...gas, which forms bubbles in the water medium. From this we can analyze that from reactions, reactions require energy. The more energy in this case light energy, the entire reaction of photosynthesis speeds up. This can be seen on the graph as the highest point on the graph indicates the highest photosynthetic rate and starts to drop gradually as the distance of the lamp increases. As from 50cm distance and time frame there is approximately a difference of one hundred and sixty thousand bubbles produced and slowly increases photosynthetic rates up to 30cm, until it spikes abruptly in bubbles produced from 20cm to 10cm. With nearly a one million bubble difference. Thus my hypothesis has been proven in this case. As I moved the lamp further away from the Elodea, less oxygen bubbles were produced. And as I moved the lamp closer to the Elodea the more oxygen bubbles were produced. The effect of using a white light had given me positive results. So what would have happened if I used a different color light? If I had used any other color light, such as green light, my results would have differed as green light is reflected by the chlorophyll pigment. Thus no or very little photosynthetic activity would have taken place. The use of light that green plant cells can absorb such as red, blue and natural white light would give me similar results as shown in the above graph in Figure 1. The power of the lamp I was using gave me sufficient...
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...Lab Report 3: Effect of UV Light on Microbial Growth Kristin Holmes – April 2, 2013 PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to determine the effects of ultraviolet light on microbial growth and the effectiveness of the repair mechanisms of light repair and dark repair on UV damage. INTRODUCTION: Can Ultraviolet (UV) light be a viable form of sterilization and/or disinfection? This lab experiment will look to examine and answer that question. UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is invisible to the human eye. It has a short wavelength and is considered high energy which allows it to pass through some materials. The biological effects are potentially devastating based on the length of exposure and the length of the wavelength exposed to. The reason UV light can be so detrimental is due to its effect on DNA and the mutations that can occur because of exposure. The absorbance of UV photons causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers; these in turn create challenges to DNA replication. While DNA repair mechanisms can remove these dimers, with increased exposure and/or repeated exposure as well as incomplete repair, DNA replication is not always exact. (Aishwariya) UV radiation is typically placed into one of three categories. UV-A radiation is the longest wavelength and has the least damaging effect. UV-B radiation is medium length and UV-C is the shortest wavelength. (Aishwariya) UV-A radiation can have long term effects; however the most damage, on the cellular level...
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...We cautiously removed the exposed muscles to get to the ventral nerve cord. To describe what we saw, we noticed that the ventral nerve cord was hard to observe so we placed it under the microscope again. Prior to measuring action potentials, we set up the LabTutor Application according to the lab manual. Once the application was setup we conducted our experiment. The chlorided silver wire we obtained earlier was used to place under the nerve cord near the telson and attached the white lead to the negative input (Ch 1). To make sure our program was running correctly, we clicked on the Compression button and watched what the graph did. Placing another wire above the first wire on the opposite side, we attached the other end to the positive input (Ch 1). There was a green wire that we clipped to the pin that was pinned into the body of the crayfish. We also had to make sure that the wires did not touch each other. There was a 5-10 millimeter distance in between our electrodes. We also put more freshwater on the crayfish so it would not dry out. According to the lab manual, the hairs on...
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...Abstract For our experiment, classical conditioning was investigated. Our participants were (N=181) lab virtual rats. Our study was investigated by pairing a light with a shock and see if our lab rat (Sniffy) showed freezing behaviors. There were three conditions to our study acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery. During the acquisition stage, Sniffy’s freezing behavior increased when the light was paired with the shock. In the extinction stage Sniffy’s behavior declined since the light was not paired with the shock. During the spontaneous recovery, Sniffy was removed from his environment and then put back in which Sniffy was presented with the light but no shock. Freezing behavior increased after he was put back in, but after sometime...
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...both parts we investigated the behavioural reactions of 1-2 day old chicks to external stimuli. Part 1 we noted any physical responses to the stimuli whereas in part 2 we noted the chick’s average cheeps per minute when encountering the stimuli. When examining the final results of the experiment it is plain enough to see the effects of the stimuli on the chicks. For part 1 there was only an average of 1 chick showing any form of response to the stimuli of the same size and colour whereas the stimuli that received the most behavioural reaction was that of the sight of another chick with an average of 2.7. For part 2 the highest value recorded was when the chick was left alone without any stimuli, with an average of 77.4 cheeps per minute. The lowest response was when a second chick was used as a stimulus with an average of 32.4 cheeps per minute being recorded. Looking at these results it is easy to interpret that the chicks are less distressed by the presence of other chicks and seek comfort and security in groups. Introduction Naturally all living things adapt to best suite their environment. Evolution is loosely defined as the selection of animals with an increased fitness or possession of traits essential for survival through subsequent generations. Traits that contribute to the survival in the natural environment may include different strategies of behaviour (Marx et al., 2001). Animals will obviously have different reactions to different situations they encounter. In...
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...Practical 2 – UV-Visible Spectroscopy Iron in dietary supplements Introduction UV-Visible spectroscopy is an analytical technique involving measurement of the UV-visible light absorbed by substances, and is therefore commonly used for determining the concentration of a substance in a sample. Many substances absorb energies of particular wavelengths, while transmitting energy of other wavelengths. A UV-visible spectrum is produced when photons that are present in this particular region of the electromagnetic spectrum gain energy; causing electrons to jump from to higher energy levels than the ones they previously existed in. Not all substances have the same energy levels, since they vary from substance to substance. This in turn means that the energy and wavelength of the light required to move electrons from their energy levels also varies between substances. Hence it is possible to use the specific spectrum produced by each substance to identify what it is. A substance that absorbs light appears coloured, however the observable colour is the complement of the colour(s) absorbed, i.e. the colour not absorbed, since it is what remains to reach our eyes. UV-Visible spectroscopy can be used to obtain qualitative data, such as through identifying compounds using spectra compounds, or quantitative analysis. However, it is generally used for quantitative analysis, in order to determine the concentration of substance in a sample. In this procedure, the spectrum of the pure...
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...Kitch 1 Tristan Kitch Mrs. Hayden IB Biology HL 2 8 September 2014 An Investigation of the Effect of Wavelength on Photosynthesis DESIGN: Research Question: The purpose of this lab is to determine how the wavelength of light that alfalfa sprouts are exposed to affects the rate of photosynthesis in those plants. Hypothesis: Photosynthesis will occur at the highest frequency when the alfalfa plants are exposed to blue light (475 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"). The second highest amount of photosynthesis will occur when the alfalfa plants are exposed to red light (650 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"), and the lowest amount of photosynthesis will occur when the alfalfa plants are exposed to green light (510 nm) ("What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"). This is because the pigments in the plants’ chloroplasts, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, absorb the most light in the blue color range, the second most light (of the selected colors) in the red range, and the least amount of light in the green range (see Figure 1). Kitch 2 Figure 1: Amount of Light Absorbed by Chloroplast Pigments Chlorophyll a absorbs the most light in the blue to indigo and red to orange ranges, chlorophyll b absorbs the most light in the blue and orange ranges, and carotenoids absorb the most light in the blue to blue-green range (“Absorption Spectrum”). Background: Originally, an experiment was run using chloroplast solutions rather than alfalfa...
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...Once labeled, fill each jar halfway with water. Take your algae and place a reasonable, yet equal, amount into each jar. Once your jars are ready, use your pipette to add in your plant food. Add an excess of food into one jar, adding in a regular amount (1 to 2 drops) into the other. When finished, set up your lamp making sure it is properly shining on each jar. (leave the lamp on for 24 hours) Diagram: Data: Create a table. Everyday, record your data (both qualitative and quantitative) and write the observations you see. Weekly, you may also use nitrogen tests (or any other tests) to measure the amount of excess nutrients in each jar. Record the growth of the algae as well. Daily and Weekly Observations: Different Jars Daily Weekly Jar #1 (excess nutrients) -the algae grew to be twice its size -nitrogen levels higher than starting point Jar #2 (regular) -algae growth is not noticeable -nitrogen levels are constant and have not changed (example of) Qualitative Data: Different Jars Observations Jar #1 (excess...
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...The preparation procedures would be the same for the test tubes: 3mL of buffer, 1mL of DCPIP, 0.5mL of water, and 0.5mL of chloroplasts. The blank would also be the same: 3mL of buffer, 0.5 mL of chloroplasts, and 1.5mL of water. The wavelength of the spectrophotometer would be set to 620 nm, and the distances from the light source would be the same: 1 foot, 2 feet, and 3 feet. However, the changes I would make could help solve some of the sources of uncertainty with the settling of the contents of the tubes and the distance from the light. Instead of having a desk lamp at an angle, a tube lightbulb able to be orientated parallel to the table and directly overhead the tubes that can be adjusted to the corresponding distances would be used. The tubes would not be placed in a test tube rack, but instead capped and placed on a rocking table to keep the contents in constant motion- to prevent settling. The measurement of the light from the tubes would be the distance between the light source and the rocking table when level. The blank will also be place on this table. The readings for absorbance would be measured every 1 minute and 30 seconds for each tube for 6 minutes. This follow-up experiment should be conducted to allow for the proper concentration readings to be taken in the spectrophotometer, and...
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...Taxis is a directional movement that veers away from or toward stimuli while kinesis in the context of this lab refers to non-directed movement that is made in response to stimuli. This isopod, which is a sow bug (Oniscus sp. / Porcellio sp.), generally moved to and stayed in the chamber that was under the foil upon the introduction of the lamp. In the darkness, the isopod was considerably more active than in the light. Though Morris’s (1999) study did not explicitly focus on sow bugs and pill bugs, his research is based around isopods and his results support the idea that this was an example of kinesis, in that the presence of the light in one chamber decreased the bug’s activity in that area. Since negative photokinesis describes the increase...
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...ELECTRONIC VERSION To order a print copy go to www.macgyverbookbook.com ELECTRONIC VERSION To order a print copy go to www.macgyverbookbook.com The Unofficial MacGyver How-to Handbook: Actual Working Tricks as Seen on TV’s MacGyver Revised 2nd Edition Bret Terrill and Greg Dierkers Illustrated by Patience Gallegos Cover Design by Timothy Thul The Unofficial MacGyver How-To Handbook Copyright © DECEMBER 2005 by Bret Terrill. ISBN 1-887641-47-5 Published by American International Press. All rights reserved. www.aipbooks.com We’d like to thank Bret’s dad whose Tivo© and love of MacGyver made this book possible. So blame him. Chapter I: Great Escapes Chapter List Keep Your Cool: Escape from a Meat Locker Take That, Indy: Escape from a Pit of Snakes The Amazing MacGyver: Escape from a Straitjacket while Trapped Underwater Escape from an Incinerator Escape a Pack of Hunting Dogs Escape from the Basement of a Collapsed Building Escape from Being Blown to Kibbles and Bits Chapter II: Car Troubles Make a Stick-Shift Car Drive Itself Repair a Busted Brake Line While in a Moving Car Fake a Flat Tire Recharge a Car Battery with a Bottle of Wine Lift Your Car with a Innertube Repair a Broken Fuel Line with a Ballpoint Pen A MacGyver Classic: Make an Arcwelder from a Car Battery and Pocket Change Chapter List Chapter III: Angus Macgyver: Superspy/ Chemistry Teacher Make a Fire Extinguisher with the Contents of Your Kitchen Cabinet stop...
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...willingness to purchase. Therefore, this study aims to explore the factors in distinct light colors of fluorescent lamps in stores that affect color presentation of the printing on beverage packaging, and conduct a first-stage survey of market. According to the survey result, two pilot tests are later conducted in stage two on the two design properties, “color temperature of LED white light” and “color scheme of packaging”, and how they affect test participants’ emotional cognition. After observing and analyzing the existing design samples, we had three findings: (a) For the trend of colors presented on beverage packaging in “color temperature of fluorescent white light”, “high color temperature” (61.65%) is in the majority; in “color scheme of packaging”, “analogous hue” (61.12%) is in the majority. (b) For the pilot tests of emotions for the colors presented on beverage packaging in “color temperature of LED white light”, “medium color temperature” can better create positive valence (medium color temperature > low color temperature > high color temperature). For those in “color scheme of packaging”, “analogous hue” can best create positive valence (analogous > contrast > complementary). (c) The comparison of current quantity and emotion survey shows that the color presentation of existing beverage packaging is roughly consistent to consumers’ emotional reactions. “Color temperature of LED white light” and...
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...INDUSTRY PROFILE Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are all consumable items (other than groceries/pulses) that one needs to buy at regular intervals. These are items which are used daily, and so have a quick rate of consumption, and a high return. FMCG can broadly be categorized into three segments which are: 1. Household items as soaps, detergents, household accessories, etc, 2. Personal care items as shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, etc and finally 3. Food and Beverages as snacks, processed foods, tea, coffee, edible oils, soft drinks etc. Global leaders in the FMCG segment are Nestlé, ITC, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Cadbury India Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills, Pepsi, Gillette, Nirma etc. Strengths: 1. Low operational costs 2. Presence of established distribution networks in both urban and rural areas 3. Presence of well-known brands in FMCG sector Opportunities: 1. Untapped rural market 2. Rising income levels, i.e. increase in purchasing power of consumers 3. Large domestic market- a population of over one billion 4. Export potential 5. High consumer goods spending Weaknesses: 1. Lowers cope of investing in technology and achieving economies of scale, especially in small sectors 2. Low exports levels 3."Me-too" products, which illegally mimic the labels of the established brands. These products narrow the scope of FMCG products in rural and semi-urban market. Threats: 1. Removal...
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...infrared spectroscopy to identify an unknown solid. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES: thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy. This is a 2 week experiment. INTRODUCTION Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a quick, inexpensive procedure that provides the chemist information on the purity of a sample, while using a minimal amount of that sample. Chemists often use TLC after running a chemical reaction to determine the purity of their product. In this lab, you’ll be (1) determining the best solvent to use for a TLC separation of four known compounds (shown below), (2) studying how experimental parameters (the type of development chamber, the presence of a filter paper “wick,” and how well the development chamber is sealed ) affect the results of a TLC experiment, (3) determining the reproducibility of Rf values, and (4) identifying an unknown compound using TLC. Before the lab, be sure to read the chapter(s) in Zubrick on thin layer chromatography! The four compounds you’ll be studying are shown below. CHM25701 Spring 2015 Thin Layer Chromatography 1 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS: WEEK 1 1. Separation of substances by TLC is based on differences in what molecular property? 2. Ideally, a substance to be analyzed by TLC should be dissolved in a solvent that dissolves the substance, and also evaporates rapidly. Why are these two properties important? 3. Does the Rf value for a compound depend on the composition of the solvent...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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