...Nature vs. Nurture There has always been a large controversy over whether inherited genes or the environment influences and affects our personality, development, behavior, intelligence and ability. This controversy is most often recognized as the nature verses nurture conflict. Some people believe that it is strictly genes that affect our ways of life, others believe that it is the environment that affects us, and some believe that both of these influence our behavior. Either way, social scientists have been struggling for centuries deciding whether our personalities are born or made. Tests are done often on identical twins that were separated to see how they are each influenced by their separate environments. In the past twenty years, it has been discovered that there is a genetic component to every human trait and behavior. However, genetic influence on traits and behavior is partial because genetics account on average for half of the variation of most traits. Urie Bronfrenbrenner, who studies genetics, said, "It is not nature vs. nurture, but the interaction of nature and nurture that drives development." Researchers are finding that the balance between genetic and environmental influences for certain traits change as people get older. Also, people may react to us in a certain way because of a genetically influenced personality and, we may choose certain experiences because they fit best with our instinctive preferences. This means that our experiences may be influenced...
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...surroundings build the rest. Some psychologists strongly believe that genetics have fairly little to do with people's personalities but rather it is our surroundings, culture, and traditions that shape who we are. According to Saul McLeod, author of "Nature Nurture in psychology from Simply Psychology, "At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of experience." Other people for nurture believe our childhood and experiences are the only thing that determines how well each individual deals with social situations. In the article "Taking the 'vs.' out of nature vs. nurture" the author, Alana Snibbe, states how culture is a big part of nurture and who we are. Culture is humans way of answering life's unanswerable questions and it's this that shapes a lot about how we think and our individual psychology. People who believe in the same things are probably going to think alike and act alike. Obviously, there are some very extreme cases where nature is taken out of the debate all together and nurture is the sole factor to why someone behaves the way they do. Some examples are an abusive parent, being abandoned or neglected and always being in someone's shadow. These situations have a much bigger effect on humans than any genes. On...
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...[pic] HI 5005: Management and Organisations in a Global Environment Session 10: Leadership Research is driven by puzzling questions. For many years people have pondered on what makes a successful leader. Napoleon, Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Kevin Rudd – all a bit puzzling. Here are some important questions about leadership to ponder. Questions like these have triggered the research that has lead to a better understanding of leadership. Q1: Is there a difference between Managing and Leading? There is a widely-held view in the community that: Leaders are born, not made! e.g. Napoleon, Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Rooseveldt, John Kennedy . . . Q2: Do you agree? Leaders are born, not made! This is the Nurture Vs Nature debate. There have been shifts in the balance of the debate towards Nurture (but is there now a swing back to Nature?) Q3: Can people learn to be good leaders? And, if so, what do they have to learn? Q4: Should we be trying to identify traits or should we be looking for effective ‘leadership behaviour’? - Leadership Style These two crucial dimensions: Task-orientation (concern for production), and People-orientation (concern for human relations) repeatedly emerge in any metric seeking to measure leadership style. Q5: What is the best leadership style? Captain Bligh: a leader in three different situations: 1) Captain of The Bounty 2) In charge of the open boat (life boat)...
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...Introduction : · The nature vs. nurture is debate is often related to a person’s genetic qualities ( nature ) and personal experiences ( nurture ). · population of behaviours exhibited by humans and influenced by culture, ethics, emotions, values AND/OR genetics. · From the sociological perspective, nurturing plays a bigger role in determining the behaviour/attitudes of a person while nature or biology only lays the foundation for behaviour. · Debate from 3 elements – biological, psychological, sociological. Against : Biologically 1. Tiger and Fox argued that men are naturally more aggressive and women are passive. a. Argue that 99% of history, men have been hunters and the aggression, power and leadership qualities required were built into their genes by biogramming. b. Women were instead programmed for softness, affection and non-agression. 2. Sex differences determine that men are the breadwinners of the family as men are physically more capable while women should stay at home to bear and look after children as women are emotionally capable. Psychologically 1. Sigmund Freud argued that the unconscious mind is important in understanding conscious thought and behaviour. Saw individuals as being in a conflict between their: · ego(the conscious reality-testing self) · id(instincts and unconscious/repressed life) · super-ego (the value internalized from parents and the...
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...presented in the form of a third person narrative in which the audience is a outside party looking in on the cast of the film. The film is about a group of young pre-teen to teenage boys who crash land on an island somewhere is the specific ocean as a result of their plane being shoot down. In the background of the movie there is some type of war but the film never mentioned which war is taking place. With the film being based on a book from the 1950s and the film taking place in the 1960 it can be assumed that the war in question is either World War II or perhaps a future war. In the film the overall theme is that violence and hate are inherently a part of human nature and even without outside interference from society or adults teaching the next generation those traits still have a way of overtaking our better natures. The film does one of the best jobs of demonstrating this concept which can be attested by its popularity and continue reference in other similar works. You can see how this theme develops based of viewing...
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...best friend talked me into it. I was one to follow the crowd by the time I became a teenager and that got me into a lot of trouble. For example, sneaking out of my bedroom window with my mother’s car keys to go for a joyride with my buddies at the age of 14. There was no father figure in my home, so I would either go to my best friend or my coaches to fill that void. I was the exact opposite of a leader. Finally by the time I reached my senior year, my personality started to take a turn for the better. As a senior football player with 3 years of experience, I became a leader on the team. After high school, I joined the Army National Guard and that was another culture shock for me. Going through this experience taught me further leadership skills and proved to myself that I could accomplish anything that I put my mind to. Later in life I met my wife and she was a woman that loved church. By the time I met her, I hadn’t gone to church in many years and still did not enjoy it. I would go to church with her once every couple of months while at the same time, she was a Sunday school teacher. One day while listening to a sermon in church, I can honestly say that I felt moved by a higher power to change my entire frame of thinking. I don’t remember what the sermon was...
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...Leadership What is leadership? A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. This definition of leadership, I think, captures the leadership essentials of inspiration and preparation. Effective leadership is based upon ideas, but won't happen unless those ideas can be communicated to others in a way that engages them. Put even more simply, the leader is the inspiration and director of the action. He is the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and leadership skills that makes others want to follow his direction. In business, leadership is welded to performance. Those who are viewed as effective leaders are those who increase their company's bottom lines "Leadership is influencing people to get things done to a standard and quality above their norm and doing it willingly." As an element in social interaction, leadership is a complex activity involving: 1. a process of influence 2. actors who are both leaders and followers 3. a range of possible outcomes – the achievement of goals, but also the commitment of individuals to such goals, the enhancement of group cohesion and the reinforcement of change of organizational culture | Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience . This...
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...generosity2. Dana Hall developmental timeline1: * 1881: Opened under the leadership of the Eastman sisters who retired in 1899. * 1899 -1951: The school was bought and was under the directorship of Helen Temple Cooke; she shaped * Dana Hall into a well-known and widely respected academic institution firmly committed to its mission as a girls’ boarding school. * 1955: Cooke died; However she had owned an association of four schools: Tenarce (Coed K-6), Pine Manor Junior College ( 2 year post-secondary), Dana Hall (Boarding School for girls 10-12 and Dana Junior (Boarders 8-9) * 1971: Dana Hall was restructured and now served both the boarders and day students 9-12 Founded on vision and generosity the school did not seek contributions and by the mid-eighties started having financial difficulties and more or less was just managing its operational budget1. Along with the financial challenges the school had both internal and external challenges: there was the issue of leadership retention: three headmistress in four years which resulted in de-stabilization and created rifts among faculty, administration and the board of trustees1. There was also substantial shrinkage in the applicant pool; the fall enrollment and the strained finances were mainly affected by this. These were just the negative results from the “societal shift” that was taking place. Elaine Betts, took over leadership in the summer of 1984 and brought with her not only experience but stability...
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...Michael Golubski 2634188 Chapter 2 Notes Overview - People are different in a number of different ways and we must learn those differences in order to work well with them - The two main differences between people are personality differences and differences in ability Personality - Personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways that a person feels, thinks, and behaves Two determinants of Personality * Nature * Nurture Nature- biological heritage, the genes we get from our parents that determine our personality, 50% Nurture- life experiences, other 50%, could be strictness of parents, # of kids in family, -Managers have to take into account that they will not change personalities, but must find ways to deal with the personality given -Situational factors effect how a person performs at their job. High job pressures eliminate the effect personality has on their job performance, Low job pressures allow for personality to take effect. McDonalds vs. Teacher -Big Five Personality Traits -Extraversion -Neuroticism -Agreeableness -Conscientiousness -Openness to Experience -Extraversion- personality trait that predisposes people to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them. Happy, Social, and satisfied with their job. -Neuroticism- he tendency to experience negative emotional state and view oneself in the world around one negatively. Devils Advocate, Stressed out, Critical -Agreeableness-...
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...Psychology 1001 Chapter 1: history of psychology How we use psychology in everyday life 1. Cultural Norms 2. First Impressions 3. Memory 4. Motivation: how to set up goals, increase motivation 5. Leadership Skills: how to be an effective leader 6. Communication: body language 7. Understanding behaviour of others: bullies, bi-polar, empathy 8. Decision making: making a logical decision, some are better than others 9. Memory: basic learning, skill to learn 10. Healthy lifestyle: what is the personality of someone living a healthy lifestyle 11. Productivity: multi-tasking is considered not good, where as time management is more effective. 12. Grades: attendance is correlated with your grade, cramming doesn’t work. How did psychology developed? * is it a combination of 2 Greek words * psych * logy * The study of your soul, then changed to the study of your mind * Comes rom philosophy and physiology (how the mind influences the body) * 1870 = more focus on the mind (eg. How do the mind and bosy interact?) (need to know dates for exams) * psychology was a sub discipline of these areas William Wundt * Professor od physiology * 1879 created first experimental psych lab in Germany * The father of psych * 1879 = psych date of birth * Focused on consciousness * He taught many students, and they began teaching once they graduated and it began...
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...Norwegian School of Leadership and Theology Life Essay Course Name: VEL1010E Value-based Leadership in Organizations Name of Student: Prakash Lamichhane Title of Essay: Leadership Theory and Practice Number of Words: 1728 Date:26/09/14 Leadership is seen in every organizational structure. There is no universal definition of leadership. Many have defined the term in various ways. Leadership in simple terms means leading people towards goal but it is a understanding in a nutshell. What is leadership? Leadership is not merely having a vision (Maxwell,2001), also is a process and having influences in a group towards common goals (Northhouse,2013). Leadership is a influence upon relation within followers and leaders to seek changes which takes to common goal (Rost 1993). Weathersby (1999, p.5) suggests: “Leadership focuses on the creation of a common vision. It means motivating people to contribute to the vision and encouraging them to align their self-interest with that of the organization. It means persuading, not commanding”. Hence leadership can be a process, an influence which works in a group with vision to achieve relevant goals. Purpose of the essay: This paper is written to compare and contrast situational, transformational and servant leadership theory and practices and the area of their strength and weakness. There are several leadership models or approaches that have emerged with the passage of time. Transactional, situational, transformational and servant among...
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...Positive Leadership Theories LDR/300 Positive Leadership Theories Intro For years studies have been conducted, great minds have met, and countless other activities have been held, all in hopes of finding a viable and reliable positive leadership theory. There are numerous theories and strategies documented. Some of these are very similar to the others, some take a different approach entirely, some can be looked at as being negative at their core, and the ones we will focus on are tend to have a positive structure. Authentic leadership and its application to modern leadership Authentic leadership is an approach to leadership that emphasizes building the leader’s legitimacy through honest relationships with followers which values their input and are built through honest relationships with followers which value their input and are built on an ethical foundation. Generally, authentic leaders are positive people with truthful self-concepts who promote openness. Building trust and generating enthusiastic support from their subordinates, authentic leaders are able to improve individual and team performance. The concept of “authenticity” can trace its history back to ancient Greece, philosophers stressed authenticity as an important state through an emphasis on being in control of one’s own life. They are also self-actualized individuals who are aware of their strengths, their limitations, and their emotions; they also show their real selves to their followers and do not...
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...Management & Leadership: Macy’s Shaniece Roberts MGT/330 June 18, 2012 Jo Hogg Management & Leadership: Macy’s Before beginning, a little introduction to the company is in order. In 1858, Macy’s was born, meaning 153 years of running. Macy’s is one of America’s iconic retailing brand and department stores. The department store has about 800 stores open throughout the United States as well as a website. Macy’s management states, “Macy’s offers powerful assortments and the best brands, tailored to each and every customer with obvious value, engaging service and unforgettable moments,”(Macy’s Inc, n.d.). Macy’s is sure to embrace the consumers and do the utmost to let the consumer have an extraordinary shopping experience. The department store constructs events such as the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, Fourth of July Fireworks, flower shows, fashion extravaganzas, celebrity appearances, cooking demonstrations, and decorations and traditions for holidays. The events held create a better relationship between the consumer and Macy’s. Macy’s provides the consumer with exclusive brands. The brands are unique and interesting with the possibility of not finding elsewhere. The staff interacts with the consumers personally in the department stores, the website, and even on mobile devices providing advice and options in fashion and home. The façade of Macy’s is revealed through television shows and advertisements, style magazines, movies, blogs, and more...
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...and manage my time effectively. These skills were demonstrated in my A Level coursework project which involved extensively researching a topic of my choice. I thoroughly enjoyed this project as I was able to gain an insight into many relevant theories of my chosen subject on figure attractiveness. To support my studies I attended a crime conference in Leicester which was a fascinating experience, from hearing crime investigators talk about their daily challenges to psychopath profilers engaging in the nature vs. nurture debate. I also heard American Nick Yarris' poignant story of spending 20 years on death row after being framed for murder. Attending the conference strengthened my note taking and listening skills. Working in a primary school for a week as a teacher's assistant with children aged 4-5, has furthered my interest in the educational aspects of psychology and I believe that this experience has been useful for a career in psychology. The experience enhanced my leadership skills and I was able to communicate successfully with the children, helping them to grasp classroom topics they found difficult. Seeing the way in which children socialise and engage in different activities helped me acknowledge that conditioning of behaviour is prevalent in a human's first few years. Last year I decided to participate in...
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...in a place or organization.” Throughout the years there have been many intercultural management studies and there are four most widely accepted theories: The Hofstede study, The GLOBE study, The Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner study, and Hall & Hall’s cultural dimensions. These studies broke down cultures and behaviors around the world and are valued resources for IHRM departments. First, there is the Hofstede study. Geert Hofstede was a professor who conducted an extremely comprehensive study of how different cultures place value in the workplace. It was Hofstede who first made an empirical model and had different dimensions of national culture. These dimensions were: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity vs. masculinity, individualism vs. collectivism, and long-term orientation. Each different country would get scores in each section and from these scores one could better understand the country’s way of doing things. To gain a better understanding, below is a comparison between the United States and Portugal. The first of the dimensions is power distance Power Distance. Power Distance “refers to the way in which power is distributed and the extent to which the less powerful accept that power is distributed unequally. Put...
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