...For the first few months after birth mammals generally tend to live off milk until they become weaned and very rarely, if ever, drink milk again (Simoons 1978). The lactose or milk sugar is broken down into galactose, glucose and monosaccharides (Feldman 2005) by the lactase gene, allowing it to be used as a nutritional source. In general, the production of lactase declines rapidly at a very young age. Therefore, after weaning most people cannot catabolise or break down lactose in large amounts. This condition is referred to as Primary Lactose Intolerance (Feldman 2005). However, in some human populations, particularly those of central and northern Europe (Burger et al. 2006), and some parts of Africa, individuals have developed lactase persistence (Itan et al. 2009), therefore continuing to produce lactase. By observing our evolutionary history, as well as the distribution of lactase persistence in adults, it is evident that the variation in the lactase gene is a recent evolutionary adaptation, and is the result of mutation (a variation in the genetic code) (Relethford 2010) and natural selection. Lactase persistence is unseen among mammals and very rare among most adults in the world. However, frequencies of lactase persistence are noticeably high among central and northern Europeans, as well as in some African pastoralist groups (Itan et al. 2009). A mutation on the lactase gene located on chromosome two is believed to be related to lactase production (Relethford 2010)....
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...1) Lactose intolerance is a lack of enzyme lactase, leading to some distressing symptoms after eating or drinking foods containing lactose. If I consume dairy containing lactose when I have lactose intolerance, I will have diarrhea first. Because of the lack of enzyme lactase, the undigested lactose draws water into the digestive tract, resulting in diarrhea. In the large intestine, the bacteria can ferment the lactose and creat gases, causing bloating, flatulence and cramps. Someone who has mild lactose intolerance should gradually put some lactose-containing foods to his diet, if he still wants to enjoy the dairy. He should eat small amounts of lactose-containing foods throughout the day, instead of consuming a large amount at one time. He should eat lactose-containing foods with a meal or snack, rather than by themselves. He should try reduced-lactose dairy products, such as whole milk, cottage cheese and yogurts. For people who have severe lactose intolerance, they should take lactase pills before meals containing lactose....
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...Biology A1 5/5/15 Roop 1 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………26 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………....…..7 Results………………………………………………………………………………………....8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..9 Citations…………………………………………………………………………………….1011 Roop 2 Introduction This paper is about lactose intolerance, how it works and why it happens. This paper will discuss lactose intolerance form a molecular level to the evolutionary level. Also, this paper will outline an experiment designed to show the various levels of lactose and glucose in various samples of milk. First we must understand, what is lactose intolerance? To do that we must first understand what happens in the human body that defines lactose intolerance. The first step is learning what takes place in order to have a chemical reaction. Then, what happens during that reaction to make someone lactose intolerant or non lactose intolerant. Finally, what happened during evolution that makes some people lactose intolerant and some not. Enzymes are proteins that make reactions happen faster. (National Enzyme Company 2015). Enzymes regulate chemical reactions. They do this by binding to molecules called substrates. Enzyme activators are molecules that start or speed up an enzyme’s activity. (National Enzyme Company 2015). Like a baker getting an electric mixer instead of mixing by hand, the activators speed up the whole process...
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...Lactose intolerance Things you need to know Have you ever noticed feeling gassy, bloated or even experienced loose stools after drinking milk or when eating your breakfast cereal with milk? If you have these symptoms this may show you have lactose intolerant. What is lactose intolerance? Lactose is a type of sugar present in milk and other dairy products. In order to digests lactose body need the enzyme called lactase to break down it.1,2 In people with lactose intolerance, their body is lack of this enzyme and caused the body is not able to digest lactose in stomach. The undigested lactose is fermented in the large bowel and gas by-products make people feel bloating.1,2 How common is lactose intolerance?3 There are around 75% of...
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...bacilli, Gram negative cocobacili, Gram positive bacilli respectively while isolate SC2 was found to be yeast. These bacterial isolates were identified using various biochemical tests Growth study kinetics of microbial isolates was performed and the optimum pH and temperature was found. Beta-galactosidase enzyme was extracted and the effect of pH, temperature, substrate variation and incubation period on enzyme activity was studied. The activity of beta-galactosidase for all the microbial isolate increased with increase in temperature upto 37°C. Michaelis-Menten plot and Lineweaver Burk plot were constructed to calculate the Km and Vmax values. Immobilization of crude enzyme from the isolates was performed and enzyme activity using ONPG and lactose as a substrate was found. SDS PAGE analysis of the dialysate sample of bacterial isolate C2 and yeast isolate SC2 was...
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...Option 1: Lactose Intolerance Read the Application Spotlight section in Module 16, either at the OLI website or here at our website in the eBook (found on the main homepage of our course). Then answer these questions for your weekly DQ: 1. What is lactose intolerance? (Describe the biology of it -what enzyme is missing, etc). 2. Why are people lactose intolerant? (What are the genetics of it). 3. What are the consequences of an enzyme malfunction? 4. What does it mean for people's eating pratices? 5. What can people do to deal with lactose intolerance? 6. Is there a way around it? QUESTION 1: WHAT IS LACTOSE INTOLERANCE? The image above was taken from cartoonstock.com Based on wikepedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance) lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose. Lactose is too big to be digested by normal intestinal enzymes. It is digested by special enzymes. If your body doesn't make these enzymes, you are "lactose intolerant". Is basically caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase. This means undigested lactose sits in the gut and gets broken down by bacteria, causing gas, bloating, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. The image above was taken from http://lactosesintolerances.blogspot.com/2013/01/test-lactose-intolerance.html Lactose intolerance is when u drink or eat any diary products you end up having a queasy stomach depending how bad lactose intolerance is in your body. Sometimes people don't have it that...
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...Food allergies Name Institution Abstract Food allergies result from a situation whereby there is an overreaction of the natural defense mechanism of the body when there is exposure to a given food material. In such a scenario, the defense mechanism of the body treats the food substance as an intruder and thus releasing and sending chemicals to protect the body. Food allergy affects both young and old and is a source of concern to medics to find a solution to the challenge. This paper will dwell on elaborating on food allergies resulting from the intake of cow milk. Introduction Allergic reactions to the intake of cow milk, peanut, eggs, wheat, and fish to infants and children are common occurrences of cases of food allergy. This paper is a presentation of food allergies as a result of taking cow milk in babies and small children. The reason for choosing cow milk allergies is because it is the commonest of all food allergies and affects a majority of the infants and children. Again, cow milk is a common and necessary food substance for a healthy growth of infants and children. It is also readily available to majority households both in the rural and urban areas thus affecting a majority of infants and kids. The combination of these reasons makes cow milk a common food allergy thus prompting my desire to research on cow milk allergies. Where I undertook the research...
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...the mammalian small intestine that breaks down lactose into sugars, glucose and galactose. It is a necessary enzyme in order to digest lactose, a milk sugar, which cannot be absorbed directly. Lactose is a sugar found only in mammalian milk According to the article, there is high production at birth and then lactase production starts decreasing in adulthood. However, through recent studies, it is shown that there is a high variation in lactase production among individuals and population which could be divided into a group with continuous high lactase production and a group with declining lactase production. The authors are point out that the most commonly used term, lactose tolerance/intolerance are reflecting the gastrointestinal symptoms after taking lactose. However, people with high lactase production can show the symptoms of intolerance and people with low lactase production show no symptoms at all. Therefore, it is preferred to use the term lactase persistence/non-persistence, lactase restriction and etc. Also the authors argues that the term lactose persistence/non-persistence doesn’t necessarily imply too high or low lactase activity. After learning that the gastrointestinal symptoms and lactose intolerance doesn’t necessarily correlate, I think it would be more accurate to classify with lactase persistence/non-persistence. For example, I can tolerate lactose but I can show those symptoms. So does that make me lactose intolerant? 1. What populations exhibit adult...
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...humans have existed for what seems like a second in the evolutionary timetable, it is amazing to think that lactose tolerance has only existed for ~7,000 years at best. Most Americans regard lactose as being very crucial in their well-beings and work hard to incorporate lactose intake into their diets; this is the same lactose that is absent in the diets of millions upon millions of people around the world; this isn’t true because lactose doesn’t cater to those people’s tastes, but rather because lactose isn’t tolerated amongst all those populations. Most of the world is lactose intolerant, meaning that they do not have lactase [a milk-digesting enzyme] in their small intestines. Coupled with the fact that up until recently, [in biological time], humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers means that domesticating animals and drinking their milk was simply a waste of time for most populations around the world. Those who do have lactase in their systems, though, owe this to the fact that their lineage is likely to be prominently pastoral. The real reason behind the world’s lactose intolerance is owed to the fact that the weaning process, which typically occurs at about the age of 5, causes the small intestine to refrain from creating any lactase; therefore, as adults, it becomes uncomfortable for those people to consume any lactose, even in small dosages. The reason for lactose intolerance is attributed to more than just weaning, for most of the diets of people in a great part of the world...
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...extreme condition that would normally be detrimental to most life. 2. I did not see where the article listed the feet. But, 3 Km converts to about 9,842 feet. 3. Its tiny size helped it to survive in the liquid veins among ice crystals and the thin liquid film on their surfaces. Also, being that tiny, they would require an extremely small amount of nutrition. 4. It shows that there can be life in places never thought imaginable because of extreme conditions. Exercise 2 1. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which lactose cannot be digested because of a deficiency of the lactase enzyme that is needed to break it down. 2. Lactose intolerance has the common side effects of the following: diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, bloating, gas, and cramps. 3. In general, the older people get, the more problems they have digesting lactose. With that being said, young adults are probably the least likely to be affected by it. 4. The biggest nutritional concerns for lactose intolerant people are how to meet their calcium and riboflavin needs. Exercise 3 1. It uses two strains of bacteria to convert waste and leftover food into bio-gas, which is then used for energy. 2. There are three types of bacteria involved. The first type of bacteria turns carbohydrates into simple sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. The second type of bacteria is responsible for eating the waste and turns it into hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. The third and final...
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...Humans in technology environment are not very free from natural selection. According to Charles Darwin, natural selection acts only for the good of each organism, so since our very first human ancestors had no natural defenses, they would die from what is considered today an insignificant disease. It was throughout millions of years, that the human body started to build an immunization to certain diseases and only the stronger humans were the ones to survive and carry on that trait. Likewise, having no fur on their bodies to survive in the cold weather, they learned how to use other animals’ skins and how to build some weapons, in order to chase wild animals. Nowadays, humans have made incredible discoveries; we have created a wonderful world of technology, which leads us to make some enormous progress in the field of medicine; especially in how to treat diseases which were, at some time, considered incurable. My point is, that since we have made such progress in technology, I am scared that we are keeping too many people alive, including some that might not fit the environment in which they live. In addition, we are allowing some infertile people to reproduce through in-vitro fertilization, when apparently they were not capable naturally. We are also letting babies survive by saving their lives at their birth even though they might not be perfectly healthy or other traits which could bedetrimental for the human species. But through science and the new technology, we have...
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...|Week 1 |Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday |Thursday |Friday | |March 3-7th | | | | | | |Breakfast |Strawberry and Cream Oatmeal |Turkey Sausage |Apple Spice Oatmeal |Cold Cereal |Peach Puff Tart | | | |French Toast Sticks |whole, 2%, or soy milk |Blueberries | | | |whole, 2%, or soy milk |Orange Slices | | |whole, 2%, or soy milk | | | |whole, 2%, or soy milk | |whole, 2%, or soy milk | | |Lunch |Spaghetti W/ Meat Sauce |Chicken Broccoli Alfredo |Tuna Casserole |Grilled Cheese |Turkey Sausage | | |Cauliflower |Cantaloupe |Asparagus Tips |Green Beans...
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...How to Handle Lactose Intolerance - 18 Home Remedies 1. Apple cider vinegar People who find themselves intolerant to lactose may start using apple cider vinegar. It improves the digestion incredibly and neutralizes the acids present in the stomach. Take a tablespoon of it along with a glass filled with water once every day for several weeks. Apple cider vinegar is specifically helpful during the initial stages. 2. Kefir Kefir is a probiotic that may have a beneficial action on the digestive system. Studies show that this ingredient may ease lactose digestion thereby, combating the symptoms associated with intolerance. It also reduces flatulence to a great extent. Being a rich source of active bacteria culture, it aids in boosting the digestion...
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...• Business plan Proposed a new business plan to company by :- - Create a business ideas based on business operation that did by the company. - Proposed a business called rice milk beverages which can be done by company since it main product is mainly based on rice production. - This business plan is to help company to expand its production, profit and in the meantime increase its brand in the market. 1. Company Background |1.1 Company name |: Sunnah Tani Sdn. Bhd. | | |Former business activities |: Seling organic rice and catfish | | | New business ideas |: Rice milk beverage | | | | | | |1.2 Modal for Rice milk beverage |: RM20 000 | | |Allowed Modal |: RM - | | |Single Holder |: RM20 000 ...
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...purpose of this review is to give you my point of view in hopes to provide a good evaluation for my fellow readers to compare their notes with. There were quite many facts in this reading that caught my attention. One fact in particular was how agriculture brought about infectious disease and malnutrition. Anthropologists venture to say that the typical hunter-gatherers work week was about 17 hours long. These work ethics typically gave them a longer life span and left them more energetic than the agriculturalist, who have just recently, within the last century or two, recaptured the carnal stature and longevity of their much older ancestors. Another interesting bit of information was the fact that we as humans, were not tolerant of Lactose in our original diets. Over time, we gained our tolerance. So, I...
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