...Hepatitits B is an infection of the liver, it’s caused by the hepatitis B virus also known as (HBV). This virus can be transmitted from person to person via blood, semen and other body fluids. Some common ways that (HBV) is transmitted is by sexual contact, having unprotected sex or being in contact with any bodily fluids from an infected person. Sharing needles such as getting a tattoo with equipment that wasn’t sterilized correctly and or accidental needle sticks are other forms of transmission of (HBV), people that share IV drugs are at higher risk for hepatitis B as well. Healthcare workers are at higher risk for transmission of this disease, due to the exposure they have to blood and bodily fluids, that’s why it’s so important to use precautions when dealing with these and making sure that any accidental needle stick gets reported immediately in order to take the necessary steps for treatment if needed. Another way Hepatitis B can be transmitted is by mother to child, pregnant women can transmit the infection during childbirth and although these babies get vaccinated for Heptatitis B after birth to avoid getting infected special precautions must be taken from the expecting mother and getting tested for hepatitis B during pregnancy is recommended. Hepatittis B can be acute and chronic, acute infections can last for a short time and can get better, on the other hand chronic hepatitis b infections can cause liver damage or cirrhosis of the liver which in turn additional complication...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Desiree Foster WAM 7/18/2012 Today I will discuss a patient’s urinalysis report. She is a 43 year old African American woman. She was diagnosed and is being treated for depression. She also has a case of bilirubin and urobilinogen. To do a proper urinalysis we would have to conduct a clean catch sample. A clean catch sample is a urine-specimen that is a free of bacterial contamination as possible without the use of a catheter. The main purpose of this urine sample is to test the abnormities that may be present, such as bacteria, ketones or drugs. When this test is conducted we are looking for different things like color distortion, texture (cloudy, clear, and pale), smell and etc. When there is color distortion it can come from different foods eaten, drugs that were taken or even health problems. The types of colors can be a clear or helpful indictor of what is going on with you. I will give you some examples of color and the meaning of them and also give detail of our patient. Red urine indicates blood by hematuria and this is usually dark from the normal light color. Yellow can be caused by dehydration or also foods that are being taken. Orange can be caused by dehydration or jaundice which can make the bile show up in urine. Some fruits can cause this orange like color also; such as blackberries, beets, rhubarb and senna herbs. The best kind of urine a person wants to have is clear kind of pale color. This is a good indicator that a person is healthy. The clearer...
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...4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Print Lab 2 Biological Molecules and pH Introduction: Connecting Your Learning Biological organisms, like all things, are made up of elements. These elements combine to form organic molecules that create the basis for life. The main elements found in biological organisms include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). This lab describes how these elements form some of the most important molecules in life: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Resources and Assignments Multimedia Resources Required Assignments None Lesson 2 Lab 2 From the Lab Kit 7 test tubes Benedict's solution Biuret solution 15 micropipettes 10 pipettes Forceps pH test strips 4 unknown samples https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v9/labs/lab02.shtml?print 1/21 4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Measuring spoons (teaspoon and tablespoon) 50 mL beaker Mortar and pestle Glass stirring rod 100 mL graduated cylinder Microscope slide Plastic funnel Test tube tongs Test tube rack 5 plastic cups Goggles Plastic gloves 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 tablespoon chicken soup 4 tablespoons sugar Required Materials 1 tablespoon cornstarch 2 tablespoons unflavored gelatin Student Provided Small saucepan Paper towel Oven glove or mitt Baking tray or aluminum foil (about an 18-inch sheet) Scissors Pencil Dime Microwave (optional) or Stove Permanent marker https://www.riolearn...
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...What is the function of enzymes in a living system? Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions necessary for life. Without them certain vital processes would not take place and the body would be unable to function. Difference enzymes work better under different conditions. Where in a human body might it be beneficial to have enzymes work in very acidic environments? In areas, like the stomach, that have a pH of two would benefit by having enzymes that function well in acidic environments. An example of such an enzyme is pepsin. There is a large amount of catalase found in a human liver. Does the liver break down more hydrogen peroxide in the summer or winter? Explain your answer. More hydrogen peroxide will be broken down in the summer compared to the winter because higher body temperatures equals more enzyme activity. Many enzymes end with “ase”. Come up with your own enzyme, then name and explain what this enzyme does. Draw the enzyme and the substrate in the space provided below along with the enzyme-substrate complex. My enzyme would be olestrase. It would break down the lipid olestra and make it usable for the human body. Recent advances have allowed humans to mass-produce certain enzymes. Research one such enzyme and explain how this enzyme has been used to benefit society. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring substance which has properties potentially beneficial for preventing cellular damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. It plays...
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...inflammation of the liver. The liver is the largest organ in the body and functions to digest food, store energy and remove toxins. Hepatitis is caused by a variety of factors such as toxins, certain drugs, heavy alcohol use and bacterial or viral infections. The three most common types of viral infections that affect the liver are Hepatitis A, B and C. (CDC). This paper will focus on hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a highly contagious infection of the liver caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Infection can be acute or chronic. Acute Hepatitis B is short term and occurs within the first 6 months after exposure. Chronic Hepatitis is long term and the virus remains in a person’s body. (CDC) Hepatitis B is spread through contact with an infected person’s blood, semen or body fluids via activities that involve skin puncture or mucosal tissue contact. Examples of such activities include sex, exposure to sharp objects, needle sticks, sharing razors, toothbrushes with an infected person, intravenous drug use etc. A mother can also pass the disease on to her child during delivery. (Caple) The average incubation period of the virus in adults is about 3 months, after which symptoms begin to appear and may last several weeks to months. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, dark urine and joint pain. Complications that develop as a result of hepatitis include fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver failure. (NIH) ...
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...Lab Report #2 Name: Lab: #9 Enzymes – Experiment #4 Due date: Purpose The purpose of the experiment is to compare and examine the effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity. Introduction All chemical reactions require a catalyst. A type of catalyst that exists is an enzyme, which acts to bring out a specific biochemical reaction. At all times, all work inside a cell is being performed by enzymes (Brian, 2000). The purpose of an enzyme is to help the cell carry out reactions very quickly. An interaction must be made for a reaction to become catalyzed. The active site is where this interaction between the enzyme and the reactant and/or reactants takes place. In order for the enzyme to work efficiently and properly, the reactant (or substrate) must position itself perfectly within the active site. Most enzymes usually only can catalyze a single chemical reaction, which is called specificity (Introduction To Enzymes, n.d.). Enzymes can also operate to an optimal extent where chemical reactions can occur rapidly and with the upmost efficiency, under certain conditions known as the enzyme’s optimum activity (Boli, 2012). The many different conditions include environmental, such as pH and temperature, or concentrations of the substrates and enzymes. In this experiment, we examined a substance called catalase. Catalase is the isolated cells from potatoes and beef liver. As the substrate for the experiment, hydrogen peroxide was used at various different amounts...
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...introduction CBS news reported, in Duncan, Oklahoma on August 16th, Chancey Allen Luna, 16, and James Francis Edwards, Jr., 15, have been charged as adults with first-degree murder of Australian baseball player Christopher Lane, 22. And another teen named Michael Dewayne Jones, 17, was also charged, but with using a vehicle in the discharge of a weapon and with accessory to first-degree murder because he drove the getaway car. The motive given for this senseless and vicious act was that the teens were “bored” and did it for the “fun of it.” From this case it would seem that the youth is losing their minds, or just “running amuck,” because the sad truth is this is not an isolated incident, and this is not a new phenomenon. There are many examples of teens throughout the years to the present taking it to this extreme. Preparing for this assignment wasn’t that difficult being that all I had to do was look at the news, social media, or walk down the street. Disturbing behavior of teens is all over the place to the seemingly minor rudeness of a teen on the corner, or to the extreme of murder as with the Christopher Lane case. The purpose of this paper is to identify a disturbing behavior not mentioned in our textbook by Professor Dr. Lee Vukich and Professor Dr. Steve Vandegriff, “Disturbing Behavior: 53 Alarming Trends of Teens and how to Spot Them.” The Disturbing behavior that I identified for the purpose of this paper is “Smoking Alcohol.” II. Disturbing behavior: smoking...
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...GI and Diabetes Exam Study Guide Tube Feeding – (enteral nutrition) refers to the administration of a nutritional balanced liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, jejunum. It is used to provide nutrients via the GI tract either alone or as a supplement to oral or parenteral nutrition. - Nasogastric (NG) Tube – is most commonly used for short-term feeding problems. Other means of feeding are; esophagostomy, gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Transpyloric tube placement or placement into the jejunum is used when physiologic condition warrant feeding the pt below the pyloric sphincter. Special Indications – anorexia, orofacial fractures, head and neck cancer, neurologic or psychiatric conditions that prevent oral intake, extensive burns and those who are receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Procedure for tube feeding 1. Patient position – 30-45 degrees position. Head remain elevated for 30-60 mins 2. Patency of tube – Tube should be irrigated with water before and after each feeing to ensure patency. 3. Tube Position – Placement of tube is checked before each feeing or every 8 hours with continuous feeings. Checking methods; aspiration and pH. 4. Formula 5. Administration of feeding – feeing are given either by gravity drip method or by feeding pump. 6. General Nursing Considerations – daily weight, accurate I’s and O’s. Blood glucose check. Complication Related To tube and feeding - Vomiting and or Aspiration -...
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...of America. * Testing and research on these therapies is continuing in Bio Viva’s affiliated labs worldwide. * We should spend many days thinking, speaking and writing about the future, to find out the what are the new theories are coming out in this world. The one of the famous writer Warsaw was speaking at an Innovation Conference, in London speaking at a Global Leadership Summit, which was being interviewed by the Discovery Channel to find out, whatever the situation, I have one singular mission. I want you to think about the future. * The change in our lives, our economy and business to think about the future now. * One of most outgoing emerging technology is age reversal. Age Reversal It’s an extra ordinarily expensive, complex and risky for the people who want to turn back the clock. Actually according to nature scientific reports, it has already reversed aging in human cell by turning off and tuning on the new technology raising nuclear NAD+ (the compound responsible for communication between the nucleus and mitrocondise in your cells). * Old mice reverse metabolic dysfunction to give a compound called nicolinamaide adenine dinucleotide or NAD a week and found age indicator 2 year’s old mice or that 6 month old. * That a result be turning 60 year old human into a twenty year old. * They was a Another study published in CELL reports that...
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...NURSING CARE PLAN COURSE: Basic Adult Health CLIENT INITIALS: DATE OF ADMISSION: AGE: GENDER: JL June 13, 2011 85 M HT: WT: ALLERGIES: 140 lbs. NKA CODE STATUS: FULL RACE/ETHNICITY: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS: Caucasian None RELIGION/SPIRITUAL CONSIDERATIONS: Unknown OCCUPATION/HOBBIES/RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES: Retired LIVING SITUATION/WITH WHOM: (home, assisted living, LTC, etc) Lives with daughter. SOCIAL HISTORY: (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs, family dynamics) Quit smoking many years ago, no history of ETOH or drug use. NURSING CARE PLAN ADMITTING MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Client's principal admitting diagnosis was leukocytosis. Definition: (from Taber’s) “An increase in the number of leukocytes (usually above 10,000/mm3) in the blood. It occurs most commonly in disease processes involving infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress, but it also can result from the use of some medications” (Venes, 2009, p. 1327). Etiology/pathophysiology: ( NOT from Taber’s or Wikipedia) Etiology: Causes of leukocytosis are infection, inflammation, tissue damage, immune reaction, bone marrow problems, medications, and stress (Drug Information Online, 2011). Pathophysiology: “Leukocytosis can be a reaction to various infectious, inflammatory, and, in certain instances, physiologic processes (eg, stress, exercise). This reaction is mediated by several molecules, which are released or regulated in response to stimulatory events that include growth or survival factors (eg, granulocyte...
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...Genetically Modified Foods According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs) are "organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in such a way that does not occur naturally."1 This technology is also referred to as "genetic engineering", "biotechnology" or "recombinant DNA technology" and consists of randomly inserting genetic fragments of DNA from one organism to another, usually from a different species. For example, an artificial combination of genes that includes a gene to produce the pesticide Cry1Ab protein (commonly known as Bt toxin), originally found in Bacillus thuringiensis, is inserted in to the DNA of corn randomly. Both the location of the transferred gene sequence in the corn DNA and the consequences of the insertion differ with each insertion. The plant cells that have taken up the inserted gene are then grown in a lab using tissue culture and/or nutrient medium that allows them to develop into plants that are used to grow GM food crops.2 Natural breeding processes have been safely utilized for the past several thousand years. In contrast, "GE crop technology abrogates natural reproductive processes, selection occurs at the single cell level, the procedure is highly mutagenic and routinely breeches genera barriers, and the technique has only been used commercially for 10 years."3 Despite these differences, safety assessment of GM foods has been based on the idea of "substantial equivalence" such that "if a...
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...ions into the gastric lumen (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Administration and Dosage: PO (Adults): 40 mg once daily. PO (Children 5 yr): 15– 39 kg— 20 mg once daily for up to 8 wk; 40 kg— 40 mg once daily for up to 8 wk. IV (Adults): 40 mg once daily for 7– 10 days. Gastric Hypersecretory Conditions; PO (Adults): 40 mg twice daily, up to 120 mg twice daily. IV (Adults): 80 mg q 12 hr (up to 240 mg/day) (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Interactions: Drug-Drug: Maypabsorption of drugs requiring acid pH, including ketoconazole, itraconazole, atazanavir, ampicillin esters, and iron salts. Mayqrisk of bleeding with warfarin (monitor INR/PT). Hypomagnesemiaqrisk of digoxin toxicity. Mayqmethotrexate levels (pantoprazole, n.d.). Labs effects/ interference: May cause abnormal liver function tests, including increased AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. May cause hypomagnesemia. Monitor serum magnesium prior to and periodically during therapy (pantoprazole, n.d.). Special considerations: Contraindicated in Hypersensitivity; OB: Should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed; Lactation: Discontinue breast feeding due to potential for serious adverse reactions in infants. Use Cautiously in: Patients using high-doses for 1 year (qrisk of hip, wrist, or spine fractures); Pedi: Safety not established (pantoprazole, n.d.). Potential side effects/Adverse effects/Toxicities: CNS: headache. GI: PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS, abdominal pain, diarrhea, eructation, flatulence. Endo: hyperglycemia...
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