...Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 6 (5): 532-536, 2010 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Phytochemical Studies and in vitro Cytotoxicity Screening of Piper betle Leaf (PBL) Extract 1 Sundeep Chaurasia, 2G.T. Kulkarni and 1L.N. Shetty 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Bypass Road, Baghpat Crossing, MEERUT 250 005 UP, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, KATHOG 177 101 The. Dehra, Dist. Kangra, HP, India Abstract: Piper betle leaves (Family: Piperaceae) have been used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine for centuries and recently been proposed to be used as a chemopreventive agent because of its anti-oxidant activity. In the present paper, Piper betle leaves were standardized for stomatal index, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, UV fluorescence and different ash values. The Piper betle leaves are earlier reported to possess anticancer potential. Hence, the aqueous extract of the leaves was subjected to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 cell line using MTT and SRB assays. The mean CTC50 was found to be 96.25 µg/mL, which proved the potent cytotoxicity and hence, the probable anticancer property of the selected extract. Key words: Betel Leaf Anticancer Phytochemical characterization and its leaves, with a strong pungent and aromatic flavour, are widely consumed as a mouth freshener [4]. The leaves are credited with wound healing, digestive...
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...The Last Leaf Many artists lived in the Greenwich Village area of New York. Two young women named Sue and Johnsy shared a studio apartment at the top of a three-story building. Johnsy's real name was Joanna. In November, a cold, unseen stranger came to visit the city. This disease, pneumonia, killed many people. Johnsy lay on her bed, hardly moving. She looked through the small window. She could see the side of the brick house next to her building. One morning, a doctor examined Johnsy and took her temperature. Then he spoke with Sue in another room. "She has one chance in -- let us say ten," he said. "And that chance is for her to want to live. Your friend has made up her mind that she is not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind?" "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples in Italy some day," said Sue. "Paint?" said the doctor. "Bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking twice -- a man for example?" "A man?" said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind." "I will do all that science can do," said the doctor. "But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages at her funeral, I take away fifty percent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor had gone, Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she went to Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling ragtime. Johnsy lay with her face toward the window. Sue stopped whistling, thinking she was asleep. She began making a pen and ink drawing for a story...
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...Plants General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase) Main Division: 1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses 2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves * Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) ...
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...To be perfect short story neatness, brevity and a significant incident or an aspect of character or an experience of some psychological moment is essential. Within its short frame work, it must have a beginning, middle and an end. There must be completeness in its structure. All the elements plot, character, dialogue, descriptions and background must be organically connected with other. Generally a good story has a surprising end which bears a sense of endlessness. All these characteristics of a good short story are fulfilled in the short story of O Henry’s The Last Leaf. It has an ironical twist at the end that is surprising and at the same time striking to the readers. Old Behrman’s bold self sacrifice for the young Johnsy comes unexpectedly to the readers, but none the less convincing and admirable.The story if farther a parable of christian story of Resurrection and sacrifice. The story begins in a leisurely manner with the sketchy background. The old Greenwich village in which painters come to set up their art studio has curious maze streets criss-crossing one another. A traveler loses the directions of the streets. This description of the streets has relevance to the story in which a strong and strange psychological morbidity is focused. The main theme is then introduced it has two characters – Sue and Johnsy. They met together suddenly at a hotel and found themselves sharing taste chicory salad, bishop sleeves and in painting. They become intimate friends and in a cheap...
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...Running head: Three Science Lessons Three Science Lessons Sherry Pate Grand Canyon University EED 364 May 1, 2011 EEI Lesson Plan Student name: Telephone: Website: Implementation Date: |VITAL INFORMATION | |Author |Sherry Pate | |*Subject(s) |Science, Technology | |Topic or Unit of Study |Classification of plants and animals | |*Grade/Level |4th Grade | |*Summary |The students will learn how to classify plants and animals into groups based on their characteristics. | | |Some of the characteristics that students will look for include plants, animals, things, that lay eggs, | | |things that live underwater, etc. Students will be able to visualize and know that sometimes plants and | | |animals can be classified into more than one group depending on the features of the specific groups. ...
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...The last leaf “The Last Leaf” - The Hope That Heal. "The Last Leaf" by O. Henry is an interesting short story about a sick girl named Johnsy, who is deeply affected by a bare vine tree. Johnsy has decided she will not get well and has reconciled herself with the fact that she is going to die when the last leaf falls off the ivy bush outside her bedroom window. Johnsy's hopelessness and willingness to accept the worst without a fight is a major statement about the emotional state of the character. In his wonderful short-story “the last leaf”, using sacrificial themes, fear of pneumonia and a twist on the fatalistic tone, O.Henry depicted a really meaningful goal: Life must have hope. In brief, I love this story very much. Its plot and its characters are simply, but it is a very touching story that makes I recognize many things in life. Life is meaningful only for people who have hope and love. The hope helps us live better and heals our body and spirit. Hope is the foundation of our personal futures; each of us would probably suicide without hope. It is the virtue that helps us overcome obstacles. Without hope, we seem to give up easily like Johnsy in the story. Without hope, there is nothing. Another important thing in life is love. O. Henry, through the story, advices us should love ourselves and other people. The love between three persons, Johnsy, Sue and old Behrman makes a moving story. Johnsy had sometimes forgotten loving herself and cause the worry for Sue, but the...
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...Methods Harvesting. Harvest 2-3 young green compound leaves that show no signs of yellowing. Place collected leaves in a tray and transport them in a drying shade. Sorting and Cleaning. Immediately after harvest, clean and sort out collected the leaves from unnecessary materials such as dust and other foreign particles. Air-Drying. Lay out the leaves on a clean sheet of paper for 2-3 days. Manila paper, bond papers, and other similar materials can be used as the drying mat of the foliage. Do not sun dry for it would destroy Vitamins and minerals. Expect for the weight of leaves to decrease after drying. After the drying time, shake off the leaflets from the leaf petioles. The leaves will naturally fall-off or detach from the petiole. Shaking in screen or basket. Shake the dried leaves by using a 0.2-0.3cm fine mesh to remove leaf petiole that was shed out during the drying period. This process will eliminate other...
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...Effect of Leaf Stomata Density on Variation of Different Environmental Conditions Author: Patrick Sperandeo Institution: The Department of Biology, James Madison University ABSTRACT Plant structures that are usually found under trees leaves that control water loss are called stomata. Plants control water loss through the opening and closing of the stomata or by varying density. The purpose of this experiment was to see how sunlight exposure affected stomatal density. Since high light density associates with high stomata density, it was predicted that there was more stoma on higher leaves than lower leaves. However, there may be more stoma on lower leaves due to water stress; higher leaves would create shade for lower leaves. Therefore, the effect of differing leaf heights on stomata density was tested. In order to carry out the experiment, samples of 12 leaves were attained from each sample, “sun” and “shade”. Clear nail polish was applied to the samples making an inscription of the stomata. Clear tape removed the nail polish; the tape with the imprint was put on the slide. Under the 400x power, stomata were counted using the slide and the density was determined using a micrometer slide. Afterward a two sample t-test showed significant results at alpha value= 0.05. This supported the alternative hypothesis that varying leaf heights have an impact on stomata density. The prediction that higher levels of leaves topped lower ones when determining stomata was not supported. The...
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...Joshua Henderson 10/2/14 Comp 1 Descriptive assignment Trees that lined the dark trail were various bright colors of green. The trail was filled with ruts from previous bikers. Tread marks from their tires swerved up around the trail and mountain like snakes. The little light that could be seen peaked through the leaves above and shone lightly onto the floor of the surrounding forest. The light reflected off pools of water from the rain the night before and bounced into my eyes making it difficult to see. I pushed down hard on the dark metal peddles of my bike. The more I pushed the more the mud pushed back. With each downward stroke I could feel pain in my legs grow. I did my best to put the pain out of my mind as I continued to push against gravity, up the mountain. The bike covered in the mud and dirt from the days ride could easily pass for being aged, however, just a few weeks ago it was hanging from the store’s rack. The new heavily treaded tires dug well into the soft ground. Not once did my tires spin out, for the tread gripped the mud like spiked shoes gripping a football field. It was a surprisingly breezy day for the end of July; however, I could not feel the coolness. The hill had worked my body into a heavy sweat; it felt as though I was trying to peddle around the ring of a volcano. As I continued to push up the mountain the mud seemed to become deeper, its slush rose slowly until the bottom inch of the tire could not be seen. The more I pushed...
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...Nneze Akwiwu, Ruth Wangia & Bongeka Zuma General Physics 112 Dr. Derrick Hylton 02-16-2015 Desert Irrigation Problem Introduction As physics students in the second part of an introductory physics class, we have been tasked with considering the problem of famine that currently faces some parts of Africa. We have been tasked with answering the question of whether growing crops on desert land could alleviate the problem of famine if the desert was irrigated. We seek to explore whether irrigating the desert would make the land arable for crops growing above ground on trees. In the next set of calculations and explanations, we study the phenomenon of pressure, the principles that explain pressure and the variation with changing height. Using these, we will show that by manipulating the pressure that is exerted on the water, we can be able to grow plants in a desert, assuming that all the plants only need water to grow. We begin by exploring the various factors that can affect the growth of a tree on desert. Environmental Factors that determine desert irrigation Soil Type: Desert areas have highly permeable, and low water holding capacity sandy soils. Sandy soils have a low pore space and a high infiltration rate. The low pore space is responsible for the low water holding capacity. The depth of the soil layer of sand and gravel determines irrigation management decisions. Mohammed et al argues that the depth of soil layer greatly affects the available...
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...Ronnie Estes Rocky Mountain Flora March 31, 2015 Peachleaf Willow Family The peachleaf willow, Salix amygdaloides, is in the Willow Family Salicaceae. Peachleaf willows are small to medium sized willow trees that have single or branched stems reaching a height of about 12 meters tall (40 feet). The branches are flexible, shiny, and glabrous, with a green or yellow color. The leaves have finely serrate margins, are glabrous, lanceolate, green above, and pale to white glaucous below. The flowers are catkins, with deciduous bracts that are pale yellow, and villous on the inside. The fruits are glabrous, ovoid capsules (3-5 mm long) that release many small seeds with silky hairs (Stevens, 2003) (Fryer, 2012). Range The peachleaf willow is an over-story dominant species in many riparian ecosystems throughout the American West and Midwest. Peachleaf willow grows in areas with ample amounts of water such as the banks of streams and ponds, swamps, springs, low woods, roadside gullies, and sloughs. It ranges from Quebec, to southern Canada, British Columbia, and throughout most of the United States (Stevens, 2003). Habitat Benefits Riparian ecosystems benefit from willows by improving the water quality, stabilizing the soil and providing shade. The dense matrix of roots function as erosion control and as a sediment trap, stopping sediments, nutrients and pollutants from runoff and preventing them from entering the aquatic system. These benefits protect riparian zones from flood damage...
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...Last school holiday, my family and I went back to our hometown, the eagerly-awaited holidays bring a respite from homework, lessons, extracurricular activities and exams. For me, spending a holiday at home is equally unbearable. 0n the last day of school, I eagerly waited for the bell to ring at 1:10 p.m.. Then, I felt like a caged bird hat has just been set free. I slang my bag over my shoulder and make a beeline for the bust station. My hometown! We started our journey early in the morning. When we arrived, we had a quick lunch. I make a short exchange and headed for my favourite spot here- a secluded corner of my grandfather durian orchards. There under a shady spot, I sat down a surveyed the surroundings. Here, far away from claustrophobic classrooms, rushing crowds, busy sidewalks and congested streets, I enjoyed the solitude of nature. As I took my seat on a flimsy woody bench, and looked around me, I can see a flurry of activities. Birds flew gracefully and noiselessly above me while bees traveled flirtatiously from tree to tree, colourful butterflies flit about here and there flapping their fragile wings and ants scurry in a single file carrying bits of food on their tiny backs. A soft cool breeze blowed. I can hear the soft rustle of leaves. The air is heavy with the scent of shrubs and grasses coupled with the scent of ripe durians. I lied on my back with my hand clasped behind my head and watched streaks of...
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...Reporters: VIANCA PAMELA DELOS REYES JESTER CRUZ CHAPTER 12: FLOWERING PLANTS In this chapter, you will study the structure of flowering plants, how they function, and how they respond to the environment. 1. FLOWERS, SEEDS, and FRUITS -Some flowers are large and showy. Some are small. Even though flowers look different, they have the SAME FUNCTIONS. Flowers are the structures of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. RECEPTACLE-enlarged end of the stem under the flower. SEPALS-Circle of green leaf-like parts found around the bottom of the flower. They cover and protect the developing bud. PETALS-is found inside the sepals. These are usually the bright colored parts you see in flowers. Petals surround the reproductive parts of the flower. STAMENS-slender structures with knobs on top are near the middle of the flower. The slender parts are the FILAMENTS and the knobs are the ANTHERS. The tall, vase like part in the middle of the flower are called the PISTIL. Notice the sticky stigma is supported by the STYLE. At the base of the pistil is the OVARY. Inside the ovary are one or more ovules. An egg is produced inside each ovule. PERFECT FLOWERS-have both stamens and a pistil. IMPERFECT FLOWERS-have either stamens or a pistil, but not both. HOW SEEDS AND FRUITS DEVELOP For seeds to form in Angiosperms, a pollen grain should be transferred from an Anther to a Stigma. Stigma helps trap the pollen. Recall chapter 11. When a seed begins...
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...Climax: The doctor told Sue that Johnsy had a one out of ten chance for living, but Sue remained hopeful. Johnsy was determined that she would die when the last leaf of the ivy vine fell. Sue kept on encouraging her, telling her that all she spoke of was nonsense, and that she should just pray for her health to regain. The wind blew hard, and the rain poured, but the last leaf still remained, dangling bravely on the thin, wet branch. Meanwhile, Mr. Behrman, an old painter, poses for Sue’s new sketch. He always talked about his newest masterpiece, but he never manages to finish them all the way. Lesson or Moral of the Story: Never give up nor lose hope. Always have faith in yourself, in your family, and in the almighty God above. that we should always help our loved ones even if we have to face the worst things too. Imagery: There was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and the blank side of the brick house twenty feet away. An old, old ivy vine, gnarled and decayed at the roots, climbed half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had stricken its leaves from the vine until its skeleton branches clung, almost bare, to the crumbling bricks. Symbolism: The last leaf symbolizes life and death. Before winter came, the tree was full of green, luscious leaves. And as time passes by, the leaves decayed and fell. The last leaf remained strong, just like Johnsy, and it only fell when it knew it was Mr. Behrman’s time to go. Conclusion: In the...
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...Leaf color is among the most remarkable features of the deciduous forest, especially in North America. What gives this magnificent deciduous forest its name is there colorful show, tons of leaves once were held by branches, are suddenly set free, to dance in the wind, and are destined to land on a surface. “To fall off” means deciduousness. Deciduous comes from the Latin word decido. This only happens with deciduous trees. Deciduous forests bare tree leaves on winter and grow their green leaves back on spring and summer. They’re very many animals which live in the deciduous forest. Small and large animals alike use the forest for shelter and food. For four to seven months in winter the food is scarce. The animals either migrate, hibernate, or find other ways to endure winter. Sixty to seventy percent of the birds in the deciduous forest migrate to the tropics for winter. The primary consumers in this system includes insects, birds, rodents, and deer. The secondary consumers include foxes and owls, who eat the rodents, birds skunks, and opossums who eat the insects. The tertiary consumers the cougar, preys on deer and smaller animals and the bear are omnivores and eat anything organic they can get such as grass, berries, mushrooms, small animals, and carrion [dead animals]. A deciduous forest typically has three to four, and sometimes five layers of plant growth. This is a forest of some angiosperms such as fruit trees and berry bushes. Most deciduous forests...
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