...of DNA James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin What did they discover about DNA? James Watson, along with Francis Crick, studied the molecular structure of DNA that had been extracted from cells and showed how it could serve as the chemical basis of inheritance. Although it is commonly known that everything they "discovered" they stole from Rosalind Franklin, who proceeded to obligingly die. That said they're incorrectly famous for discovering that DNA is composed of sequences of purines and pyramidines hydrogen-bonded together and held in place by two sugar-phosphate strands that form a double helix due to more hydrogen bonding. Maurice Wilkins is not credited for the actual discovery of the structure of DNA rather that distinction goes to James Watson and Francis Crick and is known as the Watson-Crick model. Wilkins did share in the Nobel prize because his work in spectroscopic studies on nucleic acids led to the use of X-ray crystallography to define the Watson-Crick model of DNA. Rosalind Franklin discovered the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. She was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which led to discovery of DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin's critical contributions to the Crick and Watson model include an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51), that was briefly shown to James Watson by Maurice Wilkins in January...
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...Rosalind Franklin Research Paper Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in July 25th, 1920 on Notting Hill, London, England. She came from a family that was very involved in social and public works. Franklin's father wanted to be a scientist, but World War I cut his education short, and therefore, he became a college teacher instead. From an early age Rosalind Franklin was extremely intelligent. By the age of 15 she knew what career path she wanted to follow, being a scientist. However, her father strongly discouraged her interest since it was very difficult for women to have a career in dominantly male field. Though, with her excellent education from St. Paul's Girls' School, one of the few institutions at the time that taught physics and chemistry...
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...Alexandra Gehrs James Watson James Watson was born on April 6th, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the only son of Jean and James D. Watson, who was a businessman from English descent. He had one sister named Elizabeth Jean Watson, whom he loved very much. Watson grew up on the southside of Chicago and attended the public schools in the area.Watson attended Horace Mann Grammar School for eight years, and South Shore High School for two years. During his childhood, Watson was fascinated with bird watching with his father, pointing out all of the different types of birds and their ways of living. In 1943, he received a scholarship to the University of Chicago, where he enrolled at fifteen years old. Four years later, he graduated with his Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology. He then attended Indiana University to work on his PhD in Zoology. He graduated in 1950 from Indiana and started to transform his childhood love of bird watching into genetics. During his time at Indiana, Watson had begun to work with X-ray imaging. His thesis was a study based on the effect of intense X-rays on bacterial reproduction, which led him to study more in depth with X-ray imaging and observing photographic patterns created by them. In the fall of 1951, Watson met Maurice Wilkins at Cambridge University. He saw for the first time crystalline DNA’s X-ray diffraction...
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...Rosalind Franklin: Life through X-ray Crystallography and DNA Rosalind Franklin, the woman who contributed to scientist of the future understanding DNA structure. Scientist such as James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins benefited greatly from her findings. They received a Nobel Prize based off of her findings. Rosalind was also an X-ray crystallographer. X-ray crystallography is used for looking at atomic and molecular structures of crystal. This work contributed to her discovering the structure of DNA. Franklin was born in London, England, July 25, 1925. She attended an all girls school, which was one of the only schools that offered physics and chemistry. Clearly Franklin excelled at chemistry, as well as all of her other academics. In 1938, franklin attended Newnham College in Cambridge and graduated in 1941. In her graduate year she started a fellowship but in 1942 she started working at the British Coal Utilization Research Association. During this time she studies the porosity of coals, and compared it to the density of Helium. She found that through the pores of coal, substances were expelled in molecular sizes as the temperature increased. These findings helped with coals performance for fuel purposes. Franklin’s work with coals helped with the earning of her doctorate in physical chemistry that she earned in 1945 from Cambridge University. From 1947-1950 Franklin worked in Paris at Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l’Etat. Here Franklin...
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...In 1962 James Watson along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded a Noble Prize for the paper that they published about the discovery of the double-helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The discovery of the helical structure of DNA is considered as one of the most important achievements in the field of the science history. However, James Watson does not deserve the recognition of discovering the helical model of DNA. Watson should lose his nobel prize, not only did he not give any credit to the person who was really the one responsible in discovering the helical shape of DNA he is also making rude and prejudiced opinions. Few people know Rosalind Franklin, a scientist who devoted herself in the scientific study of the structure...
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...Maurice Wilkins was a very important scientist. He earned many different awards from his findings. He is well-known for beginning the X-ray diffraction images of DNA that contributed to Watson and Crick's discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA. Maurice Wilkins was born on December 15, 1916. He was born in Pongaroa, New Zealand. His father is Edgar. He was a physician who had a strong interest in public health. The family moved to London in 1922 so his father could pursuit a diploma in public health. When he finished his studies the family moved to Birmingham. His father then became a school doctor. In an autobiography Wilkins said he developed a love for science. He had a childhood hobby of building models of flying machines. He later studied astronomy and physics at Cambridge University because of this. Maurice Wilkins was popular at Cambridge. He was very social and smart. He was active in many different kinds of student organizations. Some of the organizations he was in are the Cambridge Scientists’ Anti-War Group and the National Sciences Club. Wilkins had a mentor in...
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...but skeptical of Avery’s research was James Watson, a young American student and former child prodigy. Watson was born in 1928 in Chicago, Illinois, and he attended the University of Chicago for college, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1947. In 1950, he received a PhD in ornithology from the University of Indiana, and, after reading What is Life? By Erwin Schrodinger, decided to pursue genetic research. The problem was, Watson had almost no experience whatsoever in chemistry. In 1950, Watson began his studies with a microbiologist, where he was assigned to write a thesis paper on phages, a simple type of virus. These studies proved difficult due to Watson’s lack of chemical knowledge, and his supervisor realized that more information about phages, proteins, and genes would become apparent if they understood the structure. In attempt to acquire some basic chemical experience, Watson began a short internship at a lab where he nearly caused a catastrophic explosion. Following this unfortunate incident, Watson’s knowledge of chemistry remained unimpressive, as shortly thereafter, the...
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...Watson and Crick were extremely engaged in discovering the secrets behind DNA. They began to take on this task by immersing themselves in an abundant amount of fields of science including: genetics, biochemistry, chemistry, and X-ray crystallography. They utilized the experiments of others. One of those they utilized was the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. They had managed to X-ray images of DNA fibers that hinted towards a helical, 3-dimensional corkscrew-like shape. Their evidence showcased that two sugar-phosphate backbones were on the outside of the molecule, effectively solidifying Watson and Crick's thought that the backbones created a double helix. Another man informed them of the nucleic bases in most textbooks being incorrect. Through the use of all their gathered in formation they made a discovery. They had shown that in DNA, its shape helped it achieve its function. A double-stranded helical molecule had the ability to produce exact replicas and transfer genetic instructions. The men elaborated on the implications of...
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...English scientist Rosalind Franklin is best known for her part in the disclosure of the structure of DNA, and for her spearheading utilization of X-beam diffraction. Conceived in 1920 in London, Britain, Rosalind Franklin earned a Ph.D. in physical science from Cambridge College. She learned crystallography and X-beam diffraction, strategies that she connected to DNA filaments. One of her photos gave enter bits of knowledge into DNA structure. Different researchers utilized it as proof to help their DNA display and assumed praise for the revelation. Franklin passed on of ovarian tumor in 1958, at age 37. English physicist Rosalind Elsie Franklin was naturally introduced to a well-to-do and compelling Jewish family on July 25, 1920, in Notting Slope, London, Britain. She showed remarkable knowledge from early youth, knowing from the age of 15 that she needed to be a...
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...element that carried all genetic material. The confirmation that it was DNA that carried genetic material paved the way for a lot of advances in genealogy ,forensic science and the study of genetics to determine inherited diseases. Erwin Chargaff discovered what we know ar “Chargaff’s rules.” The first rule was that the number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine bases, and that the number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine bases. The second rule was that the DNA varied from species to species. Rosalind Franklin helped in understanding the structure of the DNA by discovering the A and B forms of the DNA. She had applied the technique of x-ray diffusion in conducting her research. Franklin had figured out, from her x-ray, that the tops of the DNA made an ‘X’ shape. Since Franklin had a lot of copies of the x-ray her partner Maurice Wilkins took one of her copies, without her knowing, and gave it to James Watson and Francis Crick. Watson and Crick figured out, with the help of Franklin’s x-ray) a double helix is two antiparallel chains of nucleotides held together by base pairs between A and...
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...HSC Biology – Blueprint of Life 4. The structure of DNA can be changed and such changes may be reflected in the phenotype of the affected organism. The phenotype of an organism is its total appearance determined during development by an interaction between its genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment. A genome is all of the genetic material (DNA) within a cell and is specific to each organism. Genomes influence nearly all the traits or phenotypes. The phenotypic appearance is therefore directly affected by gene expression. The extent of phenotypic differences depends on how different the DNA sequences are in individuals, but may also be influenced by the environment. • Outline evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum’s ‘one gene-one protein’ hypothesis and explain why this was altered to the ‘one gene – one polypeptide’ hypothesis Beadle and Tatum carried out experiments with red bread mould. The normal variety of mould can manufacture certain substances that it needs for living, including vitamin B1, B2, B4 and B12. The normal moult possesses specific enzymes that catalyse the different reactions that produce these vitamins. Beadle and Tatum produced several varieties of the bread mould, each of which had a change in one of its genes. They tested these varieties and found that some had lost their ability to make vitamin B2 while others could no longer make vitamin B4 and so on. The results obtained by Beadle and Tatum showed that a change in various...
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...James Watson is an American scientist. He is famous for many different discoveries and theories that are still in use today. He is a very intelligent person who along with his colleagues, worked hard to achieve his goals no matter what. Without him, there would be less advanced research in the world of science today. James Watson was born on April 6, 1928. This means he is currently eight-seven years old. He was born in Chicago, Illinois (whatisbiotechnology.org/ dnalc.org). James is the oldest child in his family. He is the son of James Watson and Jean Mitchell. His father was a businessman, while his mother was a tailor (nobelprize.org). James decided to pick a different career path in life. He has one sister, whom he is very close...
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..."Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" was an article published by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in the scientific journal Nature in its 171st volume on pages 737–738 . It was the first publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. This article is often termed a "pearl" of science because it is brief and contains the answer to a fundamental mystery about living organisms. This mystery was the question of how it is possible that genetic instructions are held inside organisms and how they are passed from generation to generation. The article presents a simple and elegant solution, which surprised many biologists at the time who believed that DNA transmission was going to be more difficult to deduce and understand. The discovery had a major impact on biology, particularly in the field of genetics, enabling later researchers to understand the genetic code . Origins of molecular biology The application of physics and chemistry to biological problems led to the development of molecular biology. Molecular biology is particularly concerned with the flow and consequences of biological information at the level of genes and proteins. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a way for cells to make use of their DNA genes in order to make proteins. Linus Pauling was a chemist who was very influential in developing...
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...DNA The Building Blocks Of Life Edward J Lechleitner 11/3/2015 We all know that elephants only give birth to little elephants, giraffes to giraffes, dogs to dogs and so on for every type of living creature. Why? The answer lies in a molecule known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. In organisms called eukaryotes, which includes all living animals, DNA is found inside the area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packed. This packed form of the DNA is called a chromosome. During DNA replication, DNA unwinds so it can be copied. At other times in the cell cycle, DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. But during cell division, DNA is in its compact chromosome form to enable transfer to new cells. Researchers refer to DNA found in the cell's nucleus as nuclear DNA. An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome. Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly. DNA is made of chemical building blocks called...
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...Mr. Yuri was a professor at Leningrad University in Russia. The rest of the world did not know a whole lot about genetics, genes, and the theory of evolution around the time that Theodosius was experiment. They knew the shape of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, and had already created a 3D model of it. Rosalind Franklin, Linus Pauling, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins all helped create the first three-dimensional model of DNA. (DNAI) Dobzhansky and Morgan worked on the genes. The rest of the world, though, did know quite a lot about the Theory of Evolution. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace developed the Theory of Evolution in the 1800’s and Darwin explained it, in detail, in his On the Origin of Species. At this point the Theory of Evolution was an idea and had been proven by small...
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