...how this could produce a signal. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charges. In the radio transmitter, electrons oscillate up and down and are thus accelerating. An electron will exert a force on another electron when they are some distance away, like charges repel. When the electron in the transmitter oscillates up and down, the direction of the force it exerts changes since the source of the force (the oscillating electron) is moving. It takes some time for the change in this direction of the force to be felt since this change is communicated or propagated out at the speed of light. In addition, the horizontal component of this force is canceled by the positive charges in the transmitting antenna. So, the resulting force is an oscillating force that pushes vertically on electrons. This force propagates out as a wave as the signal travels at the speed of light. b) How does your antenna work to detect this electromagnetic signal produced when radio stations broadcast? Include the physics principles that support your description of how this signal is detected. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exerts a steadily oscillating force on charges (electrons)... first the force will be exerted strongly in one direction then this will reverse and the electron will feel a strong force in the opposite direction, and the cycle will continue. In the radio antenna,...
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...person non-invasively. BACKGROUND Over the past decades a new method for measurement has been rapidly envancing. This method is a photonic technique that envolves electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation has several forms including visible and infrared light radiation. Visible light radiation ranges from 370nm to 760nm, while infrared ranges from 760nm to approximately 1OE-4nm. Mark A. Arnold at the university of Iowa in Iowa City and Gary W.Small at Ohio University in Athens have been focusing on near-infrared (800nm to 1000nm) absorption spectroscopy as a solution to non-invasive glucose monitoring. Problems that have occurred revolve around the broad absorption signals of near-infrared radiation making it more difficult to identi@ a specific analyte. Arnold estimates that a working device is still five years away. A Biophotonic success is the Pulse Oximeter. It is a ten year old deviqe used to monitor patient’s conditions under anesthesia. It uses two LEDs that emit light at a wavelength of 660nm and 940nm respectively. Oxygenated blood absorbs strongly at 660nm. As cumulative blood oxygenation changes, the ratio of the light transmitted by the two frequencies changes. The unit detects the peaks and valleys, allowing it to separate the arterial blood 0-7803-5078-2/98/$10.00 0 1998 IEEE signal from the background signal of blood...
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...Unit 4 Exercise 1 – Definitions 1) Horizontal cable is a type of inside cable designed for horizontal use in non-plenum areas and must be fire retardant. 2) Backbone cable is the inter-building and intra-building cable connections in structured cabling between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets. 3) Patch cord is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. 4) Connectors are a device for connecting together two wires, cables, or hoses, allowing electricity or fluid to flow. 5) Conduit is a protective tube, pipe, or trough for wires, fibers, and cables. 6) Racks are a frame or cabinet into which hardware components are mounted. 7) Punch-down blocks are a type of terminal strip used to connect telephone or data lines to each other. 8) Consolidation points is a piece of connecting hardware allowing interconnection between the permanently installed horizontal cables extending from the floor distributor and the movable horizontal cables extending to the telecommunications outlets. 9) Crimpers are defined as devices to make connections between two items using compressive force to constrict or deform a specially designed connector element. 10) Fish tape is a tool used by electricians to route new wiring through walls and electrical conduit. 11) Cable toner a device that ensures electricity is going where it needs, and isn't being lost in an unintended place. 12) Continuity...
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...morning. But it was not true at all to Mr Harun. He had woken up late and to make things worse, he had a flight to catch which was schedule at 10.00am and it was already 9.15!. He could not care about his breakfast, dressed up quickly , hopped into his stylish sports car and he was off, ______________________________________________________________________________________ “Oh, no, not again!” Mr Harris exclaimed. It was the morning ______________________ and the cars on the road were _______________________________________________Mr Harris looked at his watch, it was 9.40, ____________________________________________ he decided to beat the red light and cut in and out of long crawling batch of cars , which was the worst choice of his life. “ All right, here it goes “ muttered Mr Harris. The first risk of his life had begun. The lights were turning yellow, but Mr Harris _____________________________________________________________. Suddenly, _________________________________________________________, a white coloured Mercedez Benz cut in from the corner. Mrv Harris stepped on the brakes and pressed his horn. The Mercedes was speeding past Mr Harris sports car, ____________________________________________ After the ______________________Mr Harris was distracted. As he continued with the journey, he kept thinking about what had happened and was really worried that he would be involved in a car accident. “ No, no! That would not happen to me “ he assured himself. Soon...
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...in its lifecycle. Studying Distant Objects Astronomers study light which comes from distant objects to determine its composition, temperature, speed, and rotation of distant objects. This process is called spectroscopy. Spectroscopy was first used to study celestial objects in 1863 by William Higgins. By using this process he discovered the Sun and most stars are primarily composed of hydrogen gases. By using the spectroscopy technique it was discovered that different objects give off and absorb different spectrums of light. Where the object falls in the spectrum of light can be determined by examining its peak intensity at each wave length of light. The light helps us to determine an objects composition, temperature, and rotation. There are three types of spectra used to evaluate light. Objects which absorb light at different wavelengths are referred to as absorption spectrum. The intensity of light drops in objects which absorb light and therefore appear as dark lines on a rainbow of colors. Objects such are stars, planets with atmospheres, and galaxies absorb light and are plotted in the absorption spectra. (Col, 2010) Emission spectrum gives off light at different wavelengths. The atoms and molecules in the hot gases create extra light and produce bright lines on a black background. Comets, nebula and certain types of stars fall in these spectra. (Col, 2010) Objects whose light gives off a rainbow of colors...
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...mirror of known focal length * Light source/candle * Screen * Meter stick/metric ruler * Two polarized films * Prism * Laser pointer * Protractor * Graph paper * Electromagnetic spectrum chart Materials for Exploring Further: * Plane mirror * Ripple tank, with sheet of plastic or glass that fits on part of the bottom of the tank, and objects that can be used as boundaries to obstruct the pathway of waves * Wave-motion rope * Tuning-fork kit * Stroboscope * Resonance-tube kit In this lab, you will investigate the relationship between the focal lengths of a mirror and lens and the type of image that is generated. Procedure Part 1: Image from a Lens 1. Place the light source, convex lens, and screen on the optics bench as shown in figure 1. Start with the light source at a distance greater than 2ƒ from the lens. Figure 1 2. Measure the height of the light source, or "object" (ho), and record it in data table 1. Also measure and record the distance between the lens and the light source (do) in the data table. Using the lens equation and the given focal length, calculate the distance from the lens to the image (di) and the height of the image (hi): and . Record your calculations in the "Calculated" section of data table 1. 3. Keeping the light source and lens in the same position, turn on the light source and adjust the screen until a clear...
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...My ideal place is somewhere away from the rush of suburbia. I enjoy being alone and spending time with my family. Out in the country of South Dakota I can be as loud as I want and as messy as I want without having to deal with people complaining about my yard and my company. Sun peaks out from behind the mountains as if it were reluctant to face the world today. The rooster crows to inform everyone that we have lived to see another beautiful day. From the wrap around porch of my house you could see the beams of light shining around the peaks of the mountains. Soon the entire ranch will be filled with light and warm rays from the sun. Woven basket in hand I head towards the chicken coup to retrieve the last of the fresh eggs for this week’s...
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...________I_______________________________ Section __003_ Objectives (A) To observe light transmitted through a very narrow slits and verify the relationship between the slit width and angles of the transmitted light. (B) To use the properties of light to measure the diameter of a small wire accurately by Babinet's Principle. (C) ) To observe light transmitted through two very narrow slits and to verify the relationship between the slit spacing and the angular separation of the transmitted light for the principle peaks. Part A: Single-Slit Diffraction Discussion This week’s and next week’s exercises show that light acts like a wave. Essentially a wave phenomenon known as interference will creating symmetric and rather beautiful patterns. All of matter has a dual nature, acting like both particles and waves. For example, a particle of light (known as a photon) acts like a particle when in collides with an electron. However, that same particle will act like a wave if it is allowed to interfere with other photons, or even with itself. This dual nature is described by Quantum Mechanics. However, the idea of combined particle and wave nature arose well before the development of Quantum Mechanics in the study of light. Newton argued that light must be particles because it did not appear to diffract and create interference patterns like other waves. Much later, Thomas Young demonstrated that light did diffract. This was one of the first indicators that the strict separation...
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...molecular motion stops) radiates energy across a range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. The hotter something is, the shorter its peak wavelength of radiated energy is. The hottest objects in the universe radiate mostly gamma rays and x-rays. Cooler objects emit mostly longer-wavelength radiation, including visible light, thermal infrared, radio, and microwaves. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5,800 Kelvin (about 5,500 degrees Celsius, or about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit). At that temperature, most of the energy the Sun radiates is visible and near-infrared light. At Earth’s average distance from the Sun (about 150 million kilometers), the average intensity of solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere directly facing the Sun is about 1,360 watts per square meter, according to measurements made by the most recent NASA satellite missions. This amount of power is known as the total solar irradiance. (Before scientists discovered that it varies by a small amount during the sunspot cycle, total solar irradiance was sometimes called “the solar constant.”) Solar irradiance falling on a given area, or "incident solar radiation" is commonly known as "insolation". A watt is measurement of power, or the amount of energy that something generates or uses over time. How much power is 1,360 watts? An incandescent light bulb uses anywhere from 40 to 100 watts. A microwave uses...
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...into two types of reactions, the light reaction and the Calvin Cycle reaction. During the light reaction, pigments located inside plants absorb solar energy and convert that energy into chemical energy. The light reactions represent the portion of the photosynthesis equation where water converts...
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...1.Wave -In physics a wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through spacetime, accompanied by a transfer of energy. 2.Sources of wave Sound waves, visible light waves, radio waves, microwaves, water waves, sine waves, cosine waves, stadium waves, earthquake waves, waves on a string, and slinky waves and are just a few of the examples of our daily encounters with waves. In addition to waves, there are a variety of phenomena in our physical world that resemble waves so closely that we can describe such phenomenon as being wavelike. 3.Amplitude -The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change over a single period (such as time or spatial period) 4.Period of wave -The period of a wave is the time taken for one complete cycle of the wave to pass a reference point. Equivalently, it is the time between successive maxima or minima of the wave. 5.Frequency -Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. 6.Wave length -Wavelength is a measure of the distance between repetitions of a shape feature such as peaks, valleys, or zero-crossings, not a measure of how far any given particle moves. 7.Crests -A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum value or upward displacement within a cycle. 8.Trough -A trough is the opposite of a crest, so the minimum or lowest point in a cycle. 9.Classifications of Wave a.Mechanical Wave A mechanical wave, also called material wave, is a wave that needs a medium to travel. b.Electromagnetic...
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...S W I S S G E R M A N U N I V E R S I T Y INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT | Subject | : Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Laboratory | Lecturer | : Hery Sutanto S.Si | Instructor | : Tabligh Permana S.Si., Dian Sukmayanda S.Si | Faculty/Class | : Life Science/LS 2 A | Date of Experiment | : 11 April 2012 | Date of Lab. Report | : 18 April 2012 | Semester | : 2 | Time of Experiment | : 14.00-17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment: | Principle of Spectroscopy | NAME : Melisa Grace (14211043) Nur Ratih K. (14111005) Group : G | | Campus BSD CityBumi Serpong DamaiTangerang 15321 – Indonesia | Tel. +62 21 537 6221 Fax. +62 21 537 6201 sgu.info@sgu.ac.id www.sgu.ac.id | EXPERIMENT 5: Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves 1. Objective: To demonstrate the extraction of Caffeine as natural substance by using organic solvent and distillation technique. 2. The Materials, Equipments and Procedures: A) Materials * K2CrO4(Potassium Chromate) * H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) * Aquades B) Equipments * Beaker * Volumetric flask (50 ml and 25 ml) * Glass rod * Spatula * Watch glass * Graduated pipette * Pipette * Scale * UV-Vis spectrophotometer * Cuvette C) Methods 1. Equipment and materials necessary for the experiment were prepared on the working table. 2. Calculation...
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...The main goals for Project 13 include: testing light absorbance of different phosphate concentrations, learning the relationship between color and wavelength of absorbance, and learning how to use the Spec20 accurately. We created and tested different concentrations of phosphate and found that the higher the concentration, the more light is absorbed by the solution. Next, we studied color and wavelength and found that solutions of different colors transmit and absorb at different wavelengths. Lastly, by conducting all of these experiments, our group has become efficient and consistent while using the Spec20. We used the guide on how to use the Spec20 found on Canvas. By mastering these goals, we are ready to further study the phosphate concentration...
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...Alicia Gao Block C April 5, 2014 Topic: People tend to find happiness in the least likely circumstances. I used to consider wine as bitter and insufferable, but it turned out to be sweet and sooth. I used to deem that standing on the peak of a mountain would be freezing and bloodcurdling, instead the scenery of the sunrise astonished me. And when I found myself in the middle of an unknown blue world, the supposed fear and confusion were unexpectedly replaced by an ineffable feeling of relief and joy. In fact, I found my happiness in a circumstance that I least anticipated to be delightful. It was a day in the middle of July, when the sun burned so brightly that I could feel the fervent wave came from the ground, which had been exposed for too long. The dazzling light and heat made most people prefer staying at home, under the protection provided by air-conditioners. My parents, on the other hand, were one of minority who chose to go swimming near the seashore with some friends. By that time I have not master the skill of swimming without a swim ring, but I went with my parents anyways, with the excitement of being near the pleasantly cool water on such a scorching summer day. Everything went as planned at first, with me flapping water at the shallow water near the crowd. But soon the boredom overwhelmed and I got attracted by...
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...stability, and yet I fear we approach darkness and war. I fear few of us will be able to remember such times of peace and happiness. Man is capable of overcoming any challenge. He moves with slowness and has infinite mistakes, but he is also capable of great heights. Man has made critical errors which have turned the world over, but he continues to adjust. We work toward darkness just as we can work toward light. I believe in history. I believe it is a mistake to take ourselves too seriously. Man thinks he is developed, but he is not. I think we are savage, reveling in greed and power only to further ourselves. I believe in time, where man can fail and succeed only to have to start over again, because time is infinite. I think I use time unwisely, that man uses time unwisely, because our success is only preceded by more failure and more success. I believe man rushes into a solution so quick, so recklessly, that he does not see he solution is only another failure. We only travel towards darkness because I know we are not ready. I know that man is not at its most capable, at its peak, at its glory. It is only dark because we are still in a primitive place. I believe our...
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