...1.33 Cohesion: linking words and phrases You can use words or short phrases which help to guide your reader through your writing, and to link sentences, paragraphs and sections both forwards and backwards. Good use will make what you have written easy to follow; bad use might mean your style is disjointed, probably with too many short sentences, and consequently difficult to follow. Your mark could be affected either way. The best way to "get a feel" for these words is through your reading. Most textbooks and articles are well-written and will probably include a lot of these cohesive devices. Note how they are used and try to emulate what you have read. Do make sure though that you fully understand their meaning: incorrect use could change completely what you're trying to say. Try to use a variety of expressions, particularly in longer pieces of writing. Don't forget "AND"! Two short sentences are often best connected together with this little word. There follows a list of words and phrases that can be used. The list is not exhaustive, and BE CAREFUL: although grouped together, none is totally synonymous. Their position in the sentence can also vary; this is where your reading and dictionary come in. |Listing |Giving examples |Generalising | |first, second, third |for example |in general ...
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...best friend studies marine biology Sharks attack their prey. Michael works on a submarine. 2. The linking verb is joins the subject (show) with a word that identifies or describes it (documentary). Common linking verbs include am, are, was, were, feel, appear, look, become and seem 3. Many verbs consist of more than one word. The verb often has a “helping” verb. Is writing, are studying etc., 4. Words like not, just, never, always, and only are NOT part of the verb. A verb has a “to” in front of it, it is not a verb. No -ing word by itself is the verb of the sentence 5. Prepositions Used for Time and Place. Use on, in, and at to refer to time and place. 6. The subject of a sentence never appears within a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is simply a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with an object. An interesting exhibit of a killer whale is very popular at the new aquarium. Prepositional phrases: of a killer whale at the new aquarium 7. Many verbs consists of more than one word. (The extra verbs are called auxiliary, or helping, verbs) Does work, is working, are working, were working, have worked, had worked, had been working, should work, will be working, could be working, must have worked. 8. The subject must actually be in the same sentence. 9. A noun is a word used to name something – a person, place, thing, or idea 10. Count nouns name people, places, things, or ideas that...
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...TEXT ANALYSIS ESSAY WRITING THE QUESTION / TASK The most important thing is that you answer the question or task requirements. This requires remaining on point and ensuring that everything you include in your essay contributes to your reader’s/marker’s understanding of your main point/thesis. In every text analysis essay you are essentially being asked to comment on the literary techniques that are used to portray a theme/idea in a certain way. This means analysing the stylistic language choices that the author made to establish a particular tone and present the theme(s)/idea(s) to impact the audience in a particular way. Thus, the inter-relationship between author, text, and reader is what you need to look at. You need to read your question carefully in order to determine how to pull apart and include everything required of you. Highlight the important parts. ‘How’ in a text analysis essay means that you need to refer to technique. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION The difference between producing an essay that passes and one that doesn’t comes down to your analytical skills. If you find yourself taking about the characters as though they are people and recounting the plot. Stop. Wrong Way. Go Back. Do not collect $200. Think about what language choices the author made in order to portray or construct the text in a particular way. The language choices of a text establish its tone which can be serious, humorous, satirical, ironic...
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...writing In academic writing, it is important to present an argument clearly and cohesively. In addition, you may be required to discuss and evaluate existing research or ideas about the topic under discussion. Often you will be assessed on your ability to do both. Developing the language to connect ideas in academic writing will help you with both these tasks. The appropriate use of ‘discourse markers,’ that is, words or phrases that signal a relationship, can reveal and reinforce the direction that your argument is taking, and make clear the relations between sections of your writing. more information such as “Notwithstanding a lack of natural resources, the region has …” Addition – to add an idea additionally, and, also, apart from this, as well (as), in addition, moreover, further, furthermore, too Condition – to provide a condition if, in that case, provided that, unless Experienced writers use these special connecting words or phrases to bridge gaps between ideas that may at first seem unrelated. This flyer provides some suggestions for sentence openers, ‘linking words’ within sentences and between paragraphs, and alternative vocabulary choices you might use when connecting ideas in writing. For more information on other writing skills, see the Academic Skills booklet Tertiary Essay Writing. For comparison – to show how things are similar correspondingly, equally, for the same reason, in a similar manner, in comparison, in the same way, on the one hand, similarly, too ...
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...Transition Words Linking & Connecting Words — Part 1/2 * * Home * * Linking Words * Transition Words * Conjunctions * * Words for * ... Feelings * ... Speech * ... Action * * Pre-Writing * * List of Synonyms * * Quotes & Sayings * * English Language Humor * Smart & Funny & Clever * * Disclaimer Transition Words and Phrases This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered as quasi complete. It can be used (by students and teachers alike) to find the right expression. English transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument. The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some words belong to more than one category. There is some overlapping with preposition and postposition, but for the purpose of clarity and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate. Agreement / Addition / Similarity The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material. in the first place not only ... but also as a matter...
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...class, and then be able to write a story a summery. The student will have to read aloud and write a summary about the another students story. | | Low IntermediateSpeak with clearness and use correct inflection when understanding and speaking when reading to the class, and then be able to write a story a summery. The student will have to read aloud and write a summary about the another students story | | High IntermediateSpeak with clearness and use correct inflection when understanding and speaking when reading to the class, and then be able to write a story a summery. The student will have to read aloud and write a summary about the another students story. Tell authentic and imagined stories using a gathering of recognizable words into a story. | | Correlating language arts standard: Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups. a. Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion). b. Build on others’ talk in...
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...RULES IN FORMING PLURAL NOUNS ❖ A plural noun names more than one person, place, or thing. Here are some rules to make singular nouns into plural nouns: 1. To make most nouns plural, add an s to the end of the word. The plural of flower is flowers. 2. Nouns ending in s, z, ch, sh, or x, add es to the end of the word to make it plural. The plural of dish is dishes. 3. Some nouns ending with o are pluralized by adding and es to the end of the word. The plural of tomato is tomatoes. 4. Most nouns ending with o are pluralized by adding s to the end of the word. The plural of photo is photos. 5. When a noun ends in a y, change the y at the end of the word to an ies. The plural of berry is berries. 6. Some nouns ending with y, preceded by a vowel, are pluralized by just adding s to the end of the word. The plural of day is days. 7. Nouns ending with f or fe, change to f or the fe to ves to form the plural. The plural of life is lives. 8. Nouns ending with ff are usually pluralized by just adding an s to the end of the word. The plural of cuff is cuffs. 9. Some nouns change the vowel sound to become plural. The plural of man is men, the plural of tooth is teeth. 10. Some Old English plurals are still in use. The plural of child is children, the plural of ox is oxen. 11. Some nouns that end with is, the ending is changed to es to form the plural. The plural of crisis is crises. 12. Some nouns that end with um, the um is replaced with an...
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...with examples are described [The passive voice is a form of "be" (are) and a participle (described). Over-use of the passive voice can make paragraphs officious and tedious to read. Prefer the active voice. For example, passive voice = The paper was completed on time. Active voice = the student completed the paper on time. See Center for Writing Excellence > Tutorials & Guides > Grammar & Writing Guides > Active & passive voice] and investigated within. The Evolution of Amazon There is fierce competition between different online retailers available. One of the largest being [Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)--If not a noun (as in "human being"), the word "Being" is hard to imagine; it means "existing." Try to rewrite this without using "being"--with action words like "attending," "working," "living," "experiencing," simply "as"--or even removing "being" completely] Amazon, Google should be included [Passive voice ] into the mix of competition. Everyone one around...
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...Useful Debating Phrases (in not quite as small print) (1) 1st Proposition opening, definition, teamline, own arguments (3) 2nd Proposition rebuttal of 1st Opp., rebuild own case, own arguments (5) 3rd Proposition general rebuttal, rebuild own case (8) Proposition Reply (1st or 2nd speaker) biased summary (2) 1st Opposition accepting definition / redefinition, teamline, rebuttal of 1st Proposition, own arguments (4) 2nd Opposition rebuttal of 2nd Prop., rebuild own case, own arguments (6) 3rd Opposition general rebuttal, rebuild own case (7) Opposition Reply (1st or 2nd speaker) biased summary opening the debate: ● [some nice opening, e.g. quote] on the fact that ... ● Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to ● And our third speaker, ..., will do the this debate. rebuttal. ● Welcome from this side of the rebutting arguments, rebuilding your case: house... ● But before I come to my own ● The motion for debate today is: ... arguments, let us first have a look at defining the motion: what ... has said. ● Now we as today's ● I will continue our case in a minute, proposition/opposition strongly but before that there are some things believe that this is true/not true, but about the ... speech that need to be before we come to our actual addressed. argumentation, let us first define ● The first prop/opposition speaker has some important terms in this debate. told us ...; on the contrary ... ● We believe that what is meant by ... is ● He/She also said that ...; but in fact...
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...A semantic role is a relationship that a participant has with the main verb in the clause. While syntactic analysis focuses on sentences and all the function words in a sentence, the semantic analysis focuses primarily on meaning, i.e. on the proposition expressed in a sentence. A proposition is meaningful and it can be expressed either in different sentences or in parts of sentences. In order to do semantic analysis, we have to distinguish inflection from a proposition. (Kreidler,46) For example: 1a Linda bought a shirt to her mother. 2a Linda buys a shirt to her mother. These two sentences have the same proposition, i.e. Linda, buy, shirt, and mother. In the first sentence, we see that past tense is added to the proposition; while in the...
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...Definition of CONFUSED WORDS FOLLOWING, IN THE RULES SECTION, ARE SOME COMMONLY CONFUSED OR MISUSED WORDS AND SOME SIMPLE RULES TO HELP YOU USE EACH WORD CORRECTLY. CONFUSED WORDS starting with A a, an Examples: Use a before a word that begins with a consonant (a party) or a consonant sound (a one o’clock meeting—“w” sound) a long u sound (a union) or a pronounced h (a history class) Use an before a word that begins with a silent h (an hour) or a vowel or vowel sound other than a long u (an usher) Use of a or an before an abbreviation depends upon how the abbreviation is pronounced (a M .A.D.D. m em ber —pronounced as one word, with an initial consonant sound, m ) or (an M .D.—read as two separate letters, with an initial vowel sound [em-dee]) adapt, adopt, adept Examples: Read the sentence and mentally substitute modify, take over/take on, or skillful. If you can substitute modify, use the word adapt. (We need to m odify/ adapt the rules.) If you can substitute take over or take on, use adopt. (We need to tak e on/ adopt a new policy in the unit.) If you can substitute skillful, use adept. (Sara is sk illful/ adept at handling problems.) adverse, averse Examples: Adverse means opposing or contrary. (Curfews had an adverse effect on crime; the crime rate went up.) Averse means unwilling or reluctant. (Julie will never be promoted; she is averse to working late.) affect, effect Examples: Affect is usually used as a verb; effect is a noun. Read...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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.........................9 1. To agree with someone or something......................................................................9 2. To partly agree with someone or something ..........................................................10 3. When a group of people agree ..............................................................................10 Aim or Purpose.........................................................................................................12 1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is.......................................12 2. Words meaning aim or purpose.............................................................................13 Approximate / Exact.................................................................................................15 1. Words meaning approximately ..............................................................................15 2. Words meaning exactly .........................................................................................16 Causes ......................................................................................................................18 1. To cause something to happen..............................................................................18 2. Ways of...
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...thoughts agreeable as well as useful. Many complain of neglect who never tried to attract regard. It cannot be expected that the patrons of science or virtue should be solicitous to discover excellencies which they who possess them shade and disguise. Few have abilities so much needed by the rest of the world as to be caressed on their own terms; and he that will not condescend to recommend himself by external embellishments must submit to the fate of just sentiments meanly expressed, and be ridiculed and forgotten before he is understood. --Samuel Johnson Men must be taught as if you taught them not; And things unknown propos'd as things forgot. --Alexander Pope Style in painting is the same as in writing, a power over materials, whether words or colors, by which conceptions or sentiments are conveyed. --Sir Joshua Reynolds Whereas, if after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short book lessoned thoroughly to them, they might then forthwith proceed to learn the substance of good things, and arts in due order, which would bring the whole language quickly into their power. --John Milton Introduction Good writing depends upon more than making a collection of statements worthy of belief, because writing is intended to be read by others, with minds different from your own. Your reader does not make the same mental connections you make; he does not see the world exactly as you see it; he is...
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...в свете ведущих принципов современного системного языкознания. Введение в теоретические проблемы грамматики осуществляется на фоне обобщающего описания основ грамматического строя английского языка. Особое внимание уделяется специальным методам научного анализа грамматических явлений и демонстрации исследовательских приемов на конкретном текстовом материале с целью развития у студентов профессионального лингвистического мышления. Учебник написан на английском языке. ББК 81.2 Англ-9 [pic]4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1983. CONTENTS Page Preface 4 Chapter I. Grammar in the Systemic Conception of Language. . 6 Chapter II. Morphemic Structure of the Word 17 Chapter III. Categorial Structure of the Word 26 Chapter IV. Grammatical Classes of Words 37 Chapter V. Noun: General 49 Chapter VI. Noun: Gender 53 Chapter VII. Noun: Number 57 Chapter VIII. Noun: Case 62 Chapter IX. Noun: Article Determination 74 Chapter X. Verb: General...
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