...PO 201 – American Constitution Oct 15, 2012 1. The most general definition of politics would be the process by which values are authoritatively allocated for a particular society. More specifically that allocation speaks to the process where it is decided when, what, who, and how resources are distributed. Many would say that politics is no more than the art of governing humanity through deception, and some would even go as far as to say it is nothing more than conducting public affairs for private gain. Government has numerous roles but four of the major areas are paramount. Manage the national economy. It is the responsibility of the government to place checks and balances within the system to make sure the economy remains viable. The government also has the responsibility to enforce laws and contracts. This could be as simple as managing disputes between private citizens (civil or criminal) or as major as the Supreme Court hearing arguments between the states. Another major area where government is involved are issues of public safety and infrastructure. The upkeep of roads and bridges, regulation of utilities and public services, and public health standard guidelines are roles of the government. One of the most obvious and expensive roles of the government is national defense. The Constitution speaks to the issue of raising an army and navy (doesn’t say exactly how) and it is the expectation of the people that the government will provide for them an...
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...criminal in the United States.[1] He now runs a security firm named Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC that helps test a company's security strengths and weaknesses, and is the Chief Hacking Officer of security awareness training company KnowBe4. Mitnick is an active advisory board member at Zimperium,[2] a mobile defense firm that develops a mobile intrusion prevention system.[3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Computer hacking 3 Arrest, conviction, and incarceration 4 Controversy 5 Media 6 Pop culture references 6.1 Video games 6.2 Graphic novels 6.3 TV 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliographies 9.1 Books 9.2 Articles 10 External link Early life Mitnick grew up in Los Angeles and attended James Monroe High School.[4] He was enrolled at Los Angeles Pierce College and USC.[4] For a time, he worked as a receptionist for Stephen S. Wise Temple.[4] Computer hacking At age 15, Mitnick used social engineering to bypass the punch card system used in the Los Angeles bus system. After a friendly bus driver told him where he could buy his own ticket punch, he could ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in the trash. Social engineering became his primary method of obtaining information, including user-names and passwords and modem phone numbers.[5] Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment...
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...Constitutional Law- Supremacy Clause- “This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof…… shall be the Supreme law of the Land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby …..” Article VI Judicial Review- U.S. Constitution doesn’t provide that federal courts can declare a statute unconstitutional and void, but they can./Marbury v. Madison, 1803 introduced judicial review Activism v. Restraint- Over time, not a liberal vs. conservative issue.In the early days of the New Deal, judicial activism was responsible for striking down progressive measures. Originalism v. Living- When interpreting the Constitution, ask what the people who wrote it – or wrote the amendments – understood the provisions to mean. VS. To interpret the Constitution look to the language in the document and the understanding of the framers, but do so in light of the long history of common law which preceded and followed it. That gives you a mechanism for applying the document to situations which could never have been envisioned when the Constitution was written. Public v. Private Action- Companies and individuals can’t deprive you of your Constitutional rights, only a govt can. Commerce Clause- “The Congress shall have Power ……… To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States …….”Article 1, Section 8 Affordable Healthcare Act- Nat. Fed. of Independent Businesses v. Sibelius (2012)/Focus: The individual mandate – a requirement...
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF PURE CAPITALISM Although there are as many economic systems as there are countries, we will discuss the basic elements of pure capitalism. Purely capitalist economies are characterized by exclusive private ownership of productive resources and the use of markets to allocate goods and services. Pure capitalism stands in stark contrast to socialism, which is characterized by partial or total public ownership of productive resources and centralized decision making to allocate resources. Capitalism in its pure form has probably never existed. In all countries characterized as capitalist, government plays an active role in the promotion of overall economic growth and the allocation of goods and services through its considerable control over resources. The reason we examine capitalism in its pure form is essentially twofold. To begin with, most western, developed, economies fundamentally are capitalist, or market, economies. Moreover, and perhaps more important, understanding capitalism in its pure form will better position the analyst to understand deviations and gradations from this “ideal” state. Economies that are characterized by a blend of public and private ownership is known as mixed economies. Most of the discussion in this text will assume that our prototypical firm operates within a purely capitalist market system. Although the complete set of conditions necessary for pure capitalism is not likely to be found in reality, an understanding...
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...commission of an act forbidden by law. It can contribute to negative impact in term of social and economic development. Nowadays, there are a lot of crimes which increase around the world; United Arab Emirates is one of the countries at risk of these issues. One of these types is the cybercrime as; people want to keep up with technology and modern life. This matter in increase day by day as every day we hear from the news, newspaper and social media, there's a huge number of people who are victims cybercrime. Brenner (2010) in Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace book state, this type of crimes found in 21-century after the development and globalization because people used technology, but they don't have enough information and not aware about this issue. In addition, Cybercrime is the type of criminal crime which is punishable by law and it means that Using technology resources. Such as, the internet for committing serious crimes such as, deception, fraud, theft, copyright violations and extortion through online stalking, harassment, defamation, and invasion of privacy. Moreover, The cybercrime divided into three divisions, the first division is crimes...
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...One percent seems like an ineffectual amount in the general population, but when that one percent is psychopaths, it becomes exponentially more influential. According to Robert Hare (Hare, Focus on Psychopathy, 2012), a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, that one percent of psychopaths also make up ten to fifteen percent of the offenders in the United States. He defines these people as “manipulative, deceptive, self-centered, lacking in empathy and guilt, callous, and remorseless.” (Hare, Focus on Psychopathy, 2012, p. 2) These people pose a serious potential problem to society when nonviolent. However when violent they are very dangerous and are easy to spot (e.g. Ted Bundy). They act in severe, harmful and often...
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...CLASSICAL THEORIES OF CRIME, DELINQUENCY AND SECURITIES COURSE CODE: 800 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER IN CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS LECTURER : PROFESSOR SOYOMBO OMOLOLU FEBRUARY, 2013. ABSTRACT With the rapidly increasing rate of migration – a by-product of a more globalised world – human traffickers have greater opportunities to exploit those who migrate to other States. First, human trafficking is driven by poverty and international productivity/living quality disparities. Second, the existing humanitarian and/or suppressive approaches cannot solve the problem. Third, the best option for solving the problem is setting up the ‘reciprocal direct investment’ (RDI) scheme between leading and lagged economies. The RDI scheme can facilitate improvements in the quality of public governance in lagged economies and directly promote international competition, efficiency, trade liberalization and division of labor. The resulting convergence in global living quality at a higher level across nations will eliminate the root causes of illicit migrations STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem stated in this seminar...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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...Disadvantages of the Exclusionary Rule Abstract The Exclusionary Rule was established to deter police misconduct in obtaining evidence. The doctrine stipulates that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used as proof of the defendant’s guilt in criminal court. However, the Exclusionary Rule has had adverse effects. For instance, it has negatively influenced the conduct of police officers. It is apparent in their disregard of the law to secure convictions. Officers have even resorted to lying under oath before judges to ensure evidence is admitted in court. Matters are made worse by the fact that law enforcement agencies do not reprimand these offending officers and judges ignore the fabrications to allow the proof. In turn, they continue to stay involved in illegal activities. Disadvantages of the Exclusionary Rule Once upon a time law enforcement agents detected and investigated crimes, gathered evidence to convict criminals, and ensured that the guilty were sent to prison. Unfortunately, during that same time, those very same officers invaded people’s privacy and unreasonable searches and seizures were the norm. It did not matter whether a person was innocent or guilty of a crime. Officers of the law could conduct warrantless searches, search anywhere they wanted, and seize any evidence they felt proved a person’s guilt. Nowadays, with the Fourth Amendment secure in the Constitution and the Exclusionary Rule in place you would assume...
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...Governments Worldwide Must Place More Focus On Human Trafficking A collection of current articles regarding human trafficking has been collected throughout this semester. The news reports vary greatly in geographic location but the underlying message that these events share is unified and clear. Governments worldwide must create specialized agencies, victim relief units, and allocate more funds towards the understanding and prevention of this growing crime. Due to the complexity of human trafficking, non-traditional law enforcement must be used. As stated in several of the articles gathered, a growing need for information sharing between organizations has become necessary. With enhanced human trafficking policies and implementation; accurate crime statistics can be gathered, victims can be identified, perpetrators can be prosecuted, and organized crime patterns can be seen. This paper will be broken down into several components that cover this multi-faceted, illegal industry. First, a description and definition of human trafficking will be given. The current prevention methods will follow, including rough statistics gathered around the world. Next, I will outline the difficulties that law enforcement encounter with human trafficking. The strategies for improvement will make up the bulk of the paper. Human trafficking has been deemed the 21st century slave trade. Inadequate laws against trafficking and police negligence have allowed for this human rights violation...
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...are already in place, in order to prevent and catch traffickers before they reach their victims. Strong training for our law enforcement, our healthcare providers and any other agencies that may be involved also needs to be put in place. Continuing to create awareness will bring human trafficking to the surface for a difference to be made in the lives of the victims. Introduction On a global level human trafficking is an issue that continues to gain increasing awareness, as agencies in human services, law enforcement and health care professionals become more involved and aware of the problem. Human trafficking, according to the United Nations convention, is defined as; “the recruitment, transportation, transfer harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or...
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...Monroe, Catherine Pattillo, and Brian Wynter Authorized for distribution by Paul Cashin and David Hoelscher April 2009 Abstract This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. In several Caribbean states, unregulated investment schemes grew quickly in recent years by claiming unusually high monthly returns and through a system of referrals by existing members. These are features shared with traditional Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes. This paper describes the growth of such schemes, their subsequent collapse, and the policy response of regulators, and presents key policy lessons. The analysis and recommendations draw on country experiences in the Caribbean, and in such diverse countries as the United States, Colombia, Lesotho, and Albania. JEL Classification Numbers: G18 Keywords: Pyramid schemes, Ponzi schemes, Caribbean Authors’ E-Mail Addresses: acarvajal@imf.org; hmonroe@imf.org; cpattillo@imf.org; bwynter@imf.org 2 Contents Page I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................3 II. Background ..............................................................................................
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...ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY | PUBLIC MANAGEMENT | | | | 25/05/2012 | | | Sommaire INTRODUCTION 2 I. DEFINITION OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 4 II. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 4 III. THE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT MODEL 6 IV. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE 8 V. PRINCIPLES THEORIES OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT 9 Public Choice Theory 10 Transaction Cost Economics 11 Principal–Agent Theory 11 Microeconomic Theory 12 The New Economic Sociology 13 VI. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS CRAFT 14 VII. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS STRUCTURE 16 VIII. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS INSTITUTION 17 IX. NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 21 CONCLUSION 24 INTRODUCTION Public management is the subject of a rapidly growing literature that is international in scope a multifarious in content. The common sense of public management is relatively straightforward. Good public managers, whatever their particular positions or responsibilities, are men and women with the temperament and skills to organize, motivate, and direct the actions of others in and out of government toward the creation and achievement of goals that warrant the use of public authority. Few public laws and policies are self-executing, and, in their formulation, all might benefit from managerial insight and experience. Under virtually any political philosophy or regime, then, the achievement of good government requires the responsible and competent use of public authority by a government’s...
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...working through an established list, but rather that it requires quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment; but in a changing environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations. In the first chapter of the Art of War talks about laying plans or the calculations. Planning explores the five fundamental factors (the way, seasons, terrain, leadership and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagement. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration. In waging war or the challenge explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. It advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict. Next is the Attack by Strategem or the Plan of Attack defines the source of strength as unity, not size and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical...
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