...Ivan Pavlov and His Dog Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in mammals. He observed and recorded information about dogs and their digestive process. As part of his work, he began to study what triggers dogs to salivate. It should have been an easy study: mammals produce saliva to help them break down food, so the dogs should have simply began drooling when presented with food. However, what Pavlov discovered when he observed the dogs was that drooling had a much more far-reaching effect than he ever thought: it paved the way for a new theory about behavior and a new way to study humans. Classical Conditioning The people who fed Pavlov's dogs wore lab coats. Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to drool whenever they saw lab coats, even if there was no food in sight. Pavlov wondered why the dogs salivated at lab coats, and not just at food. He ran a study in which he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs. Pretty soon, just ringing a bell made the dogs salivate....
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...chances, to take the risk on doing something different, so they stick to the same old routine for most of their lives. Then there's the people that want to make an impact on society. They don't want to do the same thing their parents and grandparents did. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, at Ryazan, Russia. He was the eldest of eleven children. His Father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov was the priest of the village, his mother Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya was a housewife. Since the day he was born, poverty was always an issue for his family and everything just got complicated as the family started to grow. As a young kid he suffered a serious injury forcing him to spend most of his childhood with his parents. Being the oldest also meant take care of his siblings, also helping out with house duties. By the age of 7, Pavlov fell from a high wall onto stone pavement resulting in a very severe injury. Arevalo 2...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Jennifer Barzona PSY/390 April 23, 2012 Ricky Fenwick Classical Conditioning Paper When a response is formulated from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus this process of learning is known as classical conditioning. The most noted theorist of classical condition is Ivan Pavlov for his work with dogs. By using classical conditioning an animal such a puppy can be taught to not chew on the couch when sprayed in the face with a water bottle. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered this type of learning while researching digestion, accidentally discovered classical conditioning. In classical conditioning learning is accomplished through experience by using a traditionally neutral stimulus to create a physical response. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) While researching dogs Pavlov observed when food was present the dogs salivate in response. During his research Pavlov introduced a bell when food was presented and finally removed the food when the bell rang. Pavlov noted the dogs salivated when food was not present and the bell rang. Pavlov stated classical conditioning has four components: conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, and unconditioned reflex. A conditioned stimulus is learned through prior conditioning. An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus causing a reaction without prior conditioning or learning. An unconditional response is an unlearned response...
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...Behavioural Approach “Ivan Petrovich Pavlov” Guidance and Counselling EDUC 3252 Table of Contents Page 1. Biography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2. Theory ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Examples of Application ------------------------------------------------------------ 5 4. View of Human Nature & Personality Development ------------------------------------------------------------ 6 5. Strengths & Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------- 7 6. Criticism of Approach ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 7. Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Biography Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose research on the physiology of digestion led to the development of the first experimental model of learning, Classical conditioning. Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was the village priest. Ivan's early education was in the church school and later the theological seminary. At the age of 21 (1870), he began his studies of physiology and other natural sciences. In 1879 he completed his studies at the Academy of Medical Surgery in St. Petersburg...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper PSY 390 September 19, 2011 Chelsea Hansen Classical Conditioning Paper The primary premise of psychology is the study of one’s behavior through mental research as well as physical experiments. Classical Conditioning is the study of one’s behavior through research and experiments and trying to identify the conditions one put themselves in or are put in to study their behavior. “Classical Conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/classcond.htm) A Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov is believed to be the igniter to classical conditioning though his intense research and experiments with dogs and his saliva theoretical presentations and experiments. Pavlov also believed that “classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm) Theory of Classical Conditioning and Scenario The theory of classical conditioning that was most famous by Ivan Pavlov was the digestive system where he then accidently had his attention drawn to “psychic reflexes.” (http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html) The scenario that will be used in this paper will be how prisoners are classically conditioned with “chow time” (time to eat) in the prison system. In the prison systems inmates and their natural reflex of...
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...This paper focuses on a brief summary on the history of behaviorism, starting with experiments conducted by Franklin Henry Giddings and Ivan Pavlov, a sociologist and a physiologist whom established the groundwork for behaviorism, particularly in America. In addition, this paper also explains the main components of behaviorism, which are classical conditioning and operant conditioning, connectionism, and the contiguity theory. It moves forward to explain four experiments that are popular through the study of behaviorism: the reason behind conditioned salivation in Ivan Pavlov’s dogs, conditioned responses in humans through Watson’s little Albert experiment, Thorndike’s research with cats and a puzzle box to demonstrate the law of effect through the use of reinforcements, and B.F. Skinner’s experiment with rats to prove how an organism learns through operant conditioning. Finally, this paper examines how, according to behaviorists, there are three principles of learning new and intricate behaviors, known as shaping, chaining, and fading. Behaviorism and Its Effect on the Understanding of Learning Behaviorism suggests that an organism learns from its environment. It is the result of the association between a stimulus and a response. An organism learns new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. It is a theory that does not base its ideals on emotions or prior knowledge. Some say behaviorism came about accidentally, specifically within the works of Ivan Pavlov and his...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Accidently founded by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is basically learning by association behavior. A better definition would be “A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response” (Farlex, 2011). This paper will describe the theory of classical conditioning and demonstrate how one would apply the classical conditioning in everyday life. Theory of Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was performing research on the digestive system of a dog by using the data from the dog’s salivation when in the middle of these tests he by accident noticed that certain behaviors can be conditioned (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2005). First, one must understand that behaviorism in psychology is based on the belief that learning happens through relations with the environment (Cherry, 2011). Pavlov found that several of the reactions were occurring due to prior learning. He obtained this important information by noting that the dogs would salivate even before they were offered the meat. Pavlov concluded that the dogs were conditioned and learned from the entrance of the lab assistant, who was generally the person who brought in the meat. He expanded his experiment further by introducing a bright light or a loud sound to see if the dogs would salivate when seeing them...
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...of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities.”(Jenson, 2014) Watson felt that conditioning was a crucial part of behaviorism, as it was an extension of Pavlov’s discovery and his studies of stimulus-response reflexive relationships. In this paper the founding of behaviorism, the main components of the behaviorism theory, a brief description of 3 behaviorist experiments, and how behaviorism develops new behaviors will be discussed. Behaviorism and its effect on the learning process The founder of behaviorism is credited to John B. Watson. According to Watson, behavior was a subject matter in its own right, to be studied by the observational methods common to all sciences. This field of study and learning was founded in 1912, and it was formed as a reaction to the current focus on psychology at the time. In order to form this theory, John Watson studied the research of Ivan Pavlov. Watson felt that “psychology must have an empirical, objective subject matter and that the events to be investigated as possible causes of behavior must also be described objectively and verified empirically through experimental research (Jensen, 2014).” This latter point meant that introspection would have to be abandoned, for it was unscientific. Watson presented the goals of psychology as the prediction and control of behavior rather than as the...
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...Behavioral Models of Personality Critique Draya Ashlee Ashford University Abstract This paper explores my knowledge and opinions on the Behavioral Models of Personality (BMP). This article will show the various theories of BMP present Behavioral Models of Personality Critique Personality is the combination of characteristics and qualities that mix together to form an individuals very distinctive character. The ability to have an perfectly untainted personality may be unheard of, and for many may sound ridiculous. Different models of personality help us to categorize the different aspects of one’s personality, how a personality problem can be recognized, and how to effectively treat an personality illness. I will critique the behavioral model of personality by looking at the theories present , the major contributors to the field, the different methods of inquiry , along with the strengths and weakness of the model , and how possible future research may be done to further elucidate the role of this model in understanding personality. The behavioral model of personality closely focuses on the “emphasis on studying what is observable challenged psychology and` personality researchers to meet higher empirical standards.” (Magnavita, J.J. 2012). Such observable events that occur inside of the human mind, which are acted outside of the human mind , better known as our actions. It is usually based on inductive thinking...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper University of Phoenix S. Foss PSYCH 390 / Janice Williams What is Classical Conditioning? Who is the theorist behind classical conditioning? How can classical conditioning be applied to daily situations regarding getting people to do things that a person wants done? In this paper, we will cover these questions and determine the answers Classical condition, by definition according to psychology and society.com, is: Classical Conditioning-a type of conditioning and learning process in which something (conditioned stimulus) that had not previously produced a particular response becomes associated with something (unconditioned stimulus) that produces the response. As a result, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that the unconditioned stimulus produces (psych.com). Classical Conditioning was a theory of cognitive learning introduced by Russian Born Ivan Pavlov initial study of interest was of the physiology of digestion. In 1890 Pavlov was invited to assist in the direction of and to help organize the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, this lasted 45 years and under Pavlov’s direction, and the center became one of the one of the most important centers of physiological research. It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine that Pavlov conducted most of his research on physiological digestion, which led him to develop a science of conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflex was Pavlov’s most...
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...Classical Conditioning Florence C. Okonkwo PSY/390 January 27, 2014 Professor Gary Burk, MBA Introduction This paper will examine the theory of classical conditioning by describing the theory of classical conditioning. The scenario will state how classical conditioning theory would apply to learning how to stop smoking. A chart will be used to illustrate how classical conditioning theory would apply to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a learning process in psychology where an unbiased motivation is associated with a stimulus that prompts an emotional response. Ivan Pavlov was the Russian physiologist which first noted the occurrence of classical conditioning. He came upon this theory while studying about the digestion of dogs, he noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate whenever the assistant entered the room. He discovered that this was a learned response and the dogs were responding to the sight of the research assistants’ white lab coats (Cherry, 2014). This learning process begin as a movement in psychology which appeared in 1913 when John Broadus Watson published the classic article 'Psychology as the behaviorist views it'. He projected the development of classical conditioning which was based on Pavlov’s observations, he was able to explain all aspects of human psychology (McLeod, 2008). According to McLeod, (2008) “Everything from speech to emotional responses were simply patterns of stimulus and response. Watson...
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...rewarded or punished. (Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2006). An overview of the behavioral perspective. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. ) HISTORY Behaviourism is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion. According to a pure behaviourist, ( John B. Watson (1878-1958)) human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive reinforcement whenever someone perform a desired behaviour, and soon they will learn to perform the behaviour on their own. (Ivan Pavlov: 1891) The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). The origins of behaviorism grew out of the ideology of the American...
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...Final Paper Name of center: Making a Difference! Human development covers a large selection of human behaviors that have been studied since the beginning of psychology in order to understand the full potential of humans and the way that they think, learn, and behave. Sigmund Freud has been predominantly influential in the study of human development and is the father of psychodynamics and the first to study human development and the inner working of the mind and since then child development has become a crucial aspect in virtually every field of psychology due to several influencing factors on childhood growth and experience (DeVitis, 2011). The stage theories are significant tools in understanding the psychology of human development. Each theorist offers logically uncomplicated justifications of human behavior. However, unanswered questions still arise as to how accurate a theory based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular individual. This paper will discuss and compare the evolutionary/Sociobiological, learning, and psychoanalytical theories and their similarities and differences in the overall development of the child (Savania, & all). Sigmund Freud who is often the most well-known person in the field of Psychology introduced the psychoanalytical theory. Freud believed that our subconscious and ego controlled much of our behavior. The learning theory, that was introduced, by Ivan Pavlov, B.F...
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...Umajesty Allah 6/26/15 PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Development (Instructor: Suzanne Little) Week 5 Final Paper Name of center: Making a Difference! Human development covers a large selection of human behaviors that have been studied since the beginning of psychology in order to understand the full potential of humans and the way that they think, learn, and behave. Sigmund Freud has been predominantly influential in the study of human development and is the father of psychodynamics and the first to study human development and the inner working of the mind and since then child development has become a crucial aspect in virtually every field of psychology due to several influencing factors on childhood growth and experience (DeVitis, 2011). The stage theories are significant tools in understanding the psychology of human development. Each theorist offers logically uncomplicated justifications of human behavior. However, unanswered questions still arise as to how accurate a theory based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular individual. This paper will discuss and compare the evolutionary/Sociobiological, learning, and psychoanalytical theories and their similarities and differences in the overall development of the child (Savania, & all). Sigmund Freud who is often the most well-known person in the field...
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