...Human Karyotypes Purpose To examine and prepare human karyotype charts Background The term karyotype refers to a photograph of the chromosomes of a cell at a time when each still consists of two ‘sister’ chromatids attached to each other at their centromeres. To prepare a karyotype chart, scissors are used to cut out each chromosome from an enlarged photo of the karyotype. Chromosome pairs are identified, and then arranged in chart form (figure 1). Numbers or letters have been assigned to specific chromosome pairs. Analysis of karyotype charts is helpful in the study of chromosome abnormalities. Figure 1: A Human Karyotype (left) and Karyotype Chart (right) Special staining techniques can reveal light and dark regions (bands) on the chromosomes. By matching the bands, it is now quite easy to identify specific chromosomes and prepare a karyotype chart (figure 2). Figure 2: A Human Karyotype Chart Using Chromosomes With Simulated Banding Materials * Sample karyotypes | * Scissors | * Unlined paper | * Transparent tape/glue | Procedure Part 1: The structure of a human karyotype chart 1. Carefully examine the human karyotype illustrated in figure 2 (previous page) a) How many rows of chromosomes are in a karyotype chart 4 rows b) Record the total number of chromosomes in the individual. 46 Chromosomes c) How many chromosome pairs are shown? There are 23 pairs shown; 22 somatic and 1 sex chromosome pair. ...
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...LAB#11 DNA EXTRACTION & KARYOTYPING ________________________________________________ Objectives: After completing this exercise, you should be able to: 1. Develop an understanding of the structure and properties of DNA, based on observation and manipulations 2. Understand some implications of DNA technology 3. Extract DNA from an onion to understand that all cells contain DNA Introduction/Purpose: DNA is too small to see under a regular microscope, so then how can it be studied? DNA is a large chemical molecule found in all living things, so it should be possible to extract it from cells or tissue. All we need to do is disrupt the cell’s plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, make the DNA clump together. DNA extraction is possible. Plant material is easy to use and DNA extractions from onion, bananas, liver, or wheat germ are common classroom activities or demonstrations. Plants used in agriculture and horticulture are often artificially selected for their large flowers and fruits. Strawberries are no exception. A reason for the size of today’s large supermarket strawberries is the octaploid nature of their cells. With eight sets of chromosomes, they have plenty of DNA for classroom extraction. The fruit is homogenized with a detergent to prepare a filtrate. The detergent emulsifies and forms complexes with the lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane this causes them to precipitate out of the solution. The mixture is then filtered through cheesecloth;...
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...Genetic disorders are inherited from an individual’s parents through the gamete cells that ultimately develop into the offspring. There are three major inheritance patterns that were highlighted: single gene, chromosomal, and multifactorial disorders. It is important for pediatricians to understand both the disorders and the diagnostic tools used due to disorders beginning at conception. Due to the multitude of ways that genetic disorder can arise, there are different diagnostic tools that can be used to determine a disorder. This review article used an exploratory study that used previous papers to highlight, identify, and merge diagnostic techniques into a single paper. The major data and results from this paper focused on what the diagnostic...
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...Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder where a male possesses an extra X chromosome on a XY background. This is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis which means that the chromosomes do not split properly. This syndrome clinically presents with tall stature, low testosterone, hypogonadism, delayed puberty and gynecomastia. It occurs in 1 out of every 1000 male births which is .1-.2% of the population. Diagnosis which is done by karyotyping is not usually done until puberty because most symptoms are mild until sexual maturity. The prognosis is good but the male may have an increased incidence of many disorders. In 1942 Dr. Harry Klinefelter and Dr. Fuller Albright were working at Massachusetts General Hospital when a patient named George Bland came into the hospital with symptoms including Gynecomastia, hypogonadism, tall stature, low testosterone, high FSH, and high LH. They had 9 other patients with the same or similar symptoms. Due to the abnormalities in hormone levels it was thought to be caused by an endocrine disorder. (Harry, K 1986) However in 1959 the XXY chromosomal abnormality was found to be the cause. The doctors then realized that the disease wasn’t endocrine but chromosomal even though it...
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...AIIMS NOVEMBER 2011 Mcqs with answers 66-105 still 95questions remaning post it soon 66.A patient presents with pain over the thumb, index and middle finger. All of the following tests are done except a.Finkelstein test b.Tinel test c.Phalen test d.Torniquet test ans=c 67. Which of the following is not involved in translation in eukaryotes? a.Ribosome b.Peptidyl transferase c.Aminoacyl tRNA d.RNA polymerase ans=d 68. Ossification centre first appears at – a.end of 2nd month b.beginning of 2nd month c.end of 3rd month d.beginning of 3rd month ans=a 69. A patient presents with proptosis and pain after 4 hrs of injury. A bruise is noted in the eye and frontal area? a.Cavernous sinus thrombosis b. Internal carotid artery aneurysm c. Carotico-cavernous fistula d.Sphenoid fracture ans=dntknw soii 70.Efavirenz acts through the following mechanism a.Protease inhibitor b.Preventing HIV entry into cell c.Reverse transcriptase inhibitor d.Integrase inhibitor ans=c 71.Anticoagulant of choice for coagulation test? a.3.5% sodium citrate b.EDTA c.Heparin d.Sodium oxalate ans=b 72.Adverse(deleterious) effects of hypothermia are all except: a.Cardiac arrythmia b.Decreased peripheral resistance c.Reversible coagulopathy d.Renal failure ans= dnt knw 73.Eosinophilia is not seen with? a.Contrast nephropathy b.Drug induced nephropathy c.Atheromatous plaque d.Polyarteritis nodosa ans= dnt knw ...
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...Patrick Zimmer Home | Projects | Music | Sitemap | Contact Genetic Engineering Essay Projects / Academic / Genetic Engineering Essay GENETIC ENGINEERING - The benefits and problems Genetic engineering is a powerful and potentially very dangerous tool. To alter the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA that code for the structure of a complex living organism, can have extremely ill effects although the potential benefits can be huge. Before advances in genetic applications, gene therapy was unheard of and genetic defects were always inherited, plaguing generations. Today genetic testing is widely available, such as prenatal karyotyping of chromosomes to check for genetic abnormalities. Genetic testing is also useful for families in which autosomal recessive disorders are known to exist, when these are planning to have children. In addition, genetic testing is available for people who might have inherited a genetic disorder which only becomes apparent later in life (for example Huntington's Disease). Individual choice decides whether a person would rather know if they are particularly vulnerable to certain diseases or more likely to die young. Knowing that your life may be short could inspire you to make the most of it while it could equally well cause severe depression. Today`s advances in gene therapy make it possible to even remove a faulty gene and replace it with a functioning gene in cells lacking this function. Though these techniques are available, they are still in...
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...Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The creation of offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called A) asexual reproduction. B) sexual reproduction. C) a life cycle. D) regeneration. E) spontaneous generation. Answer: A 2) Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. E) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. Answer: D 3) Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to A) all forms of reproduction. B) sexual reproduction only. C) asexual reproduction only. D) production of gametes from a premeiotic cell. E) sexual reproduction between different species. Answer: C 4) Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual (s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Answer B 5) With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because we have A) identical chromosomes, but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits...
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...greater sign of distress1. On the other hand, ethically speaking, chromosomal abnormalities may cause those who have them to be living with a lower quality of life2. For example, in Klinfelter syndrome a study showed an increased risk in issues such social anxiety, shyness, and inappropriate social behaviour1. Hence these reasons give rise to how crucial this research and how social and ethical aspects are linked. The question that the research is trying to answer is to attempt to provide a pathway in which it is possible and assured to know both the wellbeing and the existence of any chromosomal defects in the fetus during the first trimester. The study has established evidence that using nuchal translucency; makes undergoing prenatal karyotyping more cost effective3. In addition, the research may have improved the wellbeing of the fetuses. It provided them with a method that’s not only cost effective, but also able to detect present chromosomal defects. Hence, pregnant women are able to have an option whether to terminate the pregnancy or not. Otherwise, post-pregnancy precautions are to be made. On the other hand, the research failed to address issues concerning the wellbeing of the pregnant women. As the research study stated, six of the women had intrauterine fetal deaths due to a fall in their wellbeing3. EVALUATION The chosen populations to be studied were patients who underwent nuchal translucency as a method of first trimester screening in the Chris Hani Baragwaneth hospital...
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...Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lecture Outline Overview • Every day we observe heritable variations (such as brown, green, or blue eyes) among individuals in a population. • These traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. • One possible explanation for heredity is a “blending” hypothesis. ° This hypothesis proposes that genetic material contributed by each parent mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green. ° With blending inheritance, a freely mating population will eventually give rise to a uniform population of individuals. ° Everyday observations and the results of breeding experiments tell us that heritable traits do not blend to become uniform. • An alternative model, “particulate” inheritance, proposes that parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes, that retain their separate identities in offspring. ° Genes can be sorted and passed on, generation after generation, in undiluted form. • Modern genetics began in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance. A. Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries 1. Mendel brought an experimental and quantitative approach to genetics. • Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments. • Mendel grew up on a small farm in what is today the Czech Republic. • In 1843, Mendel entered an Augustinian monastery. • He...
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...D38–D51 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1172 Published online 20 November 2010 Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Eric W. Sayers1,*, Tanya Barrett1, Dennis A. Benson1, Evan Bolton1, Stephen H. Bryant1, Kathi Canese1, Vyacheslav Chetvernin1, Deanna M. Church1, Michael DiCuccio1, Scott Federhen1, Michael Feolo1, Ian M. Fingerman1, Lewis Y. Geer1, Wolfgang Helmberg2, Yuri Kapustin1, David Landsman1, David J. Lipman1, Zhiyong Lu1, Thomas L. Madden1, Tom Madej1, Donna R. Maglott1, Aron Marchler-Bauer1, Vadim Miller1, Ilene Mizrachi1, James Ostell1, Anna Panchenko1, Lon Phan1, Kim D. Pruitt1, Gregory D. Schuler1, Edwin Sequeira1, Stephen T. Sherry1, Martin Shumway1, Karl Sirotkin1, Douglas Slotta1, Alexandre Souvorov1, Grigory Starchenko1, Tatiana A. Tatusova1, Lukas Wagner1, Yanli Wang1, W. John Wilbur1, Eugene Yaschenko1 and Jian Ye1 1 Downloaded from http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on March 20, 2015 National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Building 38A, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA and 2University Clinic of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 3, A-8036 Graz, Austria Received September 16, 2010; Revised October 29, 2010; Accepted November 1, 2010 ABSTRACT In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology...
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...Unit II: Genetics Brief Overview Reading: Chapters 3, 4, 9-12, 14 (Note: you have reviewed much of this already) The earth is teeming with living things. We can easily see some of the larger organisms—trees, grass, flowers, weeds, cats, fish, squirrels, dogs, insects, spiders, snails, mushrooms, lichens. Other organisms are everywhere, in the air, in water, soil and on our skin, but are too small to see with the naked eye—bacteria, viruses, protists (single celled eukaryotes such as amoebae), and tiny plants and animals. Life is remarkable in its complexity and diversity, and yet it all boils down to a very simple idea—the instructions for making all this life are written in nucleic acids, usually DNA. Most organisms have a set of DNA that contains the instructions for making that creature. This DNA contains four “letters” in which these instructions are written—A, T, G, and C. The only difference between the code for a dog and the code for a geranium is in the order of those letters in the code. If you took the DNA from a human and rearranged the letters in the right way, you could produce an oak tree—arrange them slightly differently and you would have a bumble bee—arrange them again and you would have the instructions for making a bacterium. Acting through more than two billion years, the process of evolution has taken one basic idea—a molecular code that uses four letters—and used it over and over, in millions of combinations to produce a dazzling array of life forms...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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