...following operations a) Make your Home Directory your current directory. b) To display who is logged in your system. c) To change password for the current user. d) To move the directory /usr/local to /opt/pgms. e) To list various files and directories in current working directory. Ans:- a) Make your Home Directory your current directory. Use the 'cd' command without any target; that always puts you in the home directory which becomes by default the working directory. b) To display who is logged in your system. who command is used to get the list of the usernames who are currently logged in. Output of the who command contains the following columns: user name, tty number, date and time, machine address. $ who ramesh pts/0 2009-03-28 22:57 (dev-db-server) jason pts/1 2009-03-28 23:01 (dev-db-server) john pts/2 2009-03-28 23:04 (dev-db-server) To get a list of all usernames that are currently logged in, use the following: $ who | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq john jason ramesh c) To change password for the current user. Almost all Linux and Unix and variants have access to the passwd command. Enter this command at the prompt to change your password. You'll need to know the current password before being able to change the password to a new password. c) To move the directory /usr/local to /opt/pgms. To move SOURCE directory to a DEST directory use the mv command as follows: mv...
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...following operations a) Make your Home Directory your current directory. b) To display who is logged in your system. c) To change password for the current user. d) To move the directory /usr/local to /opt/pgms. e) To list various files and directories in current working directory. Ans:- a) Make your Home Directory your current directory. Use the 'cd' command without any target; that always puts you in the home directory which becomes by default the working directory. b) To display who is logged in your system. who command is used to get the list of the usernames who are currently logged in. Output of the who command contains the following columns: user name, tty number, date and time, machine address. $ who ramesh pts/0 2009-03-28 22:57 (dev-db-server) jason pts/1 2009-03-28 23:01 (dev-db-server) john pts/2 2009-03-28 23:04 (dev-db-server) To get a list of all usernames that are currently logged in, use the following: $ who | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq john jason ramesh c) To change password for the current user. Almost all Linux and Unix and variants have access to the passwd command. Enter this command at the prompt to change your password. You'll need to know the current password before being able to change the password to a new password. c) To move the directory /usr/local to /opt/pgms. To move SOURCE directory to a DEST directory use the mv command as follows: mv...
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...Project Student College Case Project Linux as an operating system is a powerful tool used in businesses for its secure kernel and command line interface. From a small business to a large enterprise, Linux is used to run servers, store vital information and documents. In Outdoor Adventures, this store needs a more efficient computing system. The system will need to keep information available and secure enough to ensure that the information can only be seen by the right people. To help keep things organized, a file structure will also be required to keep all the files with special permissions together for easy access. To better illustrate the security capabilities of Linux Ed Sawicki of Biznix.org said, “The Linux firewall has functionality that rivals expensive commercial firewalls. Its rules allow fine grained control over stateless and stateful packet filtering. The Linux firewall is extensible, allowing new filtering capabilities as the need arises.” This comparison is powerful when considering what would be the most cost effective direction for a business, but also the safest. Another advantage of linux is that it is generally free to try before applying it to a commercial setting. The product can in effect speak for its self by allowing itself to be made publicly available so there is no need to consider it a “business risk” when a technician can experiment with it first before applying it on a much grander scale. “Linux…is a freely available multitasking and multiuser...
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...LINUX PROGRAMMING FINAL NOTES UNIT 1ST THESE NOTES ARE AS PER SYLLABUS & WILL HELP YOU TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS IN FINAL EXAM OF MCA 5TH SEMESTER. LETS START: UNIT 1ST Linux – The Operating System: Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. It's functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX. Linux is a free distributed implementation of a Unix-like Kernel Developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki with the help of programmers across the Internet. Linux history: * Linux features: Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System. * Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform. * Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving. * Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time. * Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run...
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...ITECH1002 Assignment 1 Lecturer’s Name: Sanjay Jha ATMC Sydney Assignment has to be submitted online on Moodle on or before the due date. SUBJECT CODE: ITECH1004 SUBJECT TITLE: NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT NUMBER AND TITILE: 1- NETWORKING ASSIGNMENT WORD COUNT (IF APPLICABLE): 3274 DUE WEEK: WEEK-6 LAB/TUTORIAL GROUP: LAB 2 LECTURER: SANJAY JHA TUTOR: SANJAY JHA STUDENT ID (FedUni): 30314027 STUDENT FAMILY NAME: KIRAN STUDENT GIVEN NAMES: RIJAL I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not worked collaboratively nor have I copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person. I realize that the penalties may ensure for late submission or any other breaches of assignment rules. 1 20 December 2015 ITECH1002 Assignment 1 Lecturer’s Name: Sanjay Jha Kiran Rijal Student ID: 30314027 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 VIRTUALIZATION .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 NUMBER SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 3 CONVERSION .....................................................
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...BACKGROUND ON LINUX Linux is a version of UNIX operating system, the original ancestor of Linux. UNIX is a command-driven operating system in which the user has to type in commands at the computer console in order to operate the computer. It was originally developed in the 1970’s at AT&T as a multitasking system for minicomputers and mainframes. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, sought to create a new version of UNIX therefore, he joined forces with a group of programmers to create a new operating system called Linux. Linux is a free version of UNIX that continues to be developed by the cooperative efforts of volunteer groups of programmers, primarily on the Internet, who exchange code, report bug, and fix problems in an open-ended environment. As a result, the world now has a powerful, robust, and full-featured operating system that continues to change and grow. Linux is known as an open source operating system and also called free software because everything about Linux is accessible to the public and is freely available to anyone. Since the Linux source code is available, anyone can copy, modify, and distribute this software. This allows for various companies such as SuSE, Red Hat, Caldera and others to sell and distribute Linux. File management Directories can be thought as electronic folders where files, programs, and subdirectories are stored. Unlike Windows, which separates storage drives such as hard disk or floppy disk...
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...new and exciting advances happening every day. But many of us are confused, when it comes to the basic understanding of this new technology. The area people need to start when trying to understand the basics of any computer hardware system would the operating system. Operating systems are a program which manages the computer’s hardware. These systems provide a basis for application programs and intermediate between the computer’s user and its hardware. There are many different types of Operating serves that are available to use. There are four main Operating systems that are used in today’s Technological world: UNIX, Linux, Mac, and Windows. Each one of these systems has its own unique aspects to offer users, while still sharing the same basics that an operating system needs. Memory Management UNIX/Linux In comparison to other operating systems, UNIX is quite different when it comes to managing its memory. It uses extremely sophisticated memory management algorithms to make the best use of memory resources. Though UNIX and Linux are extremely similar when it comes to how things work internally, there are slight differences that make UNIX distinct. One process that UNIX uses is Swapping; this is done by moving chunks of the Virtual Memory, known as pages, out of the main memory and moving others in. In order for this process to work at its best, those pages that are needed must be accessible in the Main Memory at the demand of the CPU. When a page is expected...
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...Unit 9: Basic Linux Administration Objectives 9: Administer and maintain a Linux system. 9.1: Create users and groups by using the CLI and GUI tools. 9.2: Back up a Linux system by using the tar utility. 9.3: Maintain effective logs by using the log rotate utility. Readings A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Chapter 11, pp. 407-425 * Chapter 16 In-Class Assessment * Week 9 Quiz: Homework The following homework is designed to cover the course objectives for this unit. Assignment 9.1: Complete the following exercise in your textbook: * Chapter 16: Question 1-5 on page 643 Submit your written answer to your instructor at the start of Unit 10. Labs Instructor Notes: Assign students the following lab which can be printed from Appendix D. Lab 9.1: Using tar to Back Up Files What is the purpose? This lab exercise lets you perform basic file backup on your Linux system. What are the steps? Task 1: Backing up with tar Procedure 1. Open a terminal window as a regular user. 2. Create a directory named backup in your home directory. 3. Copy some files from your home directory into your new directory. 4. Create a backup of your new directory by using tar and compress the file with bzip2. Make sure that the backup file is not placed in the directory you are backing up. You will need to: a. Create permission. b. Choose verbose mode option. c. Choose the bzip2 file format. d. Specify...
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...A Practical Guide to Fedora™ and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux®, Sixth Edition Lab Manual Mark G. Sobell Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearson.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph Copyright © 2012 Mark G. Sobell All rights reserved...
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...Lecture 1 – Linux introduction and basics Module 1. Linux introduction ♦ Linux distributions ♦ Linux kernel What is a Linux distribution? ♦ it is a collection of applications, packages, management, and features ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ that run on top of the Linux kernel. The kernel is what all distributions have in common (it is sometimes customized by the distribution maintainers) If they are all “Linux”, why are there so many different names, and which do I choose?” You may have heard names like Red Hat, Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu Distributions differ in several ways, and three of the most important are: ► ► ► Purpose Configuration and packaging Support model What’s a kernel? ♦ As you already know from the Operating Systems course ► the kernel is the core of all computer operating systems ► is usually the layer that allows the operating system to interact with the hardware in your computer ♦ The kernel contains software that allows you to make uniform use of ► hard disk drives, ► network cards, ► RAM, ► and other hardware components. ♦ In the Linux world, the kernel is based on code originally developed by Linux’s founder, Finnish developer Linus Torvalds. Back to distributions – Purpose, Configuration, Support ♦ Purpose ► Different distributions are often designed for different purposes and provide different user experiences. ► Some distributions are designed as servers, others as desktops, and some are designed to perform particular functions, for example, as embedded...
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...An Introduction to the Linux Command Shell For Beginners Presented by: Victor Gedris In Co-Operation With: The Ottawa Canada Linux Users Group and ExitCertified Copyright and Redistribution This manual was written with the intention of being a helpful guide to Linux users who are trying to become familiar with the Bash shell and basic Linux commands. To make this manual useful to the widest range of people, I decided to release it under a free documentation license, with the hopes that people benefit from it by updating it and re-distributing modified copies. You have permission to modify and distribute this document, as specified under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Comments and suggestions for improvement may be directed to: vic@gedris.org. This document was created using an Open Source office application called Open Office. The file format is non-proprietary, and the document is also published in various other formats online. Updated copies will be available on Vic Gedris' web site [http://vic.dyndns.org/]. For more information on Open Office, please visit http://www.openoffice.org/. Copyright © 2003 Victor Gedris. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is available from the...
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...File Management POS/355 05/13/2013 John Buono File Management The file managers function is to regulate all of the files on a system that is stored on the storage mediums. There are several tasks that the file manager must perform in order to manage these files. The file manager must be able to identify the unique naming conventions of the files in order to complete its tasks. The file manager must also be able to determine the location of the files, the sectors that make up the file on the storage medium, and the order of those sector that make up the file. It is important that the file manager work with the device manager and use effective algorithms for the read and write of files. The file manager also gives or denies access to files by users or programs. The file manager also is in cooperation with the process manager to allocate or de-allocate files to the processor. The last task is that the file manager provides easy commands that assist users and/or programs in file handling (Gallert, 2000) . Unix/Linux File Management UNIX/Linux uses the distinction of inodes to refer to files or segments of files on the system and uses pointers to indicate where the files are on the storage media. There are some slight differences between each version of Unix/Linux but we will not go into those differences in this paper and will only cover the basics of file management. No matter what version of Unix/Linux is being used the file structure and permissions do seem to be...
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...NT1430 Linux Networking: Study Guide Wed 21-November-2012 Linux Commands: Know these commands and what they do: • Directory and list commands o ls, ls –l o pwd o cd / o cd and cd~ (hint: both take you to your home directory) o cd .. (takes you up one directory • Know what cp and mv do and how to use them • File viewing commands: o cat o less and more (one page at atime) o vi and view o tail (shows the last 10 lines of a file) o head (shows the top 10 lines) • chmod for changing permissions on files and directories • know the differences in read write and execute for owner group and all • > to redirect output to a file (overwrites if file exists) • >> appends to a file • & puts a process in the background while fg brings it to the foreground. • ps –ef | grep programname locates a running process for you • grep is a program that searches for a string within a directory or command output • The pipe symbol ( | ) sends output from one command to the input of another. • Know what a Linux shell script is. Direcories and file systems • / is the root of the entire file system • /usr stores program files • /home stores user home directories • /etc stores Linux configuration files • /var stores various miscellaneous files • /proc is a virtual directory that stores system performance metrics...
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...Table of Contents Beginning Red Hat Linux 9 ...............................................................................................................................1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................4 Who Is This Book For?...........................................................................................................................4 What You Need to Use This Book.........................................................................................................4 What Is Linux? ........................................................................................................................................5 Linus Torvalds and the Birth of Linux.............................................................................................5 Why Choose Linux?.........................................................................................................................6 What Is Red Hat Linux 9?................................................................................................................7 What Is Covered in This Book?..............................................................................................................8 Conventions in This Book......................................................................................................................9 Customer Support...............
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...binaries Holds the files needed to bring the system up and run it when it first comes up in single-user mode. Holds system utilities /boot Static files of the boot loader Contains all of the files needed to boot the system. /dev Device files /etc Machine–local system configuration files One of the most important is /etc/passwd /etc/X11 Machine–local configuration files for the X Window System /home User home directories /lib Shared Libraries /lib/modules Loadable kernel modules /mnt Mount point for temporarily mounting filesystems /opt Add-on software packages. (optional) /proc Kernel and process information virtual filesystem /root home directory for root /sbin Essential system binaries Utilities used for system administration are stored in /sbin and /usr/sbin. /sbin *also /sbin directory includes utilities needed during the booting process /usr/sbin holds utilities used after the system is up and running Older versions of linux In older versions of Linux, many system administration utilities were scattered through several directories that often included other system files (/etc, /usr/bin, /usr/adm, /usr/include). /sys Device pseudofilesystem /tmp temporary files /usr Second major hierarchy. Traditionally includes subdirectories that contain information used by the system. Files in /usr subdirectories...
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