...Press 61 Determinants of Commercial Banks’ Lending Behavior in Nigeria Felicia Omowunmi Olokoyo Department of Finance, School of Business, College of Development Studies, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Tel: +234-802-394-8641 Email: felicitymy79@gmail.com Received: January 20, 2011 Accepted: March 30, 2011 doi:10.5430/ijfr.v2n2p61 Abstract This study investigated the determinants of commercial banks’ lending behaviour in the Nigerian context. The study aimed to test and confirm the effectiveness of the common determinants of commercial banks lending behaviour and how it affects the lending behaviour of commercial banks in Nigeria. The model used is estimated using Nigerian commercial banks loan advance (LOA) and other determinants or variables such as their volume of deposits (Vd), their investment portfolio (Ip), interest (lending) rate (Ir), stipulated cash reserve requirements ratio (Rr) and their liquidity ratio (Lr) for the period; 1980 – 2005. The model hypothesizes that there is functional relationship between the dependent variable and the specified independent variables. From the regression analysis, the model was found to be significant and its estimators turned out as expected and it was discovered that commercial banks deposits have the greatest impacts on their lending behaviour. The study then suggests that commercial banks should focus on mobilizing more deposits as this will enhance their lending performance and should formulate critical...
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...Abstract This study focuses on demand of P2P market among SMEs and consumer market. The researcher has developed a framework based on how peer to peer lending platforms are important for SME’s and what are the governmental regulations to promote online lending platforms, how SMEs play an important role in the development of economy, how important is the peer to peer platform to them and the future position of peer to peer market in Singapore. The focal point lies on the demand of peer to peer lending platforms among small and medium enterprises and consumer market. The study illustrates a high demand of peer to peer lending among small and medium enterprises regardless of less security of investment. This study also includes risk and regulations associated with peer to peer lending and the impact of social behaviours and social connections on the decision of investors related to investment in online platforms. Acknowledgement I owe a debt of gratitude for working adults and SMEs for providing me accurate data and their feedback regarding their loan preferences. I would like to thank all for their precious time and respond. As this work would not be possible without their time and effort. Tables of Contents 1.0. Introduction 4 1.1. Peer to peer lending platform 5 1.2. Background of the research 7 1.3. Objectives 8 1.4. Research Rationale 9 2.0. Literature Review 9 3.0. Research Methodology 19 4.0. Data analysis 21 5.0. Results and Finding...
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...School of Economics 4307 Banking and Financial Intermediation Term Paper 16th October 2015 Authors: Aatman Ajmera- 40743, Abhilash Badami-40744, Lampros Baltas-40757 New Business Models: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending Abstract: This paper evaluates the efficacy of the peer-to-peer lending model. While we primarily discuss the consumer loan market, the structure, principles and associated risks are fairly similar for other end markets as well. Contrary to popular opinion, empirical evidence from the limited available market data proves that P2P platforms do not have a lower cost as a percentage of loan receivables at this point compared to traditional banks. As these higher costs are primarily due to marketing activities, going forward, with scalability, they are poised to generate significant cost savings. Through our research, we conclude that P2P lending has a strong value proposition and the potential to disrupt the existing lending market, however, data quality, regulation and investor confidence will play a monumental role in determining the speed and magnitude of its success. What is peer-to-peer lending? Technological evolution, along with changing consumer behaviour, has led to a new era of innovation in financial services and subsequently more transparent and easy-to-use platforms. One of the new business models that has evolved, is peer-to-peer (P2P) lending. In essence, P2P lending is a form of debt financing which allows borrowers and lenders to...
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.................. 1.0 Impacts Of Credit Crunch On U.S........................................ 1.1 Impact on U.S Economy...................................................... 1.2 Impact on Interest Rates...................................................... 1.3 Impact on Banking Sector.................................................... 1.4 Impact on Mortgages and Credit Lending Agencies............ 1.5 Impact on GDP..................................................................... 1.6 Impact on Inflation................................................................ 1.7 Impact on Employment in U.S.............................................. 2.0 Implemented Strategies To Overcome The Impacts............ 2.1 Fiscal Policy............................................................................ 2.2 Seek Direct Foreign Investment............................................. 2.3 Establish Proper Monitoring System...................................... 2.4 Strengthening the Country’s Internal Infrastructure............... Conclusion...................................................................................... References...................................................................................... INTRODUCTION “An immediate or sharp condition of unavailability of liquid money from the banks and money lending agencies in an economy is known as credit crunch”. The 2007-2009 global financial...
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...Subprime History III. What lead to subprime lenders making unethical and illegal decisions IV. What safe guards are in place V. Conclusions VI. Works cited page Introduction When most people hear the phrase “subprime lending”, the first thoughts that come to mind are the mortgage meltdown; predatory lenders, high interest mortgages for borrowers who have poor credit or low incomes. All of these thoughts may be true to a certain extent, but contrary to popular belief subprime mortgage lending has helped expand homeownership for all borrowers regardless of credit or income level in the US between 1995 and 2006 (Favro, 07). The problem is that this ethical and legal lending market took an unethical and illegal turn and has been cited as one of the contributing factors that aided in many Americans defaulting on their home loans that resulted in sending this country and many others into one of the biggest recessions since the Great Depression. It has been almost six years since the subprime meltdown and this country, the housing markets, and the economy have yet to fully recovered. In this research paper I will cover the history and original purpose of subprime lending, what lured the subprime lending market to take an unethical and illegal turn, and what safeguards have been put in place to lessen the likely hood of subprime mortgage lenders making unethical and illegal decisions in the future. Before continuing, lets look at the definitions of a few words...
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...IN 47405, USA Abstract This article examines the economics of ®nancing small business in private equity and debt markets. Firms are viewed through a ®nancial growth cycle paradigm in which different capital structures are optimal at dierent points in the cycle. We show the sources of small business ®nance, and how capital structure varies with ®rm size and age. The interconnectedness of small ®rm ®nance is discussed along with the impact of the macroeconomic environment. We also analyze a number of research and policy issues, review the literature, and suggest topics for future research. Ó 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classi®cation: G21; G28; G34; E58; L89 Keywords: Venture capital; Small business lending; Bank; Mergers 1. Introduction The role of the entrepreneurial enterprise as an engine of economic growth has garnered considerable public attention in the 1990s. Much of this focus * Corresponding author. Tel.: 1 202 452 2903; fax: 1 202 452 5295; e-mail: aberger@frb.gov. 0378-4266/98/$19.00 Ó 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S 0 3 7 8 - 4 2 6 6 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 3 8 - 7 614 A. N. Berger, G. F. Udell / Journal of Banking & Finance 22 (1998) 613±673 stems from the belief that innovation ± particularly in the high tech, information, and bio-technology areas ± is vitally dependent on a ¯ourishing entrepreneurial sector. The spectacular success stories of...
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...LONDON SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITTUTION IN GHANA (A CASE STUDY OF TF FINANCIAL SERVICES) BY STEPHEN KWADWO NTIRI A Thesis Submitted to the London School of Business and Finance in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the MBA Degree in Financial Services MARCH 2010 DECLARATION I Stephen Kwadwo Ntiri hereby declare that except for references to other people’s work, which have duly been acknowledged, the work presented here was carried out by me, MBA student of Financial Servies at the London School of Business and Finance (LSBF), under the supervision of Randolph Metz-Johnson. I also declare that this work has never been submitted partially or wholly to any other institution for the award of a certificate. …………………………………………… ……………... Stephen Kwadwo Ntiri Date (Student) ………………………………………… …………… Randolph Metz-Johnson Date (Supervisor) Dedication This research project is dedicated to Almighty God for His abundant blessings and protection given me throughout this study, and also to my family for the support I received from them. Acknowledgement I am most grateful to Almighty God who through His infinite mercy and love guided me throughout the duration of the programme. I wish to acknowledge the help and encouragement I got from the entire staff of TF Financial Services, especially Mr. Benjamin Turkson, which has enabled me to complete this work. I also want to thank my wife, Esther Yamoaba...
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...Non-bank Credit Organization Finance for Development LLC, Baku, Azerbaijan Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Purpose of organizational assessment 3. Process involved in organizational assessment 4. Organizational assessment workbook with findings 5. Summary Non-bank credit organization Finance for Development LLC - Organisational Assessment (OA) Report Organizational assessment undertaken by David Alimbarashvili, MED Coordinator, DRC & Sabina Mikayilova, CEO of CC LLC – November - December, 2004 Venue: Offices of Fin-Dev LLC in Baku, Barda and Mingechevir, Azerbaijan 1. Introduction Finance for Development is a spin off of Oxfam GB/Azerbaijan and was registered as a Limited Liability Company by the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic in September 23, 2002 and obtained a license from the National Bank of Azerbaijan in April, 2003. Prior of Fin-Dev’s establishment its founder Oxfam GB started a “Saving and Lending” project in Azerbaijan in 1997. The project performed different activities including study of existing formal and informal saving and credit systems. In January, 2000 Oxfam GB initiated Future Financial Institutions (FFI) project in Barda but due to Azerbaijan legal framework had to separate the FFI project and register it as an independent entity (NBCO). Main operational base of Fin-Dev LLC is situated in Barda. Fin-Dev has two branches in Barda and Mingechevir. The area of lending operations...
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...objective of the Vietnamese authorities in the coming five years is it to strengthen the integration of the Vietnamese economy into the world economy. An important milestone has been the Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, BTA. A subsequent milestone will be Vietnamese membership in the WTO, which is under preparation and expected for 2006. As part of this process of internationalisation, Vietnam is also opening its financial sector to foreign financial institutions. Currently, foreign banks have already started to provide banking services in Vietnam. Internationalisation will pose major challenges for financial sector polices, underlining the importance of further progress with financial sector reforms and reforms of monetary policy. This paper will present the current status of the reform of monetary policy in the context of economic and financial sector developments in Vietnam and identify key reform issues with respect to monetary policy. Section 2 will give a brief overview of principal economic and financial developments to situate monetary policy in the context of economic developments in Vietnam. Section 3 describes the monetary policy framework currently in use in Vietnam, and Section 4 presents empirical results on the determinants of inflation and the role of monetary factors. 2. 2.1 Background: macroeconomic developments Economic growth and inflation The Vietnamese economy has shown strong economic performance since the early 1990s (Figure 1). Annual average...
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...Research in Higher Education Journal Centering the business capstone course on the banking crisis: concrete integrated pedagogy Khalid A. Razaki Dominican University Wayne Koprowski Dominican University Peter Alonzi Dominican University Robert Irons Dominican University Abstract The recent financial crisis offers instructors rich material for business programs regarding the relations between accounting, business law, economics, and finance, as well as ethical issues. This paper offers a concrete approach to developing a business capstone course built around the financial crisis and the lessons it offers business students. Complete pedagogical modules are offered for each discipline, including suggestions for specific assignments in each discipline. Key Words: Capstone Course, Banking Crisis, Pedagogy Centering the Business Capstone Course, Pate 1 Research in Higher Education Journal INTRODUCTION A capstone course is essential in the business school curriculum. It provides each student the time to refresh their grasp of and to hone their ability to apply the principles, tools, and methods of the fields comprising the business curriculum. Further, it gives students the opportunity to integrate the insights of the various fields. The effectiveness of the capstone course can be enhanced by centering the capstone course on the 2008 financial crisis. All students share the common experience of the 2008 crisis’s violent shaking of the economy. It immediately affected each...
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...A1 - Course Description: The introduction to Consumer Lending Course is designed for Financial/Credit Service staff that has limited or no experience in consumer lending and requires new and practical knowledge in Consumer Lending & Interviewing. This 7 hour full day session will equip you with the theory, knowledge and skill to provide yourself to conduct a proper lending experience for your members/clients. Strength of this course is to provide the best service to your member/client and the ability to apply this to your every day consumer lending environment. Trainees: 25 Financial/Credit Service Staff Members Time: 9 a.m to 5 p.m | * A2 – Course Outline: Time | Module Title | Module objective/s | 9:00AM – 9:30AM | Introduction * Trainer & Trainee Introductions * Housekeeping rules * Agenda | Trainer will begin by introducing herself with trainees introduction of themselves with a brief description so they are familiar with who they will be working with. | 9:30AM – 10:30AM | Module 1 - Retail Lending -Introduction to the Loan Portfolio, the definition, profitability, cross selling, 8 C’s of Credit & matching. | Trainees will listen closely to the topics discussed by taking notes of the 8 C’s of Credit. | 10:30AM – 10:45 | BREAK | BREAK | 10:45AM – 11:15 | Trainer will begin describing the lending process and reviewing the list of responsibilities assigned as a member consultant/lender. As a short group...
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...Holy Angel University College of Business and Accountancy A Study to Explore the Micro-entrepreneurs’ Perspective on the Effectiveness of Borrowing Money from Informal Money Lending Business in Angeles City SUBMITTED BY: A-433 Lleva, Rhindel Medina, Leda Marie Pineda, Reezalyn Pinero, Bianca Camille Romero, Czarina Salas, Jenny Rose SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Albert Morales September 9, 2015 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION During these rough times, people would really bite the bullet in order for them to satisfy the needs of their families, to fund and support their small businesses and to ease poverty just to survive the daily life. This leads people to seek the help of those engaged in money lending business. Informal credit markets are still important in developing countries. Despite an increase in supply of formal credit, informal lenders remain the dominant source of credit for the people who wish to start-up a small business in their community. This study aims to explore the perspective of micro-entrepreneurs in Angeles City on the effectiveness of informal money lending business. Informal money lending businesses are money lenders who are not licensed to do money lending business. They are well known about this kind of informal lending business which is patronized by some micro-entrepreneurs and people who wants to put-up a new business. They are also called “5-6 money lenders”. 5-6” is the term used in such a reason that they lend money with 20% interest which will be paid within a month...
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...The Credit Crunch of 2007: What Went Wrong? Why? What Lessons Can Be Learned? First draft: September 2008 This draft: May 2009 John C. Hull* Joseph L. Rotman School of Management University of Toronto Abstract This paper explains the events leading to the credit crisis that began in 2007 and the products that were created from residential mortgages. It explains the multiple levels of securitization that were involved. It argues that the inappropriate incentives led to a short‐term focus in the decision making of traders and a failure to evaluate the risks being taken. The products that were created lacked transparency with the payoffs from one product depending on the performance of many other products. Market participants relied on the AAA ratings assigned to products without evaluating the models used by rating agencies. The paper considers the steps that can be taken by financial institutions and their regulators to avoid similar crises in the future. It suggests that companies should be required to retain some of the risk in each instrument that is created when credit risk is transferred. The compensation plans within financial institutions should be changed so that they have a longer term focus. Collateralization through either clearinghouses or two‐way collateralization agreements should become mandatory. Risk management should involve more managerial judgment and rely less on the mechanistic application of value‐at‐risk models. *e-mail: hull@rotman...
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...The Credit Crunch of 2007: What Went Wrong? Why? What Lessons Can Be Learned? First draft: September 2008 This draft: May 2009 John C. Hull* Joseph L. Rotman School of Management University of Toronto Abstract This paper explains the events leading to the credit crisis that began in 2007 and the products that were created from residential mortgages. It explains the multiple levels of securitization that were involved. It argues that the inappropriate incentives led to a short‐term focus in the decision making of traders and a failure to evaluate the risks being taken. The products that were created lacked transparency with the payoffs from one product depending on the performance of many other products. Market participants relied on the AAA ratings assigned to products without evaluating the models used by rating agencies. The paper considers the steps that can be taken by financial institutions and their regulators to avoid similar crises in the future. It suggests that companies should be required to retain some of the risk in each instrument that is created when credit risk is transferred. The compensation plans within financial institutions should be changed so that they have a longer term focus. Collateralization through either clearinghouses or two‐way collateralization agreements should become mandatory. Risk management should involve more managerial judgment and rely less on the mechanistic application of value‐at‐risk models. *e-mail: hull@rotman...
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...The Federal Reserve Response to the Recent Recession Rahman R. Funn Webster University BUSN 5620 [ July 23, 2012 ] Ms. Lynn Bailey Abstract This term paper examines the history of the Federal Reserve System and takes a look at what causes a recession and how the FED responded to the most recent one. A recession can cripple a nation if not handled properly. With this paper, I explain how necessary interest rate cuts, the purchase of bonds and mortgage backed securities, and company bailouts were needed to prevent a second Great Depression. These actions will result in the United States creating low, short term-interest rates (near zero) through 2014. The Federal Reserve Response to the Recent Recession This paper examines the history of the Federal Reserve (FED) and how they responded to the recent recession. The goal of this paper is to give the reader insight on the history of the Federal Reserve System and how it was formed. The reader will gain knowledge of what a recession is and how the FED responded to the recent one. The data used for this paper consist of a literature review of articles from the internet websites of NY Times, Federal Reserve. History of the Federal Reserve System (FED) The Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the FED, is the central bank of the United States. Congress established this bank (signed off by President Woodrow Wilson)...
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