...Business Studies: Assignment #2 Tooba Haq 2015-918 Q. Explain the potential benefits to a business if employees are involved in the decision making process Ans. Workers are a crucial part in any business. Them being involved in the decision making process is one that could be very beneficial. Allowing the workers to work together and come up with initiatives to help improve the business would be very beneficial as, you are now giving more amount of power to the workers, hence making them have more prestige. This could lead to a productive and open environment for better work. Also, allowing the employees to participate in the decision making process would make them feel pride in their own work and would be more motivated to produce better quality products in lesser time increasing productivity. Having employees be part of the decision-making process makes two-way communication possible which would be different than an Autocratic relationship, it would be more democratic. More, newer ideas would be available, thus benefiting the business. Q. Explain the usefulness to a business of Mintzberg’s classification of the roles of managers. Ans. Henry Mintzberg has identified ten roles that are of a managerial status. These roles can be divided into three groups of Interpersonal, Informational and Decisional roles. These roles are specifically set to help classify different fields of management. In the interpersonal roles, there is the figurehead...
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...assess critically the effectiveness of the leadership style and skills demonstrated by the manager of the scotia bank Morant Bay branch. In order to achieve this aim I’ve set up a group of objectives which are: To determine the leadership style utilized by the manager. To determine the leadership skills possessed by the manager. To analyse the effectiveness of the managers leadership style and skills. Literature review McHugh (2002) in his book, Understanding business, listed three types of leadership styles namely autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. An autocratic leader is defined by McHugh as one who makes decisions without consulting others. A participative/democratic leader is one who consults with his subordinates and discuss with them before making decision. A laissez-faire leader will give free reign to his workers. A laissez-faire is sometimes deemed lazy and inactive in a business but this is not so, they set a standard which employees are expected to adhere, McHugh explains this by saying “Managers setting objectives and employees being relatively free to do whatever it take to accomplish those objectives” In a similar study conducted by Griffin (2002) he discovers a new leadership style which he described as transformational and defined as “Leadership which goes beyond ordinary expectations by transmitting a sense of mission, stimulating learning experiences an inspiring...
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...2: “High involvement products are always high risk and always expensive”. Using examples, discuss the validity of this statement and reflect upon strategies that marketers might employ to reduce level of risk in a purchase decision situation. Involvement is defined as a person’s perceived relevance of the object based on their inherent needs, values and interest (Solomon et al., 2006). It has a major influence on consumers’ decision-making and communication behaviors (Michaelidou and Dibb, 2006). There are two types of involvement that consumers would have when purchasing for a product/ service: enduring involvement (Zaischkowsky, 1985), which refers to the importance of the product to the consumer’s self-concept and situational involvement (Dholakia, 1997), which refers as a term suggests, occurs only in specific situations. Risk has been linked directly with the level of involvement. There are 6 types of risks (Jacoby & Kaplan, 1972) including monetary, social, psychological, functional, physical and time. In this essay, the link between “high involvement products” and “high risk” would be examined. Then the implication for marketers to reduce the level of risk in a purchase decision situation would be mentioned. First of all, the decision making process would be used as the primary key to access this issue. It is the process that consumers go through when purchasing for a product/ service with 5 stages including problem recognition, information search, evaluation...
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...1.0 Performance Management Today we believe that an organization’s competitive success is achieved through people. Then, it follows that the skills and performance of people are critical. Performance management is a continuous process of identifying, measuring and developing performance of individuals and teams and aligning performance with the strategic goals of the organization. The system through which organizations set work goals, determine performance standard, assign and evaluate work, provide performance feedback, determine training and development needs and distribute rewards (Briscoe and Claus, 2008). “Performance management is a systematic approach to tracking individual performance against the targeted objectives of the organisation, and identifying strengths and opportunities for improvement” (Smith & Mazin 2004:42). Performance management refers to the on-going means by which an organization monitors, documents, corrects or rewards individual and collective employee performance in an organization by using various tools. 2.0 Employee Performance According to Tinofirei (2011), employee performance is the successful completion of tasks by a selected individual or team, as set and measured by a supervisor or organization, to pre-defined acceptable standards while utilizing available resources efficiently and effectively within a changing environment. Armstrong and Baron (2005: 122) agree that work performance management for teams is inherently the same as for individuals...
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...Assignment * Introduction * To explain the link between strategic management and leadership in your chosen organization * To analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions in your chosen organization. * To evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations in your chosen organization * To review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational strategy of your chosen organization * Create a leadership strategy that supports organizational direction in your chosen organization * Conclusion Introduction Rustar tourism was established more than 10 years ago in 1996 in Dubai. Its market mostly is Post USSR countries-travel agencies, hotels and tour agencies. Rustar turism providing services such as tours and excursions, booking hotels, providing transportation for tourists. During this ten years company grew up and became one of strongest company in UAE. General manager did a lot of effort to rise this company. In Rustar tourism there is no leaders, there is one authoritarian leader – general manager who manages and controls company. He is deciding everything and without him nobody can make any decision. He maintains strict control over followers by directly regulating policies, procedures and behaviors. He believes , that his employees will not comlete the job and they will fail. He is very aggressive and strict to his subordinates...
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...efficient and effective than in separate departments, although tall structures are still in operation in many industries depending on their competitive environment. Working in teams helps employees make important decisions on their own, instead of relying on an often delayed response from a superior. This increases productivity and flexibility and helps an organization respond faster to opportunities in the environment. Teams also consist of employees from across several departments which allow them to work together more cohesively, increasing interdependence toward common goals. Teams have many more advantages over a tall organizational structure, but this essay will focus more on the types of team structures. The two types of teams here are virtual teams and face to face teams. This essay will compare and contrast the benefits received when interacting with these two mediums in a team environment. It will also highlight any shortfalls between the two forms of team structures. The first part of this essay will focus on virtual teams. Virtual Teams Wikipedia also terms a virtual team as a Geographically Dispersed Team (GDT) and defines it as a group of individuals who work across time, space, and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technology. They have complementary skills and are committed to a common purpose, have interdependent performance goals, and share an approach to work for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Geographically...
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...of information over distances. The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or video. Today, telecommunications are used to organize more or less remote computer systems into telecommunications networks. These networks themselves are run by computers. A telecommunications network is an arrangement of computing and telecommunications resources for communication of information between distant locations. A telecommunications network includes the following components: Figure: principal components of a simple computer network 1. Computer: Computers that process information and are interconnected by the network 2. Network Interface: Each computer on the network contains a network interface device called a network interface card (NIC). 3. A Connection medium: The connection medium for linking network components can be a telephone wire, Coaxial cable or radio signal in the case of cell phone and wireless local area networks. 4. Network operating System software: The network operating system (NOS) routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources. 5. Hub or switch: Hubs are very simple service that connects network components, sending packet of data to all other connected data. Figure: components of a simple computer network Key networking technologies: There are three key digital networking technologies. Such as: Figure: Key digital networking technologies ...
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...WAN Design with Frame Relay David Horton CST-443 Abstract This paper gives a high-level overview of how to design a Wide Area Network (WAN) using Frame Relay technology. Aspects of the WAN design process are explored through the use of a fictitious manufacturing company called Zippy's Chips. The Zippy's WAN design covers the topics of weighing alternative technologies, setting up basic Frame Relay Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) connections, adding redundant links and scaling the network for future growth. Table of Contents Frame Relay in a Nutshell.......................................................................................................................... 2 Terminology.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Basic Concepts...................................................................................................................................... 2 A Sample Design...................................................................................................................................3 Deciding if Frame Relay is Right for the Network.................................................................................... 4 Advantages of Frame Relay...................................................................................................................4 Disadvantages of Frame Relay..............................................................
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...is that experience and observation on one hand and theories on the other hand are inter-linked. By understanding consumer behavior, marketers will be able to investigate and learn consumer’s purchase mannerism and make marketing decisions. 1. INTERNAL INFLUENCES: These are the factors that happen within the consumers. 1.1. LEARNING: Learning is the behavioral change occurring due to the outcome of past experience. Based on Consumers gained experience on purchased and consumed product, they learn about the brands they like and dislike and the qualities they prefer the most. With this experience consumers adjust their behavior for the future. For marketers to understand the learning behavior better, two thoughts are developed – The behaviorist and the cognitive. 1.1.1. Behaviorist Learning Theory: This Theory is concerned with observing changes in an individual’s responses as a result of exposure to stimuli. (Henry Assael, 1992). Two type of learning theories comes under this: • Classical Conditioning: Marketers can apply classical conditioning to their marketing effort to link a product with a positive stimulus. For Example, celebrities with social success can be used as brand ambassador to a product to create a positive link. The interest created by the celebrity may carry over to the product...
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...Introduction This study examines the linkages between Human Resource Management, Organisational Strategy and Organisational culture. With every single link exists between them we studied the relations and how that effects management and ultimately helps the Human resource managers through several of theorists and management theories to achieve their goal and benefit the organisation in order to bring profitability. Human Resource Management (HRM) In simple and short form Human resource management is the process of hiring and developing employees so that they can become more valuable to the organisation. HRM is also strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective HRM enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organisation’s goals and objectives. HRM is moving away from traditional personnel, administration, and transactional roles. Now HRM is expected to add value to the strategic utilization of employees and that employee programs impact the business in measurable ways. The new role of HRM involves strategic direction and culture. Developments in the field of HRM are well documented (see Sisson and Storey, 2000). The history of HRM goes back as far as the 1950s. This was succeeded by the ‘Behavioural science movement’ in the 1960s headed by Maslow, Argyris and Herzberg. These theorists argued for a better quality of working life...
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...digits), with the telco tearing down the circuit when the user is finished. Dedicated circuit- An electric circuit created by a telco on behalf of a customer, with the circuit staying up all the time, dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line. Circuit switching-The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing bits. Packet switching-Process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-messages decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line-A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Time-division multiplexing-A type of logic used by some networking devices, including circuit switches in the telco, in which the switch divides a faster line into time channels. T-carrier system- The name of the combination of different physical line standards (DS0, DS1, DS3, and others), plus circuit switches that use time-division multiplexing (TDM) features, that together allowed the phone company to create digital circuits from end to end and create leased-line services for customers. DS0- Digital Signal Level 0. One of the...
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...providing linkages between different parts of the organization, as well as the distribution between the rights and responsibilities. It manifests itself through the division of labor, the creation of specialized units and the hierarchy of positions is a necessary element of an effective organization because gives it the internal stability and allows for some order to the use of resources. Depending on the nature of relationships between different parts of the organization are following types of organizational structures: a linear function, linear function (or staff) who belong to the category of so-called "hard", defined fixity of borders, a set of incoming items, fixed links, the matrix, design, and fragmented adhokraticheskuyu categorized as flexible or adaptive structures that have the ability to easily change and adapt to new tasks and objectives. Lenaynaya management structure - system, which has a higher and some lower courts. With this control system, the principle of unity of command, subordinate only to fulfill orders of one leader, edinonachalnika, which are concentrated in the hands of all management functions. This management structure is logically more coherent, but less flexible. Advantages: the unity and clarity of management, coordination of actions of performers, ease of management, efficiency in decision making, personal responsibility of the head. Disadvantages: high demands on the head, the lack of links to planning and decision making; fixes the relationship...
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...opportunities available in the business environment. The performance of a firm is a function of how effective it is in converting a plan into action and executing it. Thus implementation is the key to performance, given an appropriate strategy. In literature, implementation has been defined as “the process by which strategies and policies are put into action through the development of programs, budgets and procedures” (Wheelan and Hunger pp15). This involves the design or adjustment of the organisation through which the administration of the enterprise occurs. This includes changes to existing roles of people, their reporting relationships, their evaluation and control mechanisms and the actual flow of data and information through the communication channels which support the enterprise (Chandler 1962; Hrebiniak and Joyce 2005). Evolution The field of Strategic management has grown in the last thirty five years developing into a discipline in its own right. Borrowing extensively from Economics and Social sciences, it is still fragmented by the presence of number of distinct schools of thought, diversity in underlying theoretical dimensions and lack of disciplined methodology. The fragmentation is due to...
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...HIGH PERFORMANCE TEAMS CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH PERFROMANCE TEAMS High-performance teams have the following special characteristics that allow them to excel at teamwork and achieve special performance advantages: * The right mix of skills, including technical skills, problem-solving and decision-making skills, and interpersonal skills. * Strong core values that help guide their attitudes and behaviors in directions consistent with the team’s purpose. * Ability to turn a general sense of purpose into specific performance objectives. * Standards for measuring results and obtaining performance feedback * Willingness to help group members understand the need for collective vs. individual efforts. THE TEAM BUILDING PROCESS When newly founded, work groups and teams must master challenges as members come together and begin the process of growing and working together as they pass through the various stages of group development. Team building is a sequence of planned activities designed to gather and analyze data on the functioning of a group and to initiate changes designed to improve teamwork and increase group effectiveness. Team building is participatory and data based. The goal of team building is to get good answers to such questions as: 1. “How well are we doing in terms of task accomplishment.” 2. “How satisfied are we as individual members with the group and the way it operates?” TEAM-BUILDING ALTERNATIVES Formal...
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...BrØnn and Vrioni (2015) state that it is commonly accepted that cause-related marketing is a communications tool for increasing customer loyalty and building reputation. Along with abiding by policies, if CSR improves the social value of a brand which may further push customers towards purchase, to study the effect of social value on the customer buying decision becomes very vital to its operations. By understanding consumer reactions to CSR, firms can develop CSR strategies that are optimal from not only a normative perspective, but also a business one (Sen and Bhattacharya,...
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