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Labor Relationships

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Módulo 6 Tendencias Recientes en las Relaciones Laborales y la Negociación Colectiva a. Decrecimiento del sindicalismo en las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Durante las últimas tres décadas del siglo XX, el sindicalismo ha enfrentado enormes problemas para adaptarse a los nuevos retos planteados por las transformaciones económicas y sociales propiciadas por la globalización y la integración económica, que han transformado las relaciones laborales (Smith, 1998; Munck, 1999). En el caso de Norteamérica, el porcentaje de trabajadores sindicalizados respecto a la fuerza laboral total ha venido disminuyendo drásticamente desde los últimos 30 años. En los países integrantes del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN): Estados Unidos, México y Canadá, se ha presentado una pérdida de la representatividad sindical a partir de la década de 1970 (actualmente 2 de cada 10 trabajadores están sindicalizados en toda la región); política exterior y comercial. Estas tendencias, han sido propiciadas por diversos factores, más que por uno sólo en particular; el declive sindical ha sido consecuencia de diversos y variados procesos, entre los que destacan: • Cambios en el modo de producción. • Uso de la tecnología en el proceso productivo • Declive o estancamiento de los empleos industriales (propicios para la sindicación) y aumento de los empleos del sector de servicios (poco propicios para la sindicación). • Composición de la fuerza laboral. Incorporación en aumento del número de mujeres trabajadoras y por otra parte, de trabajadores jóvenes con poca conciencia sindical e intereses individualizados.

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• El papel del Estado. Se ha reducido el apoyo de los gobiernos a los sindicatos. • El papel de los empleadores. Han diseñado estrategias anti-sindicales para impedir la formación de nuevos sindicatos en empresas de reciente creación y han obstruido el mantenimiento o aumento de la membresía en los sindicatos existentes. • El papel de los nuevos trabajadores individuales. Han mostrado poca predisposición a formar parte de los sindicatos ante el desprestigio de los mismos (corrupción de los líderes y representatividad poco eficiente) y además, carecen de conciencia colectiva y sindical. • El papel de los sindicatos. Han sido incapaces de diseñar una estrategia para revitalizar el movimiento sindical y aumentar su membresía.

b. Resurgimiento y reagrupación del Sindicalismo ( COS, CAOSS, Cumbre Social, Coordinadora Sindical) Los años de 1997 a 2000 fueron decisivos en la evolución del movimiento obrero. Esos años incluyen: la creación del Comité Amplio de Organizaciones Sindicales y Sociales (CAOSS) y los conflictos que han marcado su evolución, el Paro General de 1997 y la Huelga del Pueblo de 1998, las campañas de la “nueva” AFL-CIO y la aprobación de una ley de sindicación de empleados públicos, así como la casi completa desarticulación del Concilio General de Trabajo (CGT). Se trata de años que combinan aspectos diversos y hasta contradictorios: años de división y conflicto interno y años en que el movimiento obrero también logró proyectarse con una fuerza extraordinaria.

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La llamada Cumbre Social reunió alrededor de la misma mesa y quizás del mismo coctel a un importante sector del liderato sindical del país, por un lado, con representantes de la banca, de los patronos y del gobierno, por otro. No se trato de representantes de poca monta, sino precisamente de las figuras que más se destacaron como antagonistas del movimiento obrero y popular en su lucha contra la privatización de la telefónica. La Cumbre Social, fue iniciativa de líderes sindicales, para que fuera una conversación social para generar alternativas de mayor alcance.

c. Jurisprudencia relativa a derechos sindicales En los últimos años, la temática de los derechos de los trabajadores ha sido objeto de especial atención y estudio en el campo del Derecho del Trabajo. Los derechos humanos, los derechos fundamentales en el trabajo, los derechos de la persona del trabajador, han tenido un desarrollo particular en los estudios y trabajos de investigación en diversos países. Una de las tendencias de mayor relevancia en la actualidad en el campo del Derecho del Trabajo es la universalización de los derechos laborales. La idea de que determinados derechos laborales deben ser respetados, cualquiera sea el país en el que se preste la actividad, ha cobrado un nuevo impulso y presenta nuevos modos de llevarla a la práctica. Se trata de derechos laborales de aplicación en todo el mundo. La jurisprudencia complementa el ordenamiento jurídico. Se trata de una fuente subsidiaria, de ayuda en la aplicación de la norma jurídica. Fallos de los tribunales judiciales, que sirven de precedentes. Varias decisiones en el tiempo,

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sucesivas sentencias reiteradas van consolidando esta doctrina legal. La jurisprudencia laboral es determinante en la vida democrática de un país, por su relación directa con las estructuras económicas y sociales de una nación. d. Convenios internacionales laborales (OIT). http://www.ilo.org/public/spanish/support/lib/resource/subject/intlaw.htm

La Organización Internacional del Trabajo es la institución mundial responsable de la elaboración y supervisión de las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo. Es la única agencia de las Naciones Unidas de carácter “tripartito” ya que representantes de gobiernos, empleadores y trabajadores participan en conjunto en la elaboración de sus políticas y programas así como la promoción del trabajo decente para todos. Esta forma singular de alcanzar acuerdos da una ventaja a la OIT, al incorporar el conocimiento “del mundo real” sobre empleo y trabajo La Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) es la única agencia de las Naciones Unidas cuyos mandantes son representantes de gobiernos, empleadores y trabajadores. Esta estructura tripartita hace de la OIT un foro singular en el cual los gobiernos y los interlocutores sociales de la economía de sus 183 Estados Miembros pueden libre y abiertamente confrontar experiencias y comparar políticas nacionales.

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El objetivo primordial de la OIT es promover oportunidades para que mujeres y hombres puedan obtener un trabajo decente y productivo en condiciones de libertad, igualdad, seguridad y dignidad humana”. Juan Somavia, Director General de la OIT La Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) está consagrada a promover la justicia social y los derechos humanos y laborales reconocidos a nivel internacional, la Organización, prosiguiendo su misión fundadora: la paz laboral es esencial para la prosperidad. En la actualidad la OIT favorece la creación de trabajo decente y las condiciones laborales y económicas que permitan a trabajadores y a empleadores su participación en la paz duradera, la prosperidad y el progreso. Su estructura tripartita ofrece una plataforma desde la cual promover trabajo decente para todos los hombres y mujeres. Sus principales objetivos son: fomentar los derechos laborales, ampliar las oportunidades de acceder a un empleo decente, mejorar la protección social y fortalecer el diálogo al abordar temas relacionados con el trabajo. La misión de la OIT está agrupada en torno a cuatro objetivos estratégicos 1. Promover y cumplir las normas y los principios y derechos fundamentales en el trabajo 2. Crear mayores oportunidades para que mujeres y hombres puedan tener empleos e ingresos dignos 3. Mejorar la cobertura y la eficacia de una seguridad social para todos 3. Fortalecer el tripartismo y el diálogo social Para apoyar la consecución de estos objetivos, la OIT cuenta con un bagaje único de experiencias y conocimientos sobre el mundo del trabajo, que ha adquirido a lo

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largo de casi 100 años de dar respuestas a las necesidades de trabajo decente, de medios de vida y de dignidad de personas alrededor del mundo. La OIT está al servicio de sus mandantes tripartitos y de la sociedad en general de diversas maneras, entre ellas: 1. Formulando políticas y programas internacionales para promover los derechos humanos fundamentales, mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y de vida, y aumentar las oportunidades de empleo 2. Elaborando normas internacionales del trabajo respaldadas por un sistema singular de control de su aplicación 3. Formulando e implementando, en asociación activa con sus mandantes, un amplio programa de cooperación técnica internacional, para ayudar a los países a llevar a la práctica dichas políticas 4. Llevando a cabo actividades de formación, educación e investigación que contribuyen al progreso de todos estos esfuerzos e. Pactos sociales, negociación legislada y consejos de empresas en Europa Se denomina comité de empresa al cuerpo representativo de los trabajadores en una empresa. Es conocido también como comisión de empresa o comisión interna. Sus funciones y las normas que lo regulan varían considerablemente entre diferentes países, desde simples funciones de relación con el empleador y resolución de pequeños conflictos, hasta funciones representativas o compartidas en la negociación colectiva, ejercicio del derecho de información y consulta, y funciones de participación en el proceso de toma de decisiones de la empresa más o menos amplia (cogestión y autogestión).

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En muchos países del mundo la organización sindical de los trabajadores en el lugar de trabajo no se encuentra protegida, y por lo tanto el comité de empresa es una institución casi inexistente. El Comité de Empresa está integrado por trabajadores elegidos libremente por sus compañeros y compañeras de trabajo. Estos trabajadores suelen denominarse "delegados" del personal, o representante sindical en la empresa. Desempeñan un papel esencial en la organización sindical, tanto porque son quienes están en contacto directo con los trabajadores, como porque están ubicados en el interior de las empresas con pleno conocimiento del proceso productivo. Originalmente limitaban su alcance al ámbito interno de cada país. Desde hace 30 años atrás, y especialmente desde que en 1994 la Unión Europea aprobó la Directiva 97/74/CE estableciendo la obligatoriedad del Comité de Empresa Europeo para empresas con más de 1.000 trabajadores, han comenzado a organizarse supranacionalmente (por ahora casi exclusivamente en Europa), y también globalmente como Comité de Empresa Mundial.

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