...water seen one day is never the same as that seen the next. Some of it is constantly being evaporated and drawn up, to return as rain. From year to year these changes may be scarcely perceptible. But one day, when the banks are thoroughly weakened and the rains long and heavy, the river floods, bursts its banks, and may take a new course. This represents the dialectical part of Marx’s famous theory of dialectical (or historical) materialism." Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is a theory of socioeconomic development according to which changes in material conditions (technology and productive capacity) are the primary influence on how society and the economy are organised. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. Social classes and the relationship between them, plus the political structures and ways of thinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands of Marxist thinkers. It now has many Marxist and non-Marxist variants. Objectives of Study: • To define Historical Materialism. • To discuss about the basic philosophy behind the concept of historical Materialism by Karl Marx. • To study...
Words: 3080 - Pages: 13
...The views of the Division of Labour through the eyes of three of the most influential philosophers The productive activity, especially for the sake of economic gain. The definition of labour has been constant over time, yet many have argued to what extent labour is divided. For some the division of labour represent doing what we are naturally inclined to do, to others it represents specialization in certain tasks and yet to others labour is most productive when decisions are left in the hands of the worker . There are many distinct definitions of the division of labour, yet the most famous are found in the teachings of Plato, Karl Marx and Adam Smith. The division of labour for Plato stems from the natural capacity of human beings. Plato believes people are naturally suited for specific jobs, it is not through the acquired skill that they chose what they will do in life. He states “…we must infer that all things are produced more plentiful and easily and of a better quality when one man does one thing which is natural to him and does it at the right time and leaves other things”(McNulty, 1975). Simply stating this indicates that one should not gravitate towards another job, as the result would be all but optimal for society. He states that division of labour is formed due to the diversity of human talent (McNulty, 1975). Simply put, not everyone is made out to be a basket weaver, blacksmith or baker, yet when society calls upon its members to meet its demand people while...
Words: 4125 - Pages: 17
...as a centre of discussion between professionals from a large variety of professions, in order to further the knowledge and understanding of management principles. Discussion is what Fayol had in mind, when he presented his 14 principles . In Fayol’s own words: “Are they [the principles] to have a place in the management code which is to be built up? General discussion will show”. In the following I will discuss each of his principles under the aspect of a comparison with examples, historic or modern, and in relation to other theoreticians of management, in order to examine how Fayol’s principles hold up as “management code” today. Principle 1: Division of work The idea of division of work, or as Adam Smith called it “division of labour”, in 1776 probably goes back to the beginning of work itself. Fayol recognizes this in considering specialization as part of “the natural order” comparing it to the organs of the body . “The object of division of work is to produce more and better work with the same effort”, Fayol describes. This very objective has not been altered in today’s labor. In a sense this principle is the fundamental feature of modern economy, allowing for the largest increases of productivity. Peter F. Drucker informs us, that the 20th century has seen a rate of 3%...
Words: 4716 - Pages: 19
...In this paper an excerpt titled “Theoretical” from Engels’ Anti-Dhüring will be examined in reference to Engels’ ideologies regarding materialism, the social work order, and the fundamental problems confronted in the clash between the social production and capitalist appropriation. In the chapter titled Theoretical, Engels lays out the basic conflict between what we know as socialism and capitalism, doing so by first examining what he calls the “Materialist conception of history” (Engels 1939, p. 292). In his materialistic history he claims that the exchange and bartering of products, and their production is the “basis of every social order” (Engels 1939, p. 292). He states that in every society that has ever appeared in history, the distribution and production of goods and the division of society into estates and classes is “determined by what [and how it] is produced… and the exchange of [said] product.” (Engels 1939, p.292) Thus, according to Engels, the basis of our society revolves around production, and consumption, which can clearly be seen even today. Historical Materialism can then be defined as the forces of production, the exchanges of products, and the division of labor according to one’s ability to produce. However in society, often people live from the work of others often called the Bourgeoisie by Engels (p. 292), and it is because of the capitalist mode of production that such a ruling class could be created, and benefit from the work of others. It is here then...
Words: 1389 - Pages: 6
...ASSIGNMENT 7 1. The professor starts with the award for maintaining excellent quality so that the students know the importance of six sigma standard which is needed to achieve this award. Moreover, ISO 9000 makes students aware on what’s the minimum level of standard necessary to ensure organizations meet the needs of their customers in terms of quality. 2. Service Encounter Triad captures the relationships between the three parties in a service encounter and suggests possible sources of conflict. Three parties in the triad are: * Service Organization * Contact Personnel * Customer 3. Different methods companies are resorting to, to shorten waits are given below. A. Animate: Disneyland Distractions; Elevator Mirror; Recorded Music B. Discriminate: Avis Frequent Renter Treatment (out of sight) C. Automate: Use computer scripts to address 75% of questions D. Obfuscate: Disneyland staged waits (e.g. House of Horrors) 4. Yield management is the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing consumer behavior in order to maximize yield or profits from a fixed, perishable resource. The typical characteristics of service firms that could gainfully use yield management are given below. a. Relatively Fixed Capacity b. Ability to Segment Markets c. Perishable Inventory d. Product Sold in Advance e. Fluctuating Demand f. Low Marginal Sales Costs & High Marginal Capacity...
Words: 825 - Pages: 4
...Generic approaches to service system design production-line approach routine services can be delivered through this approach, services are provided in a controlled environment to ensure consistent quality and efficiency of operation. a service taking this approach could gain a competitive advantage with a cost leadership strategy. this approach attempts to translate a successful manufacturing concept into the service sector. limited discretionary action of personnel a feature that contributes to the production line approach's success. standardization and quality (defined as consistency in meeting specifications) are the hallmarks of a production line. for standardized routine service, consistency in service performance would be valued by customers. because of this, employees have little power to make decisions in producing a product or service and the customer can thus expect identical service at any location of a particular operation. division of labor a feature that contributes to the production line approach's success. the production-line approach suggests that the total job be broken down into groups of simple tasks. task grouping permits the specialization of labor skills, and the division of labor allows one to pay only for the skill that's required to perform the task. this raises criticisms of many service jobs being min-wage, dead end, and low-skill jobs. substitution of technology for people a feature that contributes to the production line approach's success...
Words: 937 - Pages: 4
...such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent. · Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages. · Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as...
Words: 423 - Pages: 2
...“Adam Smith’s Work as it Applies to Modern Society” By Mour August 25, 2011 Referenced Book: Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith Adam Smith was a visionary; He described the issue of the Wealth of Nations in twofold, why a society driven by self-interest can exist on the other hand, describes how the “System of natural liberty” appeared and how it works. Book 1 – Of the Division of Labor The World as today The wealth of an industrial nation is the power of labor and the division thereof in order to increase the input of all type of production. Smith explained “The division of the Labor” does not originate itself from human wisdom or of a plan, but is the consequence "of a certain leaning natural one to all the men, that the door to do business and exchanges something to another. And the motivation of this tendency to the exchange is not the benevolence, but the personal interest, that is to say the desire to improve his living condition for the better. Smith concept of wages of labor is a fundamental metrics to satisfy the effort required to produce goods and manufacture a product. The profit (return on sales or investment such as rental properties, commercial building and equipment), buy or sale stocks are conceptual means of increasing an owner’s return on investment. Smith demonstrated that the division of labor will add more efficient methods of doing different...
Words: 1822 - Pages: 8
...& Mahindra Group is one of the prestigious automobile manufacturing organizations in India. With the dual objective of industrial and agriculture growth, Mahindra & Mahindra was established in 1970. Mahindra & Mahindra, is India’s first large-scale project based company with a totally indigenous design, know-how and technology. Mahindra & Mahindra is a leading manufacturing organization manufacturing tractors, harvesting combines, fork lifters etc. Till 1998, the organization did not give much attention to the maintenance work. The machines were being checked and repaired only after the breakdown. But with the industrialization, it became necessary to adopt new concepts to survive in the market. The organization decided to adopt “Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) for its survival. Problems Faced Due To Maintenance The importance of maintenance functions has increased due to its role in keeping and improving the availability, product quantity, safety requirements, as maintenance costs constitute an important part of the operating budget of manufacturing firms. The Company operated at less than full capacity, with low productivity, and the cost of producing products are high. Almost 25-30% of total production cost is attributed to maintenance activities in the factory. Hence the quality of maintenance significantly affects business profitability. There was a lot of variation in all manufacturing processes in the firm due lesser utilization of hardware resources and uneven...
Words: 1191 - Pages: 5
...Total Productive Maintenance Made by: Khaled Elsayed Hamed Supervised by: dr.Mousa Abstract Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a concept applied to improve the overall equipment efficiency (OEE) and the capabilities and skills of the workers in the plant. It is founded on eight pillars to support the concept And achieve three goals. Japan institute of plan maintenance (JIPM) is the leading body of TPM. The history of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) TPM has been developed from the original PM (preventive maintenance or productive maintenance) concept and methodology introduced from the USA. It has been further developed and implemented in many Japanese companies, and is now rapidly becoming a method applied worldwide. In 1971, Nippon Denso Co., Ltd. first introduced and successfully implemented TPM in Japan. They won the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) PM Excellent Plant Award for their activities. This was the beginning of TPM in Japan. Since then, TPM has spread progressively throughout the world and established itself as a renowned cultural improvement programme The first example of TPM used in Europe to deliver world class performance was by Volvo in Ghent, Belgium, who won the PM prize for their work in the paint shop. This was quickly followed in the early 1990s by other European automotive companies trying to close the productivity and quality gap to their Japanese competitors. Since the JIPM TPM awards were founded, over 3000 organizations...
Words: 2273 - Pages: 10
...Breakdown time Reduction of Case Differential Machining Line By practicing Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) A Dissertation Proposal for Management Programme By Manoj Kumar Rana Enrolment Number: 17070745420 Under the guidance of Sudhir Sharma Gurgaon-122001 SYNOPSIS 1. Introduction— 1.1 Self-- I am Manoj Kumar Rana is presently working with Corwn Berger ,Kenya. I was working in Sona Koyo Steering Systems Ltd, Gurgaon as a Assistant General Manager – Quality System. My role was to implement Continuous improvement tools is the organization 1.2 Organization: Sona Koyo Steering Systems Ltd. Gurgaon is India’s largest steering systems manufacturing concern. Company has been awarded “Deming Prize” in December 2003. It is the first company in North India, which is awarded by Deming Prize. Sona Koyo is an ISO/TS16949:2002, ISO 14001 certified company and is in technical collaboration with JTEKT corporation Japan, which is world’s largest steering systems manufacturer. Sona Koyo has been awarded the TPM Excellence Award in the year 2008 by Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) for recognition of excellence in operation by following TPM practice in the organization Major Customers-- Maruti Udyog Ltd., Hyundai Motors India Ltd., Toyota Kirloskar Motors Ltd., Tata Motors Ltd., JTEKT Japan, General Motors (U.S & India), Fuji Autotec (France), Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., Lotus Club car UK. 1.3 Mission of the company is “Create a Company That...
Words: 1235 - Pages: 5
...The TPM Guide Total Productive Maintenance 1. TPM definition (1) • A company-wide team-based effort to build quality into equipment and to improve overall equipment effectiveness • Total • all employees are involved • it aims to eliminate all accidents, defects and breakdowns • Productive • actions are performed while production goes on • troubles for production are minimized • Maintenance • keep in good condition • repair, clean, lubricate 1. TPM definition (2) • TPM combines the traditionally American practice of preventive maintenance with Total Quality Control and Total Employee Involvement, to create a culture where operators develop ownership of their equipment, and become full partners with Maintenance, Engineering and Management to assure equipment operates properly everyday. 2. Origins of TPM • Dr. Deming introduced statistical analysis and used the resulting data to control quality during manufacturing (TQM) • Some general concepts of TQM did not work well in the maintenance environment • The need to go further than preventive maintenance was quickly recognized by those companies who were committed to TQM • Maintenance became an integral part of TQM in the early 90’s 3. TPM principles • Increase Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) • Improve existing planned maintenance systems • The operator is the best condition monitor • Provide training to upgrade operations and maintenance skills • Involve everyone and utilize cross-functional teamwork ...
Words: 1740 - Pages: 7
...One of the book’s definitions for Lean is “A systemic approach to identifying and eliminating waste (non-value-added activities) through continuous improvement by flowing the product at the pull of the customer in pursuit of perfection.” I define lean as the continuous removal of waste, no matter how minor, from processes. Typical wastes involved with manufacturing are defects, overproduction, waiting, not utilizing employees, transportation, inventory, motion, and excess processing. I’m a production supervisor for a company located in Mooresville, Indiana. My company is one of the world’s leading producers of wet wipes and we are heavily involved with continuous improvement at our facility. We believe that continuous improvement activities are everyone’s responsibility and implementation must be taken seriously and supported by all levels of the organization. We believe that our customers are the reason that we exist and we must always provide them with a safe product or service. Kaizen events are held at least once a month with each supervisor expected to lead an event at least once a year. The main focus during our Kaizen events is waste (applicator, liquid, and packaging) reduction. We also target increased OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) by reducing change-over times, reducing clean times, creating standard work/best practices and through enforcing the utilization of set up sheets for all equipment. We encourage our operators to seek better ways of doing...
Words: 298 - Pages: 2
...Uni Name | Youth Labour Segmented Market Theories | Essay | | Client Name | @XXXXXXXX | | Contents Introduction 2 Segmentation of the Labour Market 3 Theories about Segmented Labour Markets 3 The Dual Labour Market Theory 6 Summary 9 References 10 Introduction The behaviour and life experiences of young people have vastly evolved throughout the past few decades. These changes impact on their relationships between family and friends, their experience of the job market, as well as the educational system and of course, their ability to establish themselves as an individual. According to Furlong and Cartmel (1997), many of these changes are due to the structural changes in the job/labour market. Further, the social organisation of taking different career paths in life has been replaced with more discrete variation (Haaland, 1991). Making that shift from school life to working life tend to be less determined, more flexible, and above all daunting (Ellingsæter, 1995). Beck (1997) and Giddens (1991) claim that the terms “individualisation” and “risk” are often associated with younger people’s behaviour and conditions within a labour society. Individualisation denotes the traditional social groups or segments that are of importance like gender, ethnicity and class are branded as being fragmented and somewhat less important (Pollock, 1997). Though, Furlong and Cartmel (1997) argue that these social structures are of importance and that...
Words: 3789 - Pages: 16
...Law Labour Law 2 Branches of Government Legislature Parliament of Sri Lanka President and the Cabinet of Ministers Courts Makes laws Executive Implements the laws Interprets the laws Judiciary 3 Labour Law • Governs and Regulates the Relationship of Employer [Master] and Employee [Servant] Labour Law = Employment Law = Law relating to Master and Servant Employment = Employer + Employee 10-Jun-14 4 History of Labor Law of Sri Lanka • • • • • • • • • • • 1815 - Captured by British, 1823 - Started Estates Immigrant workers, Wage Labour Newly emerged working class, Unskilled, born to work Ordinance No 5 of 1841 – Contract for hire and service Ordinance No 14 of 1872 – Medical and Health Care Ordinance No 13 of 1889 – Estate Labour (indian) Ordinance No 1 of 1923 – Indian Immigrant Labour Ordinance No 27 of 1927 – The Minimum Wage 5 Ministry of Labour – History in Brief • • • • • • • • • 1931 – Ministry of Labour, Industries & Commerce 1947 – Ministry of Labour and Social Service 1952 – Ministry of Labour 1956 – Ministry of Labour Housing & Social Service 1959 - Ministry of Labour 1960 - Ministry of Labour Industry and Fisheries 1961 - Ministry of Labour & Nationalized Services 1963- Ministry of Labour & Social Services 1965 - Ministry of Labour, Employment and Housing 6 Contd.. 1970 - Ministry of Labour •1989 - Ministry of Labour & Social Welfare •1990 - Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training •1997 - Ministry of Labour •2001...
Words: 1411 - Pages: 6
