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Law. Registration. Rejection

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В соответствии с Гражданским кодексом Российской Федерации (ГК РФ), юридические лица могут быть созданы в форме хозяйственных обществ (пункт 2 статьи 50 ГК РФ), одной из форм которых является Общество с ограниченной ответственностью (пункт 3 статьи 66 ГК РФ). Организационно-правовая форма.юридического лица выбирается на этапе учреждения общества его учредителем (учредителями), исходя из его (их) предпочтений и интересов, с учетом требований и ограничений, предъявляемых законодательством Российской Федерации. Требования к учреждаемому обществу с ограниченной ответственностью и порядок действий по его учреждению определяются разделом 4 параграфа 2 главы 4 части 1 ГК РФ, с учетом иных положений названной главы, а также Федеральным законом №14-ФЗ от 08 февраля 1998 года «Об обществах с ограниченной ответственностью» («Закон об ООО»). Юридическое лицо подлежит государственной регистрации на основании требования, содержащегося в пункте 1 статьи 51 ГК РФ. Государственная регистрация юридического лица регулируется Федеральным законом №129-ФЗ от 08 августа 2001 года «О государственной регистрации юридических лиц и индивидуальных предпринимателей» (Далее по тексту «Закон»). В соответствии с Законом, регистрация юридического лица носит уведомительный характер, что подтверждает судебная практика (Постановление Федерального арбитражного суда Западно-Сибирского округа от 18 января 2010 года по делу № А45-9635/2009). Юридическое лицо является созданным со дня внесения соответствующей записи в единый государственный реестр юридических лиц (пункт 2 статьи 51 ГК РФ и пункт 3 статьи 2 Закона об ООО), лишь с этого момента возникает его правоспособность (пункт 3 статьи 49 ГК РФ). По основаниям, перечисленным в пункте 1 статьи 23 Закона, допускается отказ в государственной регистрации юридического лица. Перечень оснований для отказа является закрытым, в связи с чем, формулировка регистрирующего органа «посредников много, а нужную городу продукцию производить некому» должно рассматриваться как «необоснованный, то есть не соответствующий основаниям, указанным в статье 23 настоящего Закона, отказ в государственной регистрации», пункт 1 статьи 24 Закона, за что должностные лица регистрирующих органов должны нести ответственность, установленную законодательством Российской Федерации, а именно: административную, установленную пунктом 2 статьи 14.25 Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях (КоАП РФ); уголовную, установленную статьей 169 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации (УК РФ). Возбуждение дела об административном правонарушении осуществляется по поводам, перечисленным в статье 28.1 КоАП РФ, лицом, уполномоченным составлять протоколы об административном правонарушении. В соответствии с подпунктом 3 пункта 1 статьи 28.1 КоАП РФ «сообщения и заявления физических и юридических лиц, а также сообщения в средствах массовой информации, содержащие данные, указывающие на наличие события административного правонарушения» являются поводом к возбуждению дела об административном правонарушении. Указанные положения дают нам право обратиться с сообщением или заявлением, к лицу, уполномоченному составлять протоколы об административных правонарушениях. Дела об административных правонарушениях, предусмотренных пунктом 2 статьи 14.25 КоАП РФ возбуждаются прокурором (пункт 1 статья 28.4 КоАП РФ), а рассмотрение таких дел осуществляют судьи (статья 23.1 КоАП РФ). Обращение с сообщением или заявлением, указывающим на наличие события административного правонарушения, не сможет повлиять на отказ в регистрации юридического лица, но будет направлено на исполнение задач законодательства об административных правонарушениях, которыми являются: защита личности, охрана прав и свобод человека и гражданина, охрана здоровья граждан, санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения, защита общественной нравственности, охрана окружающей среды, установленного порядка осуществления государственной власти, общественного порядка и общественной безопасности, собственности, защита законных экономических интересов физических и юридических лиц, общества и государства от административных правонарушений, а также предупреждение административных правонарушений.

В случае если рассматривать возможное уголовное преследование должностного лица, отказавшего в государственной регистрации юридического лица, необходимо обратиться с заявлением о совершенном (по нашему мнению) по статье 169 УК РФ преступлении к дознавателю, органу дознания, следователю или прокурору. Основанием для возбуждения уголовного дела является наличие достаточных данных, указывающих на признаки преступления (пункт 2 статьи 140 Уголовно-процессуального кодекса Российской Федерации (УПК РФ)). Вместе с тем для возбуждения уголовного дела достаточно, если имеющиеся сведения характеризуют содеянное лишь в общих чертах. Так, для принятия такого решения не обязательно устанавливать лицо, совершившее деяние, форму его вины и т.п. Выявление этих обстоятельств является задачей расследования. Для возбуждения же уголовного дела вполне достаточно данных, свидетельствующих о наличии объективных признаков (объекта и объективной стороны) преступления. Причем наличие этих признаков нет необходимости устанавливать достоверно. Уголовное дело должно возбуждаться даже при наличии минимальной степени вероятности того, что преступление действительно было совершено. В ходе дальнейшего производства это предположение может не подтвердиться, и дело будет прекращено. Но это не означает, что оно было возбуждено неосновательно. Прекращение дела – это нормальный (один из возможных) результат расследования, соответствующий задаче установления истины. Правосудие по уголовному делу в Российской Федерации осуществляется только судом. Решение об отказе в регистрации юридического лица может быть обжаловано в судебном порядке. Согласно подпункту 2 пункта 1 статьи 33 Арбитражного процессуального кодекса Российской Федерации (АПК РФ) арбитражные суды рассматривают дела по спорам, указанным в статье 225.1 АПК, которая включает в подведомственность арбитражных судов «споры, связанные с созданием, реорганизацией и ликвидацией юридического лица». Воспользоваться правом на обращение в арбитражный суд с заявлением и признании решения регистрирующего органа незаконным можно в течение трех месяцев со дня, когда стало известно о нарушении прав (статья 198 АПК РФ). Пропущенный по уважительной причине срок подачи такого заявления может быть восстановлен судом. Дело должно быть рассмотрено по общим правилам искового производства (статья 189 АПК РФ) арбитражным судом первой инстанции в срок, не превышающий трех месяцев со дня поступления заявления в суд, включая срок на подготовку дела к судебному разбирательству и на принятие решения по делу. Исковое заявление подается в арбитражный суд того субъекта Российской Федерации, на территории которого находится и осуществляет свою деятельность территориальный регистрирующий орган, а по своей форме и содержанию оно должно соответствовать требованиям статьи 125 АПК РФ. Важным моментом является уплата государственной пошлины в размере 200 рублей (статья 333.21 Налогового кодекса Российской Федерации (НК РФ)), документ, подтверждающий уплату которой, подается совместно с исковым заявлением и другими документами, требуемыми к приложению к заявлению (статья 126 АПК РФ). Вопрос о принятии искового заявления к производству решается судьей единолично в пятидневный срок со дня поступления искового заявления в арбитражный суд. Учитывая то, что способ защиты прав при необоснованном отказе в регистрации юридического лица законодатель определил только через обращение с иском в суд, то только решение суда может восстановить нарушенные права. Судебная практика в настоящее время сложилась в пользу заявителя (истца), что дает вполне высокие шансы на удовлетворение его исковых требований. Последствия отказа, законного или нет, в государственной регистрации общества с ограниченной ответственностью для самого общества отсутствуют. Этот вывод основывается на том, что правоспособность общества с ограниченной ответственностью возникает лишь с момента государственной регистрации. Последствия же необоснованного отказа для учредителей общества с ограниченной ответственностью, дают им возможность обратиться в арбитражный суд с требованием к регистрирующему органу возместить ущерб, причиненный отказом в государственной регистрации, допущенным по его (регистрирующего органа) вине.

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