...WORKFORCE New international division of labor Main article: New international division of labour The global workforce, or international labor pool, reflects a new international division of labor that has been emerging since the late 1970s in the wake of other forces of globalization. The global economic factors driving the rise of multinational corporations—namely, cross-border movement of goods, services, technology and capital—are changing ways of thinking about labor and the structure of today's workforce. With roots in the social processes surrounding the shift to standardization and industrialization, post-industrial society in the Western world has been accompanied by industrialization in other parts of the world, particularly in Asia. As industrialization takes hold worldwide and more cultures move away from traditional practices in respect to work and labor, the ways in which employers think about and utilize labor are changing. Labor supply Main article: Labor force The global supply of labor almost doubled in absolute numbers between the 1980s and early 2000s, with half of that growth coming from Asia.[3] At the same time, the rate at which new workers entered the workforce in the Western world began to decline. The growing pool of global labor is accessed by employers in more advanced economies through various methods, including imports of goods, offshoring of production, and immigration.[4] Global labor arbitrage, the practice of accessing the lowest-cost workers from...
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...Globalization, the Feminization of Labor, and Women’s Resistance: Convergence and Divergence in the Global North and the Global South Globalization is considered to be one of the most important forces of change in contemporary society, ushering in greater integration and interdependency within countries and facilitating the unprecedented expansion of the global economy. However, globalization also creates uneven outcomes and widens the gap between the global North and South. A key-defining feature of globalization is the restructuring of production, made contingent by the increased competition between firms and corporations. The global restructuring process of production has a tremendous impact on labor relations within countries and directly affects women’s work. For one, the restructuring of production to reflect a global division of labor reflect and reinforce economic disparities between the global North and the global South through the changing nature of employment and labor force requirements. Likewise, global restructuring inevitably result in patterns of flexibilization and feminization of labor (Gills, 2002, p. 107). In particular, the tendency towards the feminization of labor in the new global economy has resulted in “the devaluing of jobs, the shift from full time to part time, the shift from jobs with upward mobility to dead end jobs, the increasing informality/casualization of the labor force” (Nagar, et. al., 2002, p. 263). The changes brought about by...
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...This essay will be drawing on an article of ‘Dad’s new role’ as an example of how gender is changing in the twentieth century. It will discuss how gender has changed over time through individualisation and detraditionalisation and why sociologists are still focusing on gender issues. The father’s role at home is under negotiation, according to Coltrane (1998) the role father’s play at home is being negotiated between men and women, trying to come to new ways to solve family work roles. Even though most people agree that men and women are equal, gender is still one of the major determinants of one’s life chances. Gender is also individualised, Beck (1992) writes, individualisation is the dual process where , under conditions of reflexive modernity, individuals are disembedded from historical social forms and commitments including those related to class and gender and then re-embed in new ways of life in which they must produce, stage, and roughly assemble together their lives themselves. In other words the individual is presumed to be actors, designer and stage director of his or her own biography identity. Gender refers to a set of culturally defined characteristics which determine society’s view of people as ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’. Oakely (1970) pointed out that across cultures and historical periods there were considerable differences in the ways in which women and men were expected to behave, she also stated that across cultures and history...
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...“Nothing is permanent except change.” Social Change -refers to basic alterations, over time, in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society (Light 1985) -not all changes are social changes -a general term which refers to change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behavior or the social relations of a society or community of people. -refers to acts of advocacy for the cause of changing society in a positive way [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] Social Change could be: o Slow, gradual, incremental, and evolutionary (in this it might be barely noticeable) o Fast, radical, sudden, and revolutionary (it might even take people by surprise) o Wide in scope, affecting all people in a society o Limited in scope, affecting only a small number of people Four major Theories of Social Change: 1. The Evolutionary Theory - explain how one social form evolves into another - society progresses from a simple beginning to a more complex form; from homogeneity to heterogeneity; from archaic to civilized; from primitive to modern; from rural to urban [pic] [pic] Classical evolutionary theorists: Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer Modern evolutionists: Leslie White Julian Steward Gerhard Lenski ❖ Emile Durkheim [pic] -proposed that simple societies progress to complex ones by the action of social forces a. Mechanical Solidarity Simple societies have relatively homogenous culture, undifferentiated...
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...industrial society due to changing production systems. Europe was the most affected area within the changing production systems and building new type of society. Therefore, Many European thinker in that period built theories for the changing structure and reshaped it. Marx who influence following social scientists until today with his theories is one of those thinkers. In this paper, I’ll analyze Marx’s social theory, relations of production, social classes and the structures of capitalist society. Hegelian dialectic approach was the key figure for Marx while he was building the social theory....
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...solidarity. These types of social unity are what Durkheim would describe to be the relationship between individual and the whole of society and how they develop. For instance, mechanical solidarity is described to have a collective consciousness among its members, where there is no sense of independency of labor, morals and values. This type of society functions through likeness, and everyone should resemble the rest of society because they are dependent to that type of social development. There is a limited amount of division...
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...cheaper labor and it will be harder to obtain a higher level position as they are not experienced in the field and younger workers will be more preferred. The articles summarizes that both the American workers and the American economy has profited from the poor immigrant workers. If immigrants were not there to fill the work that most people will not want to do, then the domestic workers will have to do those jobs and there wouldn’t be enough employees available to new job opportunities. Having immigrant workers mean that more job positions with a higher wage will be available and therefore providing individuals and the economy with more money. After looking at both Smith's and Marx theories, I personally believe that smith's ideas work better in this situation even though Marx is also right about some of the things in the...
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...A comparison between Adam Smith and Karl Marx The purpose of this essay is to evaluate and discuss how economists Adam Smith and Karl Marx contributed to current management practices and, more specifically, how they influenced the field of economics. Through critical analysis, we will explore the theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Adam Smith’s contributions, from division of labor and the shift from a mercantile society to a capitalistic one as proposed in his “Wealth of nations report,” will be critically evaluated as to determine both their relevance today and the influence that they have had. Similarly, Karl Marx’s theories that helped to develop the economy in its most prosperous time will be critically evaluated to determine their influence and relevancy today. Although very distant in their theories and time, both men have played key roles in the development of economics, while in turn influencing current management practices. Both men were able to change and introduce new philosophies while reacting to the circumstances of their times, while creating legacies through their works that are still relevant in today’s vastly different circumstances and society. Adam Smith Scottish economist Adam Smith, born in 1723, is responsible for the initial development of economics in the eighteenth century and provided the framework for how we approach economic issues today. Smith was an “advocate for a free market society where international trade through both imports...
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...to use our sociological imagination to think critically about the social world around us. * The sociological imagination is the ability to connect one’s personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces. Using our sociological imagination allows us to “make the familiar strange” or to question habits or customs that seem “natural” to us. What Is a Social Institution? * A social institution is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform a social role. Social institutions, such as the legal system, the labor market, or language itself, have a great influence on our behavior and are constantly changing. * The interactions and meanings we ascribe to social institutions shape and change them. * Social identity is how individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they are a part of (or in relationship to groups they choose not to be a part of). We all contribute to one another’s social identity, which can also be thought of as a grand narrative constructed of many individual stories. The Sociology of Sociology * The French scholar Auguste Comte, founder of what he called “social physics” or “positivism,” felt that we could better understand society by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior. * Harriet Martineau, the first to translate Comte’s written works to English, was one of the earliest feminist social scientists. * Historical materialism, a theory developed by Karl...
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...Electronics Contract Manufacturing: Global Production and the International Division of Labor in the Age of the Internet Boy Lüthje Institute of Social Research Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Senckenberganlage 26 60325 Frankfurt Germany E-mail: luethje@soz.uni-frankfurt.de Submitted for publication to Industry and Innovation – special issue on “Global Production Networks, Information Technology and Local Capabilities”, coordinated by Linsu Kim and Dieter Ernst Comments welcome, please do not quote December 2001 2 The role of information technology for production networks in developing countries cannot be assessed without an analysis of the profound changes in the productive structure of global capitalism. In contrast to the general perception of the “informational economy” (Carnoy e.a. 1993, Castells 1996) as service- or science-based, it has to be stressed that in the "new economy" manufacturing continues to matter (Cohen/Zysman 1987). In the electronics industry, a new model of outsourced manufacturing has emerged as a centerpiece of globalized production networks: Contract Manufacturing (CM) or Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS). This form of network-based mass production closely linked to the emergence of the “Wintelist” (Borrus/Zysman 1997 model of competition and the rise of “fabless” product design companies in key sectors of the information technology (IT) industry. Our analysis of electronics contract manufacturing explores three interrelated...
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...Capitalism, as an economy driven by hyper-consumption, is based on commodities. The role of the commodity in the labor force has been thoroughly discussed throughout various eras, and in recent years, the general account of the commodity itself has had to adapt to the constantly changing and developing digital media industry and digital economy. Karl Marx wrote in The Fetishism of the Commodity that commodities are seen as objects with intrinsic value and cloud the labor-exploiting mechanisms that produced them. Tiziana Terranova, a more current thinker, draws on early Marxist thought in Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy, but also accounts for the changes the digital media industry produced on the labor force, the very concept of a commodity, and capitalism as a whole. Marx is the first to state that capitalism is based on the accumulation and hyper-consumption of commodities. As such, commodities are meaningful both because of their monetary/exchange value and because they reflect the social relations of production that went into making them. In The Fetishism of the Commodity, Marx says that the inherent problem with the capitalist structure is that society tends to focus only on the monetary and exchange value of the commodity. Marx uses the word “fetish” to describe commodities and show how they cause society to fixate on their monetary and exchange values, while ignoring the exploitative nature of the market that produced them. To illustrate his point...
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...1. Which of the following is not a key part of the communication process? a. encoding b. agreeing c. channel d. feedback 2. Encoding can be defined as which of the following? a. anything that blocks, distorts, or changes in any way the message the sender intended to communicate b. a check on the success of the communication c. converting a thought, idea, or fact into a message composed of symbols, pictures, or words d. the encoded information 3. Translating the message back into something that can be understood by the receiver can be defined as which of the following within the communication process? a. encoding b. decoding c. channel d. feedback 4. If a manager tells an employee to join a telephone conference and the employee says, “I’ll be right there,” this is an example of which type of communication? a. one-way communication b. down-stream communication c. up-stream communication d. two-way communication 5. If a manager with a finance background sees a problem as finance-based, while a manager with a production background sees it as production-based, what type of communication barrier has occurred? a. misperception b. filtering c. selective perception d. information overload 6. When a message is not decoded by the receiver in the way the sender intended it, we define this type of communication barrier as __________________. a. filtering b. misperception c. selective perception d. information overload 7. Interruptions, the sound of engines...
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...REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM 2014 – ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR 1|Page COMMUNICATION 1. Which of the following is not a key part of the communication process? a. encoding b. agreeing c. channel d. feedback 2. Encoding can be defined as which of the following? a. anything that blocks, distorts, or changes in any way the message the sender intended to communicate b. a check on the success of the communication c. converting a thought, idea, or fact into a message composed of symbols, pictures, or words d. the encoded information 3. Translating the message back into something that can be understood by the receiver can be defined as which of the following within the communication process? a. encoding b. decoding c. channel d. feedback 4. If a manager tells an employee to join a telephone conference and the employee says, “I’ll be right there,” this is an example of which type of communication? a. one-way communication b. down-stream communication c. up-stream communication d. two-way communication 5. If a manager with a finance background sees a problem as finance-based, while a manager with a production background sees it as production-based, what type of communication barrier has occurred? a. misperception b. filtering c. selective perception d. information overload 6. When a message is not decoded by the receiver in the way the sender intended it, we define this type of communication barrier as __________________. a. filtering b. misperception c. selective perception d. information...
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...Chapter two 1 The Evolution of Management Learning Objectives * Describe how the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory * Explain the principle of job specialization and division of labor, and tell why the study of person-task relationships is central to the pursuit of increased efficiency * Identify the principles of administration and organization that underlie effective organizations * Trace the change in theories about how managers should behave to motivate and control employees * Explain the contributions of management science to the efficient use of organizational resources * Explain why the study of the external environment and its impact on an organization has become a central issue in management thought. What is an Organization? * An organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve individual and organizational goals * Individual goals * Organizational goals What is Organizational Behavior? 2 * Organizational behavior (OB): the study of factors that have an impact on how people and groups act, think, feel, and respond to work...
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...tried to analyze society and societal relations, also sociologists have still continued to study society and its problems. In the some problems, sociologists studied in minority individuals’ issue with small groups then they generalized the solution or analyzes for the majority who lives in same conditions. Because even you study society, you would need individualistic framework to understanding disharmony and problems of folk in daily life. Also it is impossible to study with all people in society. Because of that you should understand that what disturbs person? You could not understand whether being harmony or happiness between people with continuity of production or maintaining work of daily life. Therefore, sociologists anatomize into social action and relationship between all people. But primarily you should know the human nature and its structures and its needing. Each analyzes would be lacking without involving human factors whereupon also Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim first of all examined people, their structures, their desires and their connections with the nature. Then they tried to understand society with this way and put in the picture at the back of events. Not only relationship people and nature but also relationship between people is important for Marx and Durkheim who interested in people’s station in society and they searched answer for some questions such as who is doing what? Who is upper than others? What affects the people? They concerns with these questions...
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