............................ 6 AERODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY IN GROUND EFFECT ............................... 7 EKRANOPLANS.................................................................................................. 9 CONFIGURATION LAYOUT ......................................................................... 9 POWER AUGMENTATION RAM (PAR)..................................................... 12 LONGITUDINAL STABILITY...................................................................... 14 LATERAL STABILITY ................................................................................. 15 1. INTRODUCTION Wing-in-ground effect applies to vehicles design to fly at very low altitudes to take the advantage of increased in aerodynamic lift and reduced drag which occurs when a wing is in ground effect. The phenomenon of ground effect was observed as early as the Wright Brothers’ Wright Flyer I which flew in the presence of ground effect. During World War II, war planes which are low on fuel flew in ground effect in order to fly back to base in order to make use of the increase in efficiency when operating in ground effect. Despite this phenomenon of ground effect was discovered very much earlier before the cold war, the main advances in ground effect technology took place during the 1960s...
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... like your hand did when it was facing the side, are said to have a lot of "drag," or resistance, to moving through the air. If you want your plane to fly as far as possible, you want a plane with as little drag as possible. A second force that planes need to overcome is "gravity." You need to keep your plane's weight to a minimum to help fight against gravity's pull to the ground. Thrust and Lift "Thrust" and "lift" are two other forces that help your plane make a long flight. Thrust is the forward movement of the plane. The initial thrust comes from the muscles of the "pilot" as the paper airplane is launched. After this, paper airplanes are really gliders, converting altitude to forward motion. Lift comes when the air below the airplane wing is pushing up harder than the air above it is pushing down. It is this difference in pressure that enables the plane to fly. Pressure can be reduced on a wing's surface by making the air move over it more quickly. The wings of a plane are curved so that the air moves more quickly over the top of the wing, resulting in an upward push, or lift, on the wing. The Four Forces in Balance History of the Paper Airplane There is some evidence of paper kites and gliders that originated in Ancient China and Japan. In Europe, it was only during the Renaissance period onwards that inventors attempted to create paper models of a machine that could fly. The Wright brothers were the ones who invented airplanes, and they did this by testing out...
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...this research, I will be writing about general aviation, how a plane works and different factors to do with planes like the four main forces, Communication and Navigation, Take off and Landing and some others. A question that sounds easy but in theory, it’s not simple at all, “How does a plane fly?” whether it is an Airbus, a glider and any other planes, the forces that acts on a plane are exactly the same. There are four main forces to make a plane fly and they are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. The Four Forces As I mention in the introduction, the four forces are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag and I will be describing these forces with more details in the following passage. A plane’s weight, descending towards the ground is balanced by the lift force, which ascends upwards. This is created by a flow of air over the wings. When air travels through the wing of a plane, it is bounce off downwards and all the pressure under the wing is bring in to bounce off the air that makes an opposite force, which is ‘Up’. Drag is the air resistance of all planes as they meet the airflow, and its force acts in the opposite directions. Thrust is provided by many sources of power, such as a jet engine, or by the energy descend from being carried into the air. Thrust must always balance drag for the plane to fly. (Barnard, 2007). Communication and Navigation For many training pilots, radio communication and navigation is one of the most irritating factors of aviation. This is because...
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...happens because of four different factors. This paper explains airplane wings, lift, and stalls during flight. Since the science far experiment is what forces affect the airplane wings during a stall. Using different articles from online resources, flight, lift, and stalls were explained in numerous ways. Thrust, Drag, Weight and Lift are the four factors that allow an airplane to take flight. Dunbar (2003) explains these in depth. Thrust is a force that moves an aircraft in the direction of the motion. It is created with a propeller, jet engine, or rocket. Air is pulled in and then pushed out in an opposite direction. One example is a household fan. Drag is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion. It tends to slow an object. Drag is caused by friction and differences in air...
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...takeoffs and landings) No Flight Test or Written Test VFR Over-The- Top (VFR OTT) Must hold a Private Pilot Licence Training: Minimum of 15 hours dual instrument time Multi-Engine Rating Training: No minimum hours required Flight Test Required Instrument Rating Group 1: _______; Group 2 ___________ Written and flight test required Training: 40 hours instrument time required (1 dual cross country 100 nm) Minimum 50 hour cross-country PIC AIRFRAMES AND PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE Basic Definitions Airframe: Structure of an aircraft without engines, power plants or instruments Fuselage: the body of the aircraft to which other components are attached, used to accommodate crew, passengers and cargo Wing: Device employed to develop lift on an airplane Ailerons: Surfaces hinged...
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...FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN PROJECT 2 Professor: Dr. Steven Lu Written By: Joey Haripersaud Design Specifications for a Particular Jet Transport Payload: 304 Passengers Crew: Two pilots and three cabin attendants Range: 4200 nm following by ¾ hour loiter Altitude: 35,000 ft Cruise speed: M = 0.84 at 35,000 ft Climb: Direct climb to 35,000 ft at maximum take-off weight WTO Take-off and landing: FAR 25 fieldlength 9,800 ft at an altitude of 5,300 ft and 98°F day. Landing performance at WL = 0.8WTO Engines: Four turbofans Certification base: FAR 25 Specification Project 1 WTO= 357,100 WF used= 106,722 WOE TENT=188,008 WE TENT=185,197 WE= 185,240 Procedure Step 1: The Temperature ratio (φ) has to be found so that σ can be determined. The pressure ratio (δ) is found using the atmospheric table with an altitude of 1500 ft. T= 98 °F Stofl: 5300 ft Temperature Ratio (φ): (T + 459.7)/518.7 = 1.0752 Pressure ratio (σ)= δ/φ = .822/1.075=0.765 Step 2: From observing Table 3.1 a range of values for CLmaxTO for the take-off flaps are found to be 1.6 to 2.8. In this case the values 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8 are going to be used. Using equation 3.8: STOFL: [37.5 (W/S)TO] / [σ * (T/W)TO] which is simplified and rearranged to (T/W)TO= [ 0.014997 (W/S)TO] / CLMAXTO Step 3: This table was composed with the information given in step 2. T/W TABLE | | CLmaxTO | | At 5300 ft and 98 °F | At Sea Level | W/S | 1.6 | 2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2...
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...angles of attack on the wings. The key is aggravated (i.e. uncoordinated). Draw or show the corkscrew/helical flight path of a spin. The difference between a spin and a steep spiral: spin—airspeed low, wings stalled; spiral—airspeed increasing, not stalled. Discuss the aerodynamics of a spin. Draw a wing in straight-and-level flight and in slow flight. Use actual angles of attack. Typical light aircraft wings stall at 18-22º. How can you enter a spin? Wing exceeds critical angle of attack with yaw acting on aircraft (uncoordinated). That is, a stall when in a slipping or skidding turn. Danger of base to final turn—cross controlled stall leading to spin. The high wing has the greatest lift due to the greater airspeed, and overall less drag and lower angle of attack. The low wing has the least lift (due to lower airspeed) and greatest parasitic drag due to its higher angle of attack. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics. An aft CG makes spin recovery more difficult. The worst case is the aircraft may enter into a flat spin if CG is too far back, making recovery impossible. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics. An aft CG makes spin recovery more difficult. The worst case is the aircraft may enter into a flat spin if CG is too far back, making recovery impossible. Phases of a spin: • Entry—pilot provides input for the spin • Incipient—aircraft stalls, rotation starts to develop; may take 2 turns in most aircraft, usually 5-6 seconds •...
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...things are weight, velocity, lift, and drag. Weight is relevant because the weight is directly related to gravity. In order to make the plane fly better it stands to reason that it needs to be lighter so that the pull of gravity will not be as great. Velocity is the initial push the plane gets when it is released. The greater push it is given the longer it will stay in flight. Velocity is directly affected by drag, which is the friction in the air that it is flying through. The lift is what keeps the plane flying and is created when flow is present. Flow is a current of air that is either flowing with or against the airplane, and this direction affects how far the airplane will fly (www.exampleessays.com, 2012). This paper is relevant to my experiment because in order to create a proper testing area, it is important to know what effects the environment will have on the plane. In addition to that it puts the question as to would it really matter what kind of paper was used for the plane? Would that slight difference in weight of varying types of paper really make a difference in a controlled environment on how far the paper airplane would fly? My hope is to find an answer to that question with my experiment. b. Physics of Paper Airplanes (www.123helpme.com essay) This paper also covers what affects the paper airplanes flight length. In this paper, lift is the main topic discussed and goes in depth to provide information on how lift works. It also covers air...
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...The National University of Singapore Department of Mechanical Engineering ME2135 & ME2135E Fluid Mechanics II Semester 4 Session 2014/2015 Experiment II Flow over an Airfoil Venue: Fluid Mechanics Lab 2 WS2-01-47 (Ground Floor, Engineering Workshop 2) Tel: 6516-2231 2 January 2015 1 Table of Contents List of Figures 3 Nomenclature 3 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Lift Generation 5 1.3 Objectives and Scope 5 2. Experimental Set-up 6 2.1 Wind Tunnel 6 2.2 Airfoil 6 2.3 Pressure Measurement 6 2.4 Velocity Measurement 6 6 3. Analysis 3.1 Free Stream Velocity 6 3.2 Pressure Coefficient 7 3.3 Force Coefficients 7 3.4 Trapezoidal Method 8 3.5 Thin Airfoil Theory 9 4. Procedure 9 4.1 Experiment 9 4.2 Tables 10 5. Results and Discussion 10 5.1 Results 10 5.2 Discussion 11 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 11 6.1 Conclusions 11 6.2 Recommendations 11 References 12 Figures 12 Tables 16 Appendix A 19 2 List of Figures Figure 1 a) Airfoil Terminology; b) Pressure Gradient across a Curved Streamline; c) Streamlines over an Airfoil 12 Figure 2 Airfoil in the Wing Tunnel 13 Figure 3 Schematic Diagram (Side View) of Pressure Measurement 13 Figure 4 Forces and Pressure on an Airfoil 14 Figure 5 Pressure Distribution around an Airfoil; at a=10°...
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...Ansys Workbench Basics Guide Suhail Mahmud and Mohamad Wissam Ansys Workbench Basics Guide Suhail Mahmud Mostafa Mohamad Wissam Farhoud December - 2013 1 Ansys Workbench Basics Guide Suhail Mahmud and Mohamad Wissam Abstract With the emerging importance of CFD and finite element analyses, it is of great necessity that engineering students get a good base of knowledge on one of the most used software packages in the industry of simulation, ANSYS. This brief tutorial states a few simple examples of the main applications of the software package ANSYS and highlights some of the possible problems students may face during their journey in discovering this application. The flow of information is structured that the reader gets an understanding of how important ANSYS is, and how it works and what type of machines are needed for the student level research expected. Then the tutorial goes on with simple straight forward examples of structural and fluid physics simulated using the ANSYS package. Eventually, the tutorial addresses the most important problems generally faced by the students such as unsuccessful meshing, or divergent solutions. Disclaimer It is extremely important to note two points while following this tutorial: The knowledge contained in this paper is by no means, accepted as mainstream, or an industry best practice. It is merely the product of the experience of senior engineering students who explored the program and desired to share their experience...
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...Staircase Falling hazard Don’t lean over railing and be careful as you are walking up and down the staircase Material Scissors Rotocopter template Pen or pencil (preferably pencil) Stopwatch Ruler Notebook( to write times) Paperclip Staircase Method Part A 1. The Rotocopter template was given out 2. The template was cut out and folded on the dotted lines. 3. The hard lines, located above C and D were then cut 4. The sections C and D were then folded backwards and the bottom of section C and D was then secured with a paperclip. 5. The hard line between A and B was then cut. 6. The sections A and B were then folded, A the opposite way to B. 7. The blades were cut in the shapes of a triangle. 8. This was repeated 2 more time but cut into the shapes of a circle and one was left as a rectangle. ...
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...How Planes Stay Up In the Air I remember a picnic with Becky, my girlfriend, at Maidu Park five years ago. We lied on the lush green turf and held hands as we watched the clouds drift by. We were captivated and intrigued by the definitions in the clouds as we matched them to shapes of animals and other objects. She pointed towards a blanket of clouds on the right and said, “There! That one looks like a dragon.” Right at that moment, a plane flew right above us as it cut through clouds. She quickly sat up and followed the plane with her head. Her eyes widened and her eyebrows shot up as she burst out, “Wow! How do you think it stays up in the sky like that?” As any mischievous thirteen year old would, I simply the magic dust and invisible angels carried the plane on their backs. She laughed and called me stupid for not knowing the answer. However, now as a college student embarking towards my future, I made my personal goal to be a pilot and learn about planes. I got accepted to Embry Riddle, an aeronautical school in Arizona, straight out of high school. Although the fear of planes falling out of sky held me back; so I decided study at Sierra College until I’m ready. Sean palmer, a sophomore at Sierra College, flys planes for a hobby. He pointed out that, “Flying a plane is not like driving a car, it’s far more complicated, but at the same time fun… I fly almost every week, but it’s little expensive to rent planes. So, I’m saving up for my own Cessna 120 for almost two years...
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...Pressure Distribution and Lift on a Piercy Aerofoil. Chathura Lakmal Hewage 090418138 Contents Introduction 3 Background Theory 3 Aerofoil Design 3 Velocity And Pressure Distribution 4 Angle of Attack and lift 5 The Flow of Fluids 6 Lift 6 Resulting Lifting Force 7 Pressure Distribution 7 Center of Pressure 8 Calculations & Results 8 Discussion 13 Conclusion 13 References 13 Introduction Aerodynamics is a branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of a fluid continuum the action of applied forces. The motion and general behaviour of a fluid is governed by the fundamental laws of classical mechanics and thermodynamics and plays an important role in such diverse fields as biology, meteorology, chemical engineering, and aerospace engineering. An introductory text on fluid mechanics, such as , surveys the basic concepts of fluid dynamics and the various mathematical models used to describe fluid flow under different restrictive assumptions. The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the way in which the static pressure varies on the surface of an aerofoil in low speed flow, and to deduce the lift force acting on the aerofoil. An aerofoil with a symmetrical section is used for the experiment, which is conducted in a wind tunnel at a wind speed low enough for the flow to be treated as incompressible. From the measured distribution of surface pressure around the aerofoil at a small angle of incidence, the lift will be calculated by numerical...
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...paper will attempt to discuss the basic aerodynamic principles of flight. It will be based on Module 3, Learning Objective 1: ‘For a typical aircraft, describe the functions of the structure and the flight controls. Apply aerodynamic principles to explain how flight controls control pitch, roll, and yaw’. It will also outline the basic control surfaces of an aircraft and the primary and secondary effects of each of them. In addition, it will also explore Bernoulli’s Principle and the forces acting on an aircraft in flight. Table of Contents Introduction5 Main Components of An Airplane 6 * Fuselage * Wings * Empennage The Wing and the Aerofoil7 Aerodynamics of Flight (Bernoulli’s Principle) 8 The Forces in Flight 9 * Lift * Thrust * Drag * Weight The 3 Axes of Rotations 10 * Longitudinal Axis * Lateral Axis * Vertical Axis Main Control Surfaces11 * Ailerons * Elevators * Rudders Secondary Effects of Control Surfaces12 Conclusion14 List of Figures Figure 1: The Magic of Flight 3 Figure 2: Main Components of an Airplane 4 Figure 3: The Wing And Aerofoil 5 Figure 4: Aerofoil Nomenclature 6 Figure 5: Bernoulli’s Principle 7 Figure 6: Forces on An Airplane in Flight 8 Figure 7: The 3 Axes of Rotation 9 Figure 8: 6 Degrees of Freedom 10 Figure 9: Control Surface: Ailerons 11 Figure 10: Control Surface: Elevators 11 Figure 11: Control Surface: Rudders 11 Introduction Figure 1: The Magic of...
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... ME 363 Engineering Tools, Analysis, and Communication Abstract When looking for the next best thing in aviation, sometimes it is important to look back at old ideas that have not been used yet. A forward-swept wing provides better lift to drag ratios, compared to a swept-back wing of the same area, higher lift to drag ratio; higher capacity in dogfight maneuvers; higher range at subsonic speed; improved stall resistance and anti-spin characteristics; improved stability at high angles of attack; a lower minimum flight speed; and a shorter take-off and landing distance. Comparing the only U.S. forward-swept wing jet (X-29A) to contemporary fighters, the X-29A outperforms them in angle of attack and lift to drag ratios. Forward Swept Wing Fighter Needed For US Introduction A forward swept wing design has been tested and dismissed by the United States, though it just might be the right configuration for the next United States fighter aircraft. NASA tested the X-29, a forward-swept wing jet, back in the early 90’s and submitted their data, but a fighter aircraft was never produced. Over the years since then certain areas of engineering have advanced and are now up to the task of supporting an aircraft featuring a forward-swept wing. This forward-swept wing configuration gives several advantages to a fighter aircraft which could be the deciding factor of a dogfight. “In 1936, a German aerodynamicist first postulated developing an airplane...
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