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John Deere Component

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A. Latar Belakang Perusahaan
Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 1837 oleh John Deere, seorang ahli besi yang pertama kali sukses dalam mengembangkan bisnis baja. 100 tahun kemudian, Deree & Company adalah salah satu dari tujuh perusahaan manufaktur peralatan ternak di dunia dan pada tahun 1963 menggantikan International Harvester sebagai produsen nomor satu di dunia. Perusahaan John Deere telah beroperasi di industri peralatan pertanian selama 162 tahun. John Deere Component Works didirikan sebagai sebuah divisi yang terpisah dari perusahaan John Deere itu sendiri selama tahun 1970 untuk meningkatkan kapasitas peralatan Deere, terutama traktor. Oleh karena itu harus menghasilkan berbagai macam suku cadang yang volumenya relatif sedikit. Karena kapasitas rendah selama pertengahan 1980-an, Divisi Gear dan produk khusus JDCW memutuskan bahwa produk suku cadang mesin yang kompleks menawarkan sesuatu yang menjanjikan. Karena proses ini membutuhkan mesin yang lebih terotomatisasi, akan menambah biaya overhead yang terjadi. Sebagai bagian dari strategi Divisi Gear dan Produk Khusus, suku cadang mesin ini ditetapkan untuk dijual ke pasar luar negeri.
Component Works memiliki 120 mesin otomatis yang berbaris dalam empat baris panjang di dalam gedung dengan luas 80.000m2. Mesin ini masing-masing terkait dengan chip dan sistem pendingin pemulihan. Sistem ini dibangun di bawah lantai dan dirancang untuk terus mendinginkan dan melumasi mesin sekaligus mengeluarkan chip limbah dari mesin. Tahun 1984, Divisi Gear dan produk khusus telah mengeluarkan strateginya yaitu memasarkan suku cadang mesin ke pasar luar negeri, untuk mendapatkan keuntungan di pasar luar negeri tersebut. namun persaingan di pasar luar lebih berat daripada yang perkirakan. Kelebihan kapasitas dan dorongan untuk mengembangkan bisnis mandiri memotivasi Divisi Gear dan produk khusus untuk melelang sebanyak 275 dari 635 suku cadang yang Deere dan Perusahaan tawarkan dalam tahun 1984. Mereka segera menemukan, bagaimanapun, bahwa harga penawarannya tidak dapat bersaing dengan para pesaingnya, karena kunci sukses dalam persaingan dunia luar adalah harga. Oleh karena itu JDCW harus memikirkan kembali strategi penetapan harganya.

B. Identifikasi Masalah
Permintaan untuk produk John Deere Component Works (JDCW) ini telah mengalami kegagalan karena runtuhnya nilai lahan pertanian dan harga komoditas. Sejumlah kegagalan terus menerus dalam kompetisi JDCW untuk berbagai tawaran merupakan tanggung jawab manajemen untuk mengevaluasi metode biaya yang digunakan saat ini. Oleh karena itu, analisis harus dibuat mengenai metode biaya yang digunakan saat ini untuk membantu perusahaan dalam mengadopsi sistem biaya yang lebih efisien sehingga dapat bersaing dengan para pesaingnya.

C. Pembahasan Masalah
Sejumlah kegagalan terjadi terus-menerus dalam kompetisi JDCW untuk melakukan penawaran. Mereka memberikan kontrak, dan semua pekerjaan dijual ke supplier luar. JDCW hanya mendapatkan segilintir barang yang diminta yang kebanyakan merupakan low-volume stuff yang tidak diinginkan. JDCW berpikir bahwa mungkin mereka akan mendapatkan bisnis yang mana direct cost-nya lebih murah dibandingkan dengan penawaran luar walaupun sebenarnya full cost-nya tidak. Penyebab penawarannya tidak kompetitif adalah karena harganya lebih mahal dibandingkan supplier luar, dan lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan divisi-divisi lain di Deere Company. Karena hal tersebut JDCW mempertanyakan ketepatan metode pembiayaan yang dipakai saat ini, yang menyebabkan JDCW tidak dapat bersaing dengan kompetitor-kompetitornya.
Pada awalnya JDCW menggunakan standar costing untuk perhitungan biayanya, alokasi overhead berdasarkan pada direct labor hours, machine hours, dan material. Pada kenyataannya metode biaya ini bekerja cukup baik di masa lalu karena perusahaan memproduksi produk yang spesifik dalam secara konsisten. Namun, metode biaya ini tidak memberikan sistem alokasi biaya yang terbaik bagi JDCW. Alokasi biaya overhead yang dilakukan oleh JDCW masih menggunakan cost yang mendasarkan pada aktivitas unit level yaitu labor hours, machine hours, dan materials. Hal tersebut menyebabkan aktivitas lain (non unit level) tidak diperhatikan sama sekali.
Divisi Gear and Produk Khusus dari JDCW juga kurang dapat bersaing untuk memenuhi permintaan 275 produk yang diajukan oleh Deree & Company. Harga yang diajukan oleh JDCW sebagian besar melebihi harga yang diajukan oleh competitor. Akibatnya JDCW hanya mendapatkan kontrak untuk 58 produk dimana JDCW dapat memberikan harga yang lebih rendah dibandingkan competitor. Namun demikian 58 produk tersebut tergolong dalam low volume parts yang tidak mau dibuat oleh divisi.
Dengan Metode ABC, JDCW dapat mengalokasikan biaya yang lebih akurat dan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik pada biaya overhead. Metode ini juga memperhitungkan unit cost tidak hanya terpaku pada total cost. Metode ini lebih efisien ketika volume produksi berfluktuasi secara periodik. Dalam pengunaan Activity Based Costing System (ABC), terdapat dua tahapan untuk menentukan biaya overhead atas produk. Tahap pertama adalah, mengidentifikasi aktivitas yang signifikan di dalam kegiatan produksi atas produk dan menentukan biaya overhead untuk masing-masing aktivitas berkenaan dengan sumber biaya organisasi yang digunakan oleh aktivitas. Biaya overhead ditentukan oleh masing-masing aktivitas yang terdiri dari activity cost pool. Penerapan Activity Based Costing melalui penetapan tujuh activity cost pools yang meliputi : Activity | Cost Pools | Direct labor support | Unit | Machine operation | Unit | Setup hours | Batch | Production order activity | Batch | Materials handling | Batch | Parts administration | Pruduct-Sustaining | General and administrative overhead | Product-Sustaining |

Setelah menentukan biaya overhead atas activity cost pool dalam tahap pertama, cost driver yang layak untuk masing-masing cost pool diidentifikasikan dalam tahap kedua. Ketika biaya overhead dialokasikan untuk masing-masing activity cost pool untuk lini produk dalam proporsi dalam jumlah atas cost driver yang dikonsumsi oleh lini produk. Dengan begitu akan menghasilkan akurasi biaya yang lebih baik dengan memperhatikan bukan hanya biaya unit, tetapi juga biaya untuk melakukan order, biaya eksekusi order ... dll, serta mengalokasikan mereka secara per pesanan. Tujuan dari penggunaan metode ABC bukan untuk menghasilkan biaya per unit yang kecil, namun menentukan biaya yang sebenarnya. Dengan beralih menggunakan metode ABC meskipun terdapat variasi perubahan cost JDCW lebih dapat bersaing dan lebih percaya diri karena keakuratan penentuan biaya dan menghindari profit margin yang semu akibat adanya overcosting dan undercosting.

Sebagai contoh ilustrasi, akan dilakukan perbandingan metode biaya untuk suku cadang A103. Dengan menggunakan the Standard Cost System, suku cadang A103 mempunyai biaya $22.80 sedangkan dengan metode ABC, suku cadang mempunyai biaya $32.18. Berikut perhitungannya:

STANDARD VERSUS ABC COSTING FOR PART A103
STANDARD METHOD
Total Cost = Direct Labor + Direct Materials + Overhead Direct Labor = .185 labour hours x 12.76/hr = 2.36 Direct Materials = 6.44 Overhead = Direct + Period Direct Labour OH = 2.05 x .185 x 12.76 = 4.89 Machine Hours OH = 27.56 x .310 = 8.54 Materials Handling OH = .097 x 6.44 = 0.62
Total Cost (per 100 parts) $22.88

ABC METHOD
Total Cost = Direct Labor + Direct Materials + Overhead Direct Labor = .185 x 12.76 = 2.36 Direct Materials = 6.44 Overhead: Labour Support OH = 1.11 x .185 x 12.76 = 2.62 Machine Operation OH = (8.99 + 6.71) x .031 = 5.15 Machine Setup OH = (33.76 x 4.2 x 2) / 80 = 3.54 Production Order OH = (114.27 x 2) / 80 = 2.86 Materials Handling OH = 19.42 x 4 = 0.97 Parts Admin. = (487 x 1) / 80 = 6.09 General and Admin. = (.091 x 12.76) x (.187) + 21.23 = 2.14
Total Cost (per 100 parts) $32.21

D. Kesimpulan
Perusahaan seperti John Deere Component work, yang telah mengalami permasalahan yang telah dijelaskan di atas, menemukan bahwa tarif pabrik atau departemen mereka tidak lagi mampu secara akurat membebankan biaya overhead pada tiap produk. Setidaknya terdapat dua faktor utama yang menurunkan kemampuan tarif pabrik dan departemen berdasarkan unit untuk membebankan biaya overhead secara akurat: 1) Proporsi biaya overhead terkait dengan non unit terhadap total overhead besar. Dari tujuh aktivitas yang diidentifikasi oleh JDCW, lima dapat dikategorikan sebagai non unit level yaitu : setup hours, production order activity, materials handling, parts administration, general and administrative overhead. 2) Tingkat keragaman produk tinggi.

E. Saran
Dalam melakukan penetapan harga sebaiknya, mempertimbangkan baik-baik biaya overhead yang diperhitungkan sebagai biaya produk. Pertimbangan itu adalah apakah biaya-biaya tersebut merupakan unit level atau non unit level sehingga memberikan perhitungan biaya yang akurat dan lebih kompetitif. Lalu, jika Anda memutuskan apakah akan atau tidak akan menjual beberapa unit tambahan produk tertentu, meskipun (seperti manajer JDCW) ketika ada tawaran sebanyak 275 bagian, anda harus mempertimbangkan biaya tambahan yang akan dikenakan dalam pembuatan unit-unit ini . Untuk manajer JDCW, ini harus mencakup hal-hal seperti biaya bahan, biaya tenaga kerja langsung, baya pemeliharaan dan penyusutan pada mesin, listrik yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan mesin-mesin, dll sehingga dapat memutuskan akan memproduksi sendiri atau outsourcing.

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