...Drawing a Lewis Structure Lewis structure is the structure of a molecule in which dots are used to show the electron position around the atoms that make up the molecule. In order to produce the Lewis structure of a molecule, there are certain steps one needs to follow (they are five (5) in number). Basically what I will do is to use the molecule methane (CH4) as example to show you how to draw the Lewis structure of any molecule. First Step In order to produce the Lewis structure of methane, the first step is to count and determine the total valence electron present in methane (or any molecule of interest). Methane is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms (CH4). The valence of carbon is 4 and that of hydrogen is 1. Since we have four hydrogen atoms in methane, the total valence electron in methane will be: 4 for carbon+1×4 for hydrogen=8(for methane) This implies that methane has 8 electrons or (4 electrons, when in pairs; electrons are always in pairs in atoms – Pauli’s exclusion principle) Second Step In the second step, the atoms that make up methane should be arranged in such a way that the one with the lowest affinity for electrons becomes the central atom. It is also important to note that hydrogen (H) atom is never a central atom. The atomic arrangement looks like: In the figure above, carbon is the central atom. Third Step In the third step, we need to insert all the pairs of electron (in the form of dots) between the pairs of atoms that are supposed to be...
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...Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures Lewis structures, also called electron-dot structures or electron-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Using the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures The octet rule tells us that all atoms want eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen, which wants only two), so they can be like the nearest noble gas. Use the octet rule to figure out how many electrons each atom in the molecule should have, and add them up. The only weird element is boron - it wants six electrons. Lewis Structures for Molecules with Single Bonds The atoms share a pair of electrons, and that pair is referred to as a bonding pair. The pairs of electrons which do not participate in the bond have traditionally been called "lone pairs". A single bond can be represented by the two dots of the bonding pair, or by a single line which represents that pair. The single line representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing Lewis structures for molecules. · Hydrogen atoms form one bond. · Carbon atoms four bonds. · Nitrogen atoms form three bonds. · Oxygen atoms form two bonds. · Halogens form one bond when they are surrounding atoms; fluorine is always surrounding atom. Lewis Structures for Molecules with Multiple Bonds ...
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...Experiment #8 Molecular Weight by freezing Point Depression Maureen Shultz November 14, 2015 I. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to determine the molecular weight of two unknown substances by measuring the freezing point depression of an aqueous solution of the unknown substances. II. Experiment Method Equipment: Test tube Constant temperature bath Thermometer Chemicals: H2O Unknown substance #1 Unknown substance #2 To begin this experiment, I started by placing an empty test tube on the solid surface workstation and poured 10mL of H2O into the test tube. I then attached a thermometer to the test tube, documenting that the liquid is clear in color. I then placed a constant temperature bath onto the solid surface workstation. I set the temperature of the constant temperature bath to the freezing point of ethylene glycol ,-15 degrees Celsius. When the desired temperature is reached, I gently place the test tube into in the constant temperature bath. Carefully observing the test tube, I noticed an ice formation, and then documented the temperature at which the freezing point of the solution became a solid. I then carefully clear the workstation and set up for the next experiment. A second empty test tube is placed on the solid surface workstation. I then pour 2 grams of the first unknown sample substance into the empty test tube and attach a thermometer. I notice a silver substance in the bottom of the test tube. I add 10mL of...
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...Chemical Bonding Lewis Structures and Shapes of Molecules and Ions References/Tools: 1. Chapter 9: Models of Chemical Bonding 2. Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules 3. The Modern Periodic Table 4. Electron Configuration (SPDF notation, Orbital diagram), Lewis Symbols, Lewis Structures, Molecular Formulas, and Molecular Diagrams 5. Ion and Molecules, Tetrahedral Geometry (109 degrees) , Planar Geometry (120 degrees), and Linear geometry (180 degrees) 6. Page 279 7. VESPR Theory (Chapter 10) (Valence Electrons Pair Repulsion Theory) Objective: To learn and study about chemical bonding, chemical formulas, Lewis structures, bond angles, geometry and shapes of molecules and molecular ions. Definitions/Concepts/Theories/Formulas Chapter 9 1. Ionic Bonding- the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the non-metal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. 2. Covalent Bonding- a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. 3. Metallic Bonding- the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged atomic nuclei of metal atoms and the delocalized electrons in the metal. 4. Lewis Dot...
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...HSM/220 Week 3 Checkpoint: Management Structures Services for domestic abuse patients can be used in every organization that provides human services. There should be departments linked to the response to domestic violence and focus on helping those in need. Departmentalization is the process of dividing an organization into blocks or groups that may provide assistant to victims of domestic violence. Departmentalization offers both advantages and disadvantages to any organization. Advantages include: growth and expansion; management development; better customer service; improved efficient and enhance communication. Disadvantages include: communication reduced, slow decision-making and lack of cooperation between departments (Lewis, 2013). On a day-to-day operation, departmentalization is a conceptual tool, not simply a way to depicting the number of positions within an organization. Decisions about how to subdivide the work of an agency will depend on the nature of the service provided. The kinds of structure that are flexible and responsive to people in need (victims of domestic violence) can all be categorized under the heading of matrix organizations (Kettner, 2002). Advantages include: employees are highly responsive to both function and product line; flexibility of employee assignment and specialized resources. Disadvantages include: Constant tension between functional specialty and product line; dual authority structure difficult to maintain and employees have a difficult...
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...Title: Nonsense, Play and Folklore in Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll Student: Voskanyan Evgenia Supervisor: Yerevan 2015 Contents * Introduction: Lewis Carroll ………………………………………...………..….….3 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland * Folklore ………………………………………………………………….....….…….5 * Game of Nonsense …………………………………………………….…....……..7 * Wordplay and Quibble …………………………………………………..………..10 * Psychological interpretations of Alice in Wonderland …………………………13 Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There * Folklore …………………………………………………………………..………...15 * Contrariwise! ................................................................................................16 * Philosophical viewpoints in Through the Looking-Glass .……...…….……….19 * Conclusion: On the other side of the chessboard …………………………......21 * References .………………….………………………………………………...…..22 Lewis Carroll Come with us now on a journey to Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, the fairytales created by legendary Lewis Carroll. Being little known under the birth name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, Lewis Carroll was a famous English writer and one of the founders of literary nonsense. Born in the Victorian Era to a family of a parson, he was raised according to the moral values of those times and expected to become a deacon. Nevertheless, young Lewis Carroll was always interested in theater and art since his childhood. He himself was making...
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...constructs “the city”. To me, population has always been a significant indicator associated with cities- if the area has a large population then it is considered to be a city. Reading these articles I still believe in this connection and this large population makes the city a social institution. The best definition of a city is made by Lewis Mumford when he states that the city is not just a physical fact but rather a social institution- “where men by mutual society and companying together, do grow to alliances, commonalties, and corporations.”[1] The large population enables the formation of the “social” part of the institution and in return the institution is needed to organize, lead and support the population. The city is the economic and political centre which is created by and for the people. Every city, due to its large population will have a large work force, and this large work force will produce large economic growth. This economic gain is orchestrated by the population to increase their own standard of living. “Cities” are where the main consulates, embassies, town halls, etc can be found, which are all created by people to create order and structure to the population. Along with this the city is a “theatre of social action”[2] where people can be found everywhere at any given day or time. There is always new art, ideas, drama going on and as Ernest W Burgess puts it “mobility is the pulse of the community”.[3] The city having this large population and being a dramatic social...
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...Marketing in Australia Australia is one of the largest capitalists’ economies in the world. Officially known as the “Land Down Under” is made up of the mainland, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the 55th most populous country in the world. 80% of its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas and is expected to exceed 42 million by 2050 (Citation). The primary language in Australia is English. The demographics for Australia are the most commonly nominated ancestry is English (36.1 per cent), followed by Australian (35.4 per cent), Irish (10.4 per cent), Scottish (8.9 per cent), Italian (4.6 percent), German (4.5 per cent), Chinese (4.3 per cent), Indian (2.0 per cent), Greek (1.9 per cent), Dutch (1.7 per cent), Asian Australians make up 12% of the population (Citation). English is the primary language of Australia. Other languages spoken are Australian English, Mandarin, Italian, Arabic, Cantonese, Greek and Vietnamese (Citation). Since 1788, the basis of Australian culture has been strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic Western culture. Distinctive cultural features have also arisen from Australia's natural environment and Indigenous cultures (Citation). Since the mid-20th century, American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema. Other cultural influences come from neighboring Asian countries and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations (Citation). ...
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...Enterprise Information System is generally any kind of computing system that is of "enterprise class". This means typically offering high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and capable of supporting some large organization [ ("an enterprise"). Enterprise Information Systems provide a technology platform that enables organizations to integrate and coordinate their business processes. They provide a single system that is central to the organization and ensure that information can be shared across all functional levels and management hierarchies. Enterprise systems are valuable in eliminating the problem of information fragmentation caused by multiple information systems in an organization, by creating a standard data structure. A typical Enterprise Information System would be housed in one or more Data centers, run Enterprise software, and could include applications such as Content management systems and typically cross organizational borders. The word enterprise can have various connotations. Frequently the term is used only to refer to very large organizations. However, the term may be used to mean virtually anything, by virtue of it having become the latest corporate-speak. Implementing enterprise systems can contribute to achieving operational excellence because when an employee enters information into an enterprise system, it means that that much less time goes into sharing that information through other mediums. It takes time to print out and distribute...
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...understand the effects of leadership, objectives, individual characteristics and action, and employee behavior and attitudes within an organization. It also explains the effects of internal environments, such as culture, the structure of the organization, resource and task allocation, and external environments such as competition or government regulation. These factors contribute to the performance, success or failure, and survival or fall of an organization. Organizational-behavior theories help to explain the collapse of Enron and how leadership, management, and organizational structure contributed to its failure. Organizational Structure With a market capitalization of nearly $74 billion, Enron was one of the world’s leading energy companies by the late 1990s. However, it had gained this status through the perpetration of illegal activities at the very highest levels of the organization. Enron’s fall was because of the organizational-level corruption that grew from its structure and trickled down to the collective behavior of its employees. Enron’s top-down, hierarchical structure by unit grouping meant that the top management team either directly or indirectly through their subordinates influenced the actions of the organization. For example, the structure of the accounting department allowed it to disregard legal requirements through “structural secrecy” that Enron’s executives could exploit (Beenen & Pinto, 2009, p. 283). As part of its strategy to grow its business, Enron’s...
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...Models of Organized Crime Jalaine Franklin University of Phoenix CJA/384 Week-2 Mario Honore November 08, 2012 Models of Organized Crime Patron-Client Orgnizations When it comes to models of organized crime there are two organizations that this paper will refer to, the first is the Patron-Client organization and the second is the Bureaucratic organizations. The Patron-Client is a group of criminals that united together to establish connections that would benefit the groups clients later on. They were structured to run with just one leader and then a chain of command that follows. If an order is given it has to come from the leader and then it is passed down through the chain of command to the members. In order to become a member of a patron-client organization everyone has to be initiated (University of Phoenix, 2007). Bureaucratic Organizations Bureaucratic organizations are slightly different than patron-client organizations in the way they are structured. They are structured with rules and procedures. Bureaucratic organizations also have one main leader and a chain of command that leads to their members. Here the lower managers are not allowed to make any orders; all orders must come from only one person. When it comes to conducting business only high ranking individuals can look for new resources and proceed with new contacts but they still have to have the approval of the leader. Similarity/ Differences Both the patron-client...
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...Week 3 Management Structures By: Misty Ladnier The organization is run by people chosen best to handle the stressful situations that we are faced on a daily basis. I have been trained to make sure that my victims are treated correctly to their individual cases. In order to do so I need an organizational structure. I will explain the advantages and disadvantages of Departmentalization, Matrix organizations, the project team, and the collegial model. Departmentalization is very tricky; you have to pair individuals up so that the department runs smoothly. Sometimes you have people that need to be trained to do this kind of work so that the department does have great communication skills to understand what is going on at all times to keep your patients happy. Matrix organizations have resources that can be shared amongst the department or company. They run on getting ideas from whatever can be tapped at that particular time. What would lead to complications are two or more people that are management and the lack of communication. This can lead to frustrations with the staff that are one step below or one step higher. The project team is the people that come up with ideas. They are the people that have events for the employees or the patients. These events can bring fundraisers for things needed for the organization. But disagreements can put any planning at a standstill and then it can become too late to have it. The collegial model is people within the company that have...
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...Implement a matrix structure. Similar in some ways to the divisional structure described in action one, a matrix structure can benefit from the functional divisions formed in the divisional structure but also supplement these divisions with divisions based on products as well. Employees are grouped by both function and product in a matrix and frequently teams of employees will be assigned to a project to accomplish a specific goal. This type of structure can take advantage of the best parts of divisional and team based structures. If Appex were to consider a matrix format I would recommend a balanced/functional matrix. This form of a matrix structure is one in which a project managers are assigned to oversee projects and these project managers must share power with the functional managers who are the normal chain of command. One of the disadvantages of this arrangement is the division of power between the managers but if Appex’s managers could overcome the difficulty inherent in such a power sharing scheme then this could be a beneficial way to structure the company. 4) A classical hierarchy. I believe that this time-tested structure is what Appex needs as it has grown too large and complex to operate efficiently in any of the structures described above. Although some consider this to be an impersonal form which would not allow for the employees of Appex to operate in the unstructured way that they did at the beginning, the simple fact of the matter...
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...words « In this age of hyper-competition, organisations should adopt a decentralised structure ». Businesses have entered in a new era, the era of hyper-competition, more competitive as they become more global. Business has shifted dramatically from a slow-moving stable environment to an environment where competitive advantages are no longer sustainable but temporary as new competitors enter the market. Aveni argues that, to have a chance to survive in this constantly changing environment, firms should adopt a new strategy that best suits with these unpredictable variations. In recent years, organisations have been reassessing their strategy and structure because of this growing competition, thinking that their success is widely related with re-matching to its environment. (Johnson, 1988; Miller and Friesen, 1980) Tom Peter (1987) and Michael Porter (1990) claimed that adopting this attribute if changing ability will in some sense guarantee competitive advantage. In this assignment, we will base our discussion on managing theories in order to explain organisations’ structure choice by describing how they respond to their changing context. We will comment on the view that structure depends on the contingency theory and contrast both decentralised and centralised structure in each contingency factor, using resources to support statements. Finally, we shall decide which structure best fits with this context of hyper-competition. It is possible to characterize the...
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...Differentiation:- It is the process by which organization allocates people and resources to organizational task and establishes the task and authority relationships that allow the organization to achieve its goals. Organizational Roles An organizational role is a set of task-related behavior required of a person by his or her position in an organization. Organizational structure is based on a system of interlocking roles, and the relationship of one role to another is defined by task-related behaviors. Authority:- is the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions about how to invest and use organizational resources. Subunits: Functions and divisions In organizations, people with similar and related roles are grouped into a sub unit. The main subunits that develop in organizations are functions or departments. A function is a subunit composed of a group of people, working together, who possess similar skills or use the same kind of knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs. A division is a subunit that consists of a collection of functions or departments that share responsibility for producing a particular good or service. The number of different functions and divisions that an organization possesses is a measure of organizations complexity – its degree of differentiation. As organizations grow in size, they differentiate kinds of functions. Support functions: - facilitate an organizations control of its relations with its environment...
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