...functions Discuss neural control of the digestive system Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion Discuss the effects of again and disease on the digestive system The GI tract is long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing Named portions of the tube include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum Accessory structures are not part of the GI tract, but they do contribute to food processing Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas Digestive Processes There are 6 basic processes involved in digestion The Digestive System The GI tract, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, are responsible for facilitating the body’s metabolic processes. Catabolism: Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, duodenum). In the GI tract, this is called digestion and can occur by either mechanical or chemical means. Anabolism: Smaller molecules are used as building blocks for larger molecules (liver). The Digestive System Mechanical digestion includes all movements that facilitate catabolic processes: Mastication Swallowing Mixing Increase contact of food with digestive chemicals Peristalsis Movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food The Digestive System Chemical digestion is mainly accomplished by using water (and enzymes) to break chemical bonds (hydrolysis). Fats are...
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...Digestion is the process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. Food and drinks have to be changed from large insoluble molecules into smaller insoluble molecules before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body. An example of a large insoluble molecule into a small insoluble molecule, is starch which is broken down into glucose. The body breaks down the nutrients from foods and drinks into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins. The digestion process starts from the mouth when you take a bite of food. This part of digestion is called mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is the process of breaking down food so that they can be...
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...Phoenix Human Digestion Summary Sc1241 Describe digestion in the mouth Digestion of food in the mouth start the process from the time the food touches your lips down to your stomach. When you have food in your plate and ready to eat, first thing that happens you see the food, then you can smell the food depend of what kind of food it is. Then you put the food in your mouth your saliva glands begin the digestive process as it moistened by saliva, the tongue helps mixed the food with saliva and ids in chewing by moving the food between teeth and masticated by the teeth, then the food transform into a bolus which is a mass of food that has been chewed at the point of swallowing. Once the bolus leaves your mouth, the food moves into the pharynx so it could be swallowed, then the bolus moves into the esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Describe digestion in the stomach Digestion in the stomach start after the bolus passes the esophagus and reaches the stomach where the bolus mixed with acid secretions that transform the bolus into a semiliquid food mass that is call chime. Depend on the size of the food you ate or the kind of food you ate your stomach digest the chime in two to six hours. Describe digestion in the small intestine In the small intestine is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients from food happens and it is divided in three parts, known as the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. Secretion of bile from the liver and gallbladder...
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...ingestion |Is the intake of food into the body | |Digestion |The process whereby large food molecules are broken down into soluble and diffusible molecules that | | |can be absorbed into the body cells | |Absorption |The process whereby digested food materials are taken into the body cells | |Assimilation |The process whereby some of the absorbed food materials are converted into new protoplasm or used to | | |provide energy | • Digestion involves 2 components: physical and chemical digestion |Physical Digestion |Mechanical breakdown of food into small particles which increases the surface area to volume ratio so that| | |digestive enzymes can act on the food more efficiently | | |Achieved by teeth, tongue, stomach walls | |Chemical Digestion |Enzymatic hydrolysis of large food molecules such as proteins, starch and fats, into small soluble | | ...
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...Protein digestion Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids, and the breakdown of proteins (and other large molecules, too) by catabolism.Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract.[1] These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Protein metabolism is dependent on a vast number of endogenous mediators. These mediators define the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Insulin is the major anabolic hormone and also has an important role in amino acid and protein homeostasis. During injury and...
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...located between the stomach and transverse colon Gall Bladder-is located under the liver Transverse Colon-located under the pancreas and above the small instestine. Parotid Salivary Gland- Ascending Colon Descending Colon Stomach- is located next to the liver and under the diaphragm. Propulsion, chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, absorption Pharynx- is located behind the tongue Small Intestine-is located above the rectum and next to the appendix. Propulsion, chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, absorption Large Intestine-Propulsion, chemical digestion, absorption Anal Canal Liver-is located under the diaphragm and above the gall bladder. Rectum-is located under the small intestine Mouth-Propulsion, chemical digestion ,mechanical digestion Propulsion-the act of propelling. Once food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is propelled down the esophagus. To propel is to move the food substance from one point to another point in the digestive process. Absorption-to take something in through the skin or intestine. When we eat, the food is absorbed through the cells and bloodstream . Mechanical digestion-aspect of digestion through mechanical mechanisms or movement. Mechanical digestions begins when we begin to chew our food, and continues as the food substance is moved from different parts of the body and digestion process. Chemical digestions-aspect of digestion achieved with the use of chemicals to our food. Induction of chemicals begin as soon...
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...process of mechanical digestion begins as you take your first bite of food. Your teeth carry out the first stage of mechanical digestion. Your center teeth, or incisors, cut the food into bite-sized pieces. On the either side of the incisors are sharp, pointy teeth called canines. These teeth tear and slash the food in your mouth into smaller pieces. Like mechanical digestion, chemical digestion begins in the mouth. If you take a bite of a cracker and roll it around your mouth, the crackers begins to taste sweet. It tastes sweet because a chemical in the saliva has broken down the starch in the cracker in to...
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...The mouth is at the very beginning of the digestive system. The mouth is located on your face right under your nose. I don’t think I could forget or even have to come up with a way to remember this body part because it is not an easy body part to forget and it’s where food enters and sometimes even exits, but you hope that doesn't happen really ever. The mouth is responsible for 3 different digestive mechanisms. Before we ever bit into food the very first mechanism that takes place before food ever hits our mouth is we salivate which later mixes with our food which is chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion takes place by our teeth chewing up the food and propulsion digestion also takes place by our tongue moving the food around and then down our esophagus to go through more digestion. The esophagus is roughly an 8 inch muscular tube connecting your mouth to the stomach. I would remember the esophagus just by remembering that it’s the long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Propulsion is the only mechanism that takes place in the esophagus. The esophagus is constructed of a bunch of tiny muscles that move the food that has been eaten in the mouth to the stomach. The pancreas lays on the right side of the abdomen behind the stomach and the narrow end extends to the left side of the body. I have a feeling I will have to make cards for the digestive system parts so I will remember that the pancreas lays across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas...
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...What specifically is the role of an enzyme in digestion? Enzymes are working proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process. Organs of the digestive system excrete digestive juices, which contain enzymes that break the bonds of nutrients that can be absorbed. 2. Trace the path of a cheeseburger and fries through the digestive tract. Indicate each place where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and absorption occurs FOR EACH NUTRIENT (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins). Be sure to fully explain the role of EACH organ involved (including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). In the mouth – food is crushed and chewed by teeth (mechanical digestion) and moistened with saliva. The carbohydrate-digesting enzyme of saliva begins to break down the starch (chemical digestion) of the hamburger buns and fries to sugars. When swallowing, the tongue forces the food mass into the back of the mouth and the food moves through the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis. In the stomach – Food collects in the upper area of stomach where is it mixed and mashed (mechanical digestion) and starch continues to be digested until cells in the stomach release a strong acid mixture of gastric juice, water, HCl and enzymes to initiate protein digestion from bread and meat (chemical digestion), creating chyme. Peristalsis also aids in moving the chyme from the stomach to the small intestine (mechanical digestion). Fat follows quickly behind. In the small intestine...
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... Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host E.g : mosquito, aphids 6 Main feeding mechanisms Bulk feeders Eat relatively large pieces of food (swallow altogether) Spend a long time to digest their food E.g : snake 7 8 Mouth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Rectum Anus Tongue Glands in mouth that make saliva Pancreas Liver Gallbladder 9 The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts Mammalian accessory glands are the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder 10 Stages of Food Processing Ingestion is the act of eating Digestion is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb In chemical digestion, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water Absorption is uptake of nutrients by body cells Elimination is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment 11 Fig. 41-7 Small molecules Pieces of food Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Nutrient (enzymatic hydrolysis)...
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...Esophagus- This is a long tube that is right after the pharynx and passes through your chest and into your stomach. I will remember this because of the long tube I will always remember that it is after the pharynx. 4. Stomach-The stomach, known as the “pouch-like organ”, makes sure to store the food as well as to mix up and churn the nutrients from the food. It is located on the right hand side of the liver right after the Esophagus. I will remember the stomach because I know it is attached right after the esophagus and it looks like a pouch. 5. Liver- The liver is located to the left of the stomach right after the Esophagus. I will remember the liver because I will know that this is one of the first organs that pop up in our body on the left hand side. 6. Pancreas-The pancreas is located right under the liver really small. I will remember this because it’s one of the smallest organs under the stomach. The second smallest organ starting from the head the body 7. Gallbladder- Located right under the liver. I will remember this because this is one of the smallest organs under the liver. The first smallest organ starting from the top of the body. 8. Transverse Colon- Located right under the pancreas and...
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...Parotid Salivary Gland and above the Esophagus. Esophagus- Located below the Pharynx and leads to the Liver. Liver- Located below the Esophagus and above the Gallbladder and the Pancreas. Gallbladder- Located below the Liver and both above and beside the Pancreas. Pancreas- Located below the Liver, beside/under the Gallbladder, and above the Transverse colon. Transverse colon- Located below the Pancreas, and above the Small Intestine, Ascending colon and Descending colon. Small Intestine- Located below the Transverse colon, beside the Ascending colon and Descending colon, and above the Rectum. Ascending colon- Located below the Transverse colon and beside the Small Intestine. Descending colon- Located on the opposite side of the Ascending colon, below the Transverse colon, beside the Small Intestine and above the Rectum. Rectum- Located below the Descending Colon and above the Appendix. Appendix- Located below the Rectum and above the Anal canal. Anal canal- Located below the Appendix. I will remember these by studying this document and the picture above. Part Three: Mouth- Propulsion, Chemical digestion, Mechanical digestion. Small Intestine- Propulsion, Absorption, Chemical digestion, Mechanical digestion. Esophagus- Propulsion. Stomach- Propulsion, Absorption, Chemical digestion, Mechanical digestion. Large Intestine- Propulsion, Absorption, Chemical digestion. Part Four: Propulsion is the process that moves food through the alimentary canal. This also includes...
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...THE LIVER The liver is a reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm, filling most of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. The liver has two large sections, called the right and the left lobes. The gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. SIZE It is the body’s largest gland, weighing about 1.4 kg (3 lb). FUNCTION IN DIGESTION 1. It secretes bile which is used in fat digestion. 2. Absorbs the end products of digestion. 3. The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. 4. The liver also detoxifies chemicals 5. Metabolizes drugs. 6. The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions. GALLBLADDER The gall bladder is a thin-walled, green muscular sac, approximately 10cm (4inches) long. The pear-shaped gall bladder attaches to the posterior surface of the liver by a connective tissue within a shallow fossa of the liver. It has a fundus or expanded end. A body or main part and a neck which is continuous with the cystic duct. DIAGRAM OF THE GALLBLADDER STRUCTURE The gall bladder has the same layers of tissue as those described in the general plan of the alimentary canal and some modifications. Peritoneum covers only the inferior surface. The gall bladder is in contact with the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver and is held in place by the visceral peritoneum...
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...Human Digestion Summary SCI/241 December 6, 2014 Human Digestion Summary Digestion is the action in which the body breaks down food into molecules that can be used for substance to nourish the body. There are different organs in the body that are involved in the digestion process. These organs include; the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, small intestines, liver and large intestine. Each one of these organs plays a significant you in the body’s digestion process (Shifko, 2014). The digestion process starts before the food actually enters the mouth. The smells that are inhaled from the food cause the mouth to produce saliva, which contains the compounds and enzymes that start to break down the food after it has entered the mouth. The food is then chewed down in to small particles so that the saliva and the enzymes can go to work. After the food is chewed it is then swallowed and starts to pass down the esophagus. According to the Cleveland Clinic, the esophagus is a muscular tube that transports the food that has been chewed to the stomach. In order for the food to be carried down the esophagus and to the stomach there are a series of contractions performed by the esophagus, this process is known as the peristalsis (Shifko, 2014). Once in the stomach, there are two different functions that must take place during the digestion process. The stomach resembles a large pouch with muscular walls. The wall of the stomach is where the food is held and it also acts...
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...Nutrition Health and Wellness Beverly Blackwood May 8, 2015 The Digestive System Parotid salivary gland Pharynx Esophagus Liver Stomach Gall bladder Pancreas Transverse colon Descending colon Small intestine Ascending colon Appendix Rectum Anal canal Location of the parts of digestive system Parotid salivary gland: There are two parotid glands, one on each side of the face. They are located in front of the ears and extend to the lower borders of the jawbones. Pharynx: The tube begins at the base of the skull and ends inferior to the cricoid cartilage. Esophagus: Is a muscular tube that runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine, which connects the throat with the stomach. Liver: Located in the upper-right portion of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. Stomach: The stomach is located in the upper-left area of the abdomen below the liver and next to the spleen. Gall bladder: located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Pancreas: about 6 inches long and sits across the back of the abdomen and, behind the stomach. Transverse colon: crosses the abdomen from the ascending colon at the hepatic or right colic flexure with a downward convexity to the descending colon. Descending colon: is located on the left side of the large intestine, extending from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon. Small intestine: Is continuous tubing running from the stomach to the anus. Ascending colon:...
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