...performing simplified troubleshooting procedures to isolate connectivity problems. “Initializing the proxy client module with the identity of a VLAN on which the client computer is connected and which an IP address of the end station in a network, with the client IP address and client MAC address, the identity of the VLAN and the IP address of the end station provided by a remote computer coupled to the third port of the switch; disabling the first port of the switch; with the proxy client module having a logical interference with the VLAN and utilizing the IP address of the end station in the network. The client IP and client MAC addresses and the identity of VLAN provided by the remote computer to: 1) assign the client IP address + MAC addresses to the logical interface with VLAN 2) Run a sequence of connectivity tests with the end station when the first port is disabled. 3) Reporting the result of the sequence of connectivity to facilitate identification of the reasons packets are being dropped; a) Determining whether the connectivity problem is on the switch or on a link in the switch b) Identify the reason for the packets being dropped c) Identify two features responsible for dropping the packets, such as failure to respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)” How Tracert Works It uses ICMP Internal Control Message Protocol –Parameters www.gho;no/2009/03/how-tracert-works-its-magic/ p2 TTL or Time to Live is a part of the IP header and...
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...A Guide to Customs Import Procedures Note: It should be noted that these guidelines are intended for general information purposes only and do not purport to be a legal document. July 2013 CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 4 What is this Guide About? ........................................................................... 4 What does Importation mean? ..................................................................... 4 Why would I come into contact with Revenue? ........................................... 4 What goods are Prohibited or Restricted? ................................................... 4 Overview of Importing ............................................................................ 5 Pre-Arrival of the goods in the EU ............................................................... 5 Arrival of the goods in the EU ...................................................................... 5 Where can the goods be brought to?........................................................... 5 What places are approved? ......................................................................... 5 Goods arriving through another Member State ............................................ 5 What must I do when the goods arrive? ...................................................... 5 Can I use an agent to work on my behalf? .................................................. 6 How...
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...switching architecture for getting the maximum throughput from these cameras. Otherwise they are acting as just ordinary video camera. When we are speaking about the switching architecture of this project, first of all we have to fulfill some major requirements. They are, 1. Must comply with the Cisco hierarchical design model; 2. Must provide physical, as well as logical, redundancy; 3. Must integrate 1Gb uplinks; 4. Must segment camera IP traffic from the existing network for security reasons; 5. Must support a minimum of 150 cameras; 6. Must utilize PoE for cameras to avoid the use of power bricks or power injectors; 7. Must provide sufficient bandwidth for full HD support; and 8. Must minimize rack space. First of all we’ll discuss about the Cisco hierarchical design model. The Cisco hierarchical design model is a three-tiered or layered network model that is used to design and engineer data communication networks. These three tires are, • Access layer - The access layer interfaces with end devices, such as PCs, printers, and IP phones, to provide access to the rest of the network. The main purpose of the access layer is to provide a means of connecting devices to the network and controlling which devices are allowed to communicate on the network. • Distribution layer - The distribution layer aggregates the data received from the access layer switches before it is transmitted to the core layer for routing to its final destination. The distribution layer controls the...
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...Support for High-Definition IP Cameras The University: NETW206: Introduction to Switching Submitted to: Professor: Date: As per the requirement, we are going to use the Cisco 4300 Video Surveillance model camera in here. So we have to have a good reliable switching architecture for getting the maximum throughput from these cameras. Otherwise they are acting as just ordinary video camera. When we are speaking about the switching architecture of this project, first of all we have to fulfill some major requirements. They are, 1. Must comply with the Cisco hierarchical design model; 2. Must provide physical, as well as logical, redundancy; 3. Must integrate 1Gb uplinks; 4. Must segment camera IP traffic from the existing network for security reasons; 5. Must support a minimum of 150 cameras; 6. Must utilize PoE for cameras to avoid the use of power bricks or power injectors; 7. Must provide sufficient bandwidth for full HD support; and 8. Must minimize rack space. First of all we’ll discuss about the Cisco hierarchical design model. The Cisco hierarchical design model is a three-tiered or layered network model that is used to design and engineer data communication networks. These three tires are, * Access layer - The access layer interfaces with end devices, such as PCs, printers, and IP phones, to provide access to the rest of the network. The main purpose of the access layer is to provide a means of connecting devices to the network...
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...Lab #5 1. What is the purpose of the address resolution protocol (ARP)? ARP is a protocol used for resolution of IP addresses into MAC addresses and vice versa. 2. What is the purpose of the dynamic host control protocol (DHCP)? DHCP is used on an IP network to assign IP addresses to computers on the network. This is done without any human intervention. The computer requesting a DHCP-assigned address is given one by the network’s DHCP server within a range of assigned IP addresses which are tracked by the DHCP server. A DHCP-assigned address is normally assigned to a computer for a set lease time and after that lease expires, the computer must renew the IP address or request a new one. 3. What was the DHCP allocated source IP host address for the Student VM and the Target VM? (retracted) 4. When you pinged the targeted IP host, what was the source IP address and destination IP address of the ICMP echo-request packet? Source: 10.134.112.42 (my external IP) Destination: 98.138.253.109 (www.yahoo.com) 5. Did the targeted IP host respond to the ICMP echo-request packet with an ICMP echo-reply packet? If yes, how many ICMP echo-reply packets were sent back to the IP source? Yes, the target did respond with ICMP echo reply packets. My computer sent four request packets and the destination server sent four reply packets back. 6. Find a TCP 3-way handshake for a TELNET, FTP, or SSH session. What is the significance of the TCP 3-way handshake...
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...List of network protocols (OSI model) This article is about network protocols organized by OSI model. For network protocols organized by TCP/IP model, see Internet Protocol Suite. This is a list of network protocols, categorized by their nearest Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model layers. This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family. Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers. The OSI model | 7 Application layer | 6 Presentation layer | 5 Session layer | 4 Transport layer | 3 Network layer | 2 Data link layer | * LLC sublayer * MAC sublayer | 1 Physical layer | * v * t * e | பொருளடக்கம் * 1 Layer 1 protocols (physical Layer) * 2 Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer) * 3 Layer +3 protocols * 4 Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer) * 5 Layer 3.5 protocols * 6 Layer 3+4 protocol suites * 7 Layer 4 protocols (Transport Layer) * 8 Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer) * 9 Other protocols * 10 Layer 7 protocols (Application Layer) * 11 Protocol description languages * 12 See also * 13 Further reading * 14 External links Layer 1 protocols (physical Layer) * Telephone network modems- V.92 * IRDA physical layer * USB physical layer * EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485 * Ethernet physical layer Including 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX...
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...Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers communicate over a network. There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6). IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of today’s Internet traffic. There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not enough to last forever. IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4, amongst other features. It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the world’s IP addressing needs well into the future. The major difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the number of IP addresses. There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses. In contrast, there are 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374, 607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses. IPv6 has many advantages compared with the older Internet protocol IPv4. The most useful advantages of IPv6 are address space extention, and simplified header format for efficient packet handling. Processing packets of IPv6 by routers is easier than processing packets of IPv4, because the hardware program knows in advance that the coming header is static in length. Thus the packet processing speed increases. There are three types of address in IPv6: anycast, unicast and multicast. In IPv4 there are unicast, broadcast, and multicast address. The anycast address is an additional address to IPv6, for sending the packet to the nearest node in the...
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...WatchGuard Network Security Analyst Hackers lie. Skillful hackers lie well. And well-rounded hackers can lie both to people and to machines. Lying to people, known as "social engineering," involves tactics (detailed at length by convicted hacker Kevin Mitnick) such as posing as a company's employee so the company's real employees will blab secrets freely. Lying to machines involves lots of different techniques, and a commonly used one -- ARP Cache Poisoning -- is the focus of this article. ARP poisoning enables local hackers to cause general networking mayhem. Because it's mostly "incurable," every administrator should be aware of how this attack works. ARP Refresher In Foundations: What Are NIC, MAC, and ARP?, we explained that Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is how network devices associate MAC addresses with IP Addresses so that devices on the local network can find each other. ARP is basically a form of networking roll call. ARP, a very simple protocol, consists of merely four basic message types: 1. An ARP Request. Computer A asks the network, "Who has this IP address?" 2. An ARP Reply. Computer B tells Computer A, "I have that IP. My MAC address is [whatever it is]." 3. A Reverse ARP Request (RARP). Same concept as ARP Request, but Computer A asks, "Who has this MAC address?" 4. A RARP Reply. Computer B tells Computer A, "I have that MAC. My IP address is [whatever it is]" All network devices have an ARP table, a short-term memory of all the IP addresses and...
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...to Simplified PCI Compliance Ahold Supermarkets Case Study Paul Brooks • Director, Information Security • Ahold Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Who are we? • We own and operate hundreds of supermarkets in the United States and Europe. • Our brands include Giant, Stop & Shop, Albert, Etos, and more. • Number of Stores: 800 across North America • Number of Employees: 100,000 • Number of Systems: 35,000 Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Business Objective Key objective: • Achieve compliance especially with PCI • Maintain strong & flexible security baseline Challenge: • Stay current in terms of PCI compliance • Maximize protection on POS endpoints without interference in sales transactions • Minimize time required to manage the solution across 800 stores and lower TCO • Choose a security solution that scales without increasing complexity Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Evaluation Criteria 1. Best-in-class HIPS, firewall & FIM 2. Multipurpose security agents 3. Centrally controlled file management 4. TCO, footprint and ease of management Copyright 2010 Trend Micro Inc. Trend Micro to the Rescue • Trend Micro Deep Security gave us what we needed in one package – Swiss army knife of protection technologies – Single compact 5 MB agent footprint • Addresses seven PCI regulations and offers more than 20 control capabilities • Specialized agentless protection for virtual systems aligned with our virtualization initiative IDS/IPS Agentless...
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...from any location are communicating each other by sending and receiving email messages over the internet for different purposes. However, email is not a secure method of communication. As email packets have to be routed through many networks over the internet, there grows a large number of longstanding security shortcomings of email in communication technology and email security becomes one of the most challenging areas in Internet security system. To solve this security concern, Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) protocol is used. PGP will give cryptographic privacy by confidentiality process and message integrity and authentication by creating a digital signature. 1. Aims of the Thesis • To improve email security • To study the operations of PGP protocol • To understand the role of cryptography in computer and network security areas • To propose the effectiveness of applying the hybrid encryption system (i.e., applying the two encryption systems together) 1.2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy protocol, which was originally developed by Philip R.Zimmermann in 1991 [13]. PGP is an electronic mail security program that gives users privacy and authentication. As PGP is based on a distributed network of individuals, it is preferable to email, one of the most widely-used messaging application of the internet services. The two main fundamental services that PGP provide are the authentication of the...
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...2013 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP) 5G Technology of Mobile Communication: A Survey Asvin Gohil Charotar University of Science and Technology. Changa-388421, Gujarat, India Hardik Modi Charotar University of Science and Technology. Changa-388421, Gujarat, India modi8584@yahoo.com Shobhit K Patel Charotar University of Science and Technology. Changa-388421, Gujarat, India shobhit_65@yahoo.com Abstract- The objective of this paper is comprehensive study related to 5G technology of mobile communication. Existing research work in mobile communication is related to 5G technology. In 5G, researches are related to the development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless Communication. The most important technologies for 5G technologies are 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless networks for digital communication. 4G technology will include several standards under a common umbrella, similar to 3G, but with IEEE 802.xx wireless mobile networks integrated from the commencement. The major contribution of this paper is the key provisions of 5G (Fifth Generation) technology of mobile communication, which is seen as consumer oriented. In 5G technology, the mobile consumer has given utmost priority compared to others. 5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile Technology...
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...IPv6 Protocol Text from presentation Sl2: Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998 (RFC2460) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. Sl3: Every device on the Internet must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or 340×1036 addresses (340 undecillion addresses). IPv4 (32-bit address) allows only approximately 4.3 billion addresses. Sl5: The main advantages of IPv6: * Larger address space * Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) * Simplified processing by routers * Jumbograms Sl6: SLAAC IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to an IPv6 network using the Neighbor Discovery Protocol via Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) router discovery messages. When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters; routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains Internet Layer configuration parameters...
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...Wireless IP Solutions Enhancement Business Plan 2014 September 17 draft Rosemary Thorsen TBS Complex Mobile Solutions Content Market Problem and Opportunity Market Analysis Market & Product Strategy Product Requirements Project Schedule Business Advantages Success Criteria Risk Assessment Implementation & Launch Plans Financial Data 2 TELUS Confidential 2 Market Problem and Opportunity Wireless IP Solution Portfolio – Problem and Opportunity What was this portfolio designed for? capabilities - Originally designed to support CDMA Architecture 7 years ago - Built to implement 2 to 3 enterprise clients per month - Focused on modem market in the enterprise segment (C BAN Only) - Mostly in ILEC territories with MPLS network (in Canada) Where does this need to evolve to? - Support M2M & Non M2M (Smartphone) growth on LTE network and beyond - >500K+ loads annually and more in coming years - Across ENT, TBS and Partner segments for all devices (Modems, POS, Routers, Smartphones, Tablets, ATMs, Cars) - Across ILEC / Non ILEC territories (TELUS, Non TELUS, Internet) and even international connectivity 4 TELUS Confidential TELUS restricted and confidential– not for distribution 4 Mobile Business Drivers the courage to innovate TBS Segment • Provide controlled real-time access to business applications and systems for mobile workers in the business market Machine-to-Machine • Provide secure...
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...Unit 1: Exploring DNS Kaplan University IT 530 July 2, 2013 Unit 1: Exploring DNS A domain name system (DNS) serves an important role for those who wish to access other networks, which includes websites. DNS allows for users to be able to be able to access Internet websites through a unique name rather than having to memorize a lengthy set of numbers and periods. In addition, DNS allows for the physical hosting location of a network or website to change transparently without anyone noticing. This is more commonly referred to as when a website changes hosts. Furthermore, DNS serves important functions related to mail by allowing users to connect, send, and receive email messages based off of the DNS of the mail server for a specific network (Karrenberg, 2004). Exploring Hierarchies All domains follow a certain hierarchy top to bottom hierarchy. The order for this hierarchy is: 1. root domain 2. top level 3. second level 4. sub-domain The root domain is a top-level domain that refers to the Internet. This is mostly maintained by ICANN, which is a private organization that maintain this area. ICANN manages the internet protocol addresses as well as the DNS root zones. ICANN also manages the DNS policy on naming abilities for top level domains ("INETDAEMON.com," 2013). The level that most users will first visibly notice when connecting to a domain through DNS is the top level domain. In this domain is the area where users will see .com, .net, and .org,...
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...Abstract Provides an overview of IP addressing, the current standard IPv4 and the future standard of IPv6. Explains the limitations of IPv4 and the reasoning behind looking for an alternative IP addressing protocol. Addresses the advantages of the new IPv6 addressing technology with improved security, auto-configuration abilities, and improvement in routing. Explores mobile IPv6 features and the concerns with deploying IPv6 now and in the future. Studies Comcast as the first early-adopter of the technology and both their need for the adoption so early in the game and how they deployed the technology without interrupting service to customers. Investigates what steps need to be taken to deploy IPv6 with regard to current hardware still running IPv4, such as tunnels and translators like NAT64 and ALG. Also discusses the security risks and difficulties with deploying the technology right now with recommendations on how to avoid potential attackers through IPv6. Explains stateful and stateless automatic configurations, the new features of IPv6, and flow labels that IPv6 uses to increase efficiency by prioritizing data to devices that are on the same path. Introduction to Internet Protocols Every machine has a unique identifier that differentiates it from other machines on a network. This number is called the Internet Protocol address. There are two different standards for IP addresses, IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the first version of the Internet Protocol address to be largely...
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