope if a therapeutic rupture interferes. In order for the client and therapist to form a partnership based on the client’s goal and needs, it is important for both sides to establish a bond that share the same understanding and commitment while demonstrating trust and respect. One of the technique used by many humanistic therapists is Roger’s client centered therapy. Rogers has specified three main conditions that characterized a...
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...Attachment, in dictionary terms, means affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone or something. In psychotherapy, attachment theory refers to how those attachments impact human interpersonal relations. Attachment theory was first conceptualised by John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst who dedicated his time to studying the affectional bonds which form between a child and his primary caregiver. In Segal and Jaffe (2013), the affectional bond is simply but realistically defined as one's first love relationship. Bowlby referred to attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. This bond is initially formed by the first attachment figure a person comes across in life. This is in most cases is the mother. In other situations, it may be a father, or where a child is orphaned or put in foster care, it could vary. It refers to anyone who remains in a central role in a child's life for at least the first three to five years. This period is crucial because it is when a child's brain rapidly develops. Bowlby (1984) says that attachment behaviour is most active and overt before the age of three but the need for attachment figures remains throughout life. Bretherton (1985) found that after three, it is less frequent and noticeable as the child gains increased abilities to protect itself and coping skills. Attachment behaviour is however more noticeable during times of exceptional stress. According to Segal and Jaffe (2013), an attachment bond shapes an infant's brain...
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...mirage; a woman would not choose violence, but inside of a war zone there is no violence free territory. If the person and the context of violence are separated (deconstructed through externalization) the person's preferred story of their lives outside the "war zone" context can become visible. This distinction became available in the training conversation due to the process of allowing for correction and respecting the trainees feelings of being emotionally connected or disconnected to the unique accounts of those persons oppressed by the problem. Doherty (1991) has described negotiating meanings versus dictating a theme (p. 134). From our reflections about the interviewing process, we have been able to articulate four qualities of the relational co-researcher position: 1. Fostering a Collaborative Attitude; 2. Valuing Emotional Experiences and Reflections; 3. Engaging in Empowering Relationships, and; 4. Diminishing the Effects of Existing Hierarchies. We'll now present excerpts from our interviews that focused on these qualities. The collaborative effort to correct it...
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...CHAPTER 12 Feminist Therapy Co-authored by Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey INTRODUCTION History and Development KEY CONCEPTS View of Human Nature Feminist Perspective on Personality Development Challenging Traditional Roles for Women Principles of Feminist Psychology THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Therapeutic Goals Therapist’s Function and Role Client’s Experience in Therapy Relationship Between Therapist and Client APPLICATION: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis Techniques and Strategies The Role of Men in Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THERAPY APPLIED TO THE CASE OF STAN SUMMARY AND EVALUATION Summary Contributions of Feminist Therapy Limitations and Criticisms of Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THEORY FROM A MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Contributions to Multicultural Counseling Limitations for Multicultural Counseling WHERE TO GO FROM HERE RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS 340 SOME C O N TE M P O R ARY FEMINIST T H E R AP I STS Feminist therapy does not have a single founder. Rather, it has been a collective effort by many. We have selected a few individuals who have made significant contributions to feminist therapy for inclusion here, recognizing full well that many others equally influential could have appeared in this space, Feminist therapy is truly founded on a theory of inclusion. member of the board of trustees of the last two. In recent decades...
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...Learning Group Posting Person Centred Therapy 1. The Goals of the therapy Developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers as a non-directive form of talk therapy in the 1940’s and 1950’s.The goals of the person-centred approach are different to many traditional approaches to therapy. “Its focus is on the person, not on the person’s presenting problem. The main goal of the therapy is for the client to realise their capacity for self-actualisation” (Davis).To achieve this goal therapists would work on developing an” increased self-esteem within the client and create an environment whereas the client is more open to experience(Person Centered Therapy,2012)” Rogers (1977) did not believe that the aim of therapy was to solve problems. Rather, it was to assist clients in their growth process so clients could better cope with their current and future problems.”(Corey, 2009, p170). Person centred therapists do not set goals for their clients, but assist clients through facilitative therapy to achieve their own goals. As self-concept develops goals would be expected to change. This therapy could not be applied to all clients as some would not possess the natural inclination towards the self-actualisation process even within the context of the supportive, facilitative client-therapist relationship. 2. A description of the processes and procedures of the therapy Person centred therapy differs from other therapies in that it is not technique orientated and the therapist does not assume...
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...Liberty University Abstract As the world looks at the reality of communal exchange, thumbing back to historical debates of empirical and rational schools of thought, delineations from dualism to social interchange and collaboration refine hypothesis’ of undisputable truth. Reminiscent of the psychoanalytic movement with greats such as Freud, Jung and Adler, therapy, more of an art than science, and current day philosophies drive which models influence today’s truth. Reality is fashioned by language, how we feel, act and think, revealing “stories” we tell the self as contextual meanings. These beliefs now evolve one’s creation and truth. The therapist, joining in recognition of new perspectives, empowers and helps the client see that forward progress is strength within oneself. In a social constructivist point of view, the therapist detaches from the expert status of defining the problem. From family therapy and the multicultural lens, therapists now challenge cultural factors that, in turn, shape the client’s perceptions in the format of brief therapies. Keywords: brief therapies, collaborative, family therapy, social constructionism Postmodern Approach to Social Constructivism In the 21st century a paradigm shift motivated the field of psychology to unlock a fresh world view revealing the objet d'art of collective exchange. Referring to the modernistic creation of self, it is said that the anthropological essence and the search for truth is being reworked...
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...Running head: OBJECT RELATIONS CASE STUDY ! ! ! ! ! ! Object Relations Case Study of Melanie Freeland A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Raven N. Aponte Liberty University ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1 OBJECT RELATIONS CASE STUDY !2 Abstract This case study presents the use of Object Relations Theory. Object Relations Theory is the relation between the internalized sense of self and others, and how it affects present relationships. OR therapy specifically focuses on the relationship between the child and early caregiver. OR theorist concludes how attachment styles influence the way an individual conceptualizes themselves as they relate to others. Object, refers to people, an environment, or images that are significant to emotions or intentions. Relations are represented by relationships the individual is engaged in, both interpersonal and internal. Melanie Freeland’s case is an applicable case for OR therapy. Melanie’s present concern regards her negative view of herself, due to her past abandonment; which is affecting her relationship with her daughter. The therapist gives a thorough case conceptualization, discussing the various aspects of reoccuring relationships, symptoms of split self constructs, false self, and uninvolved attachment styles. The therapist offers a treatment plan designed to help Melanie’s true self to emerge as a result of counseling. Using free association, interpretation, and insight, Melanie will begin to achieve...
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