...properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need to replace diseased or damaged organs with healthy organs. Although, organ transplant experiments began in the early1800’s, the first successful organ transplant did not occur until the mid-1900. In the United States there is a major shortage of organs/tissue available to patients who are in great need. Due to the shortages of organs/tissues, people have turned to black-market to purchase...
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...cause chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The virus is usually transmitted through blood or sexual contact. Some patients acquire the virus and develop acute hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). In a subset of patients, the initial infection fails to clear and individuals advance to chronic hepatitis C infection. Chronic hepatitis C significantly increases the risk of progressive liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) and failure if left untreated. The risk of liver cancer is also increased. Patients with HCV of frequently co-infected with HIV – treatment of both frequently leads to better outcomes. The long-term consequences of chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis include...
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...AUTISTIC SELF ADVOCACY NETWORK POLICY BRIEF • MARCH 2013 Organ Transplantation and People with I/DD: A Review of Research, Policy and Next Steps Ari Ne’eman, Autistic Self Advocacy Network Steven Kapp, University of California, Los Angeles Caroline Narby, Autistic Self Advocacy Network Introduction Since organ transplantation was introduced as a viable treatment option, people with disabilities have faced significant barriers to accessing the life-saving procedure. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability by entities receiving federal funds, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 extended this protection more broadly across other areas of society. However, it has historically been difficult to enforce federal civil rights law within the area of medical decision-making. Due to the lack of medical knowledge on the part of the average patient or family member, people with I/DD often face little recourse when denied transplantation or even referral for consideration for such a procedure. In the last twenty years, some progress has been made on this issue, yet the need for further action on the part of activists and policymakers remains exceptionally clear. Background … it has historically been difficult to enforce federal civil rights law within the area of medical decision-making. People with I/DD and Organ Transplantation: A History of Discrimination In 1995, Sandra Jensen, a 34-year old...
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...Topic Summary Chimeras have become one of science’s latest advancements to cause controversy. Chimeras are organisms that are composed of cells from two or more species. Specifically, human-animal chimeras are research organisms whose tissues and organs contain both human cells and their own types of cells. In many experiments, human stem cells are injected into an embryo of another animal in order to create human organs. Xenotransplantation still has yet to be tested, especially in regard to immune rejections, but it provides hope for those who are in desperate need of an organ transplant (Agnew). Chimeras are not only limited to organ transplantation. Besides organ transplants, chimeric organisms are excellent for testing possible treatments...
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...Hyperammonemia Ammonia is a normal constituent of all body fluids. At physiologic pH, it exists mainly as ammonium ion. Reference serum levels are less than 35 µmol/L. Excess ammonia is excreted as urea, which is synthesized in the liver through the urea cycle. Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP...
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...Organ Donation 1 ORGAN DONATION: A QUESTION OF LIFE OR DEATH (not all caps) A paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for NU 307 Psychosocial Concepts in Nursing in the College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jacksonville State University JACKSONVILLE, ALABAMA 2008 Organ Donation 2 Organ Donation: A Question of Life or Death Organ donation is a rather controversial issue and should be addressed to (remove and change to) by all families. Donating organs can be viewed as heroic or disrespectful. If one decides to give their (remove and change to) his organs then the question is: who will receive a second chance at life? The purpose of this paper is to decipher the issue of organ donation and the question of to whom the organ should be given. Should only be double spaced only thoroughout entire paper – not between paragraphs According to the Alabama Organ Center (2008), there are close to 100,000 potential recipients are (add) waiting for an organ transplant. This is an enormous number and it is not decreasing quickly. On an (remove) average, nineteen people a day are added to the waiting list, but many (add) die long before an organ is available. The decision to become an organ donor should not be taken lightly. Once a preference is made, (add) it is vital to share it with family or friends. (change- to sharing the decision with family and friends is vital. Discussing one’s after death wishes is of utmost importance...
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...Therapeutic Features Seyed-Moayed Alavian 1, Seyed Mohammad-Mehdi Hosseini-Moghaddam 2*, Mohammad Rahnavardi 2 M M M 1 Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences & Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran 2 Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem and is the most common liver disease among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The seroprevalence of HCV infection among HD ranged from 1.9% to 80% in reports published since 1999. The main risk factor for HCV acquisition in HD patients seems the length of time on HD. Phylogenetic analysis of HCV viral isolates has suggested nosocomial patient-to-patient transmission of HCV infection among HD patients. Lack of strict adherence to universal precautions by staff and sharing of articles such as multidose drugs might be the main mode of nosocomial HCV spread among HD patients. Currently, there are several dilemmas on the management of these patients: should HCV-RNA testing be included in the routine screening of HD population for HCV infection?; does periodic serum alanine aminotransferase testing have a role in screening HD patients for HCV infection?; can dialysis really 'save' the liver of HCV-infected HD patients?; should HCV-infected subjects be isolated and dialyzed by segregated machines?; is there any difference in treating HD and non-HD HCV-infected...
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... APPEAL FILED UNDER SECTION 378 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973 ------------------------------------------------- Most Respectfully Submitted to the Hon’ble Judges of the Punjab & Haryana High Court ------------------------------------------------- COUNSELS APPEARING ON BEHALF OF ‘APPELLANT’ Table of Contents Abbreviations III Index of Authorities IV Statement of Jurisdiction VII Statement of Facts VIII Charges Framed XI Summary of Arguments XII Whether the accused is liable under section 302 of IPC to be read with Section 34 of IPC or not XII Whether the accused is liable under section 364 read with section 34 of IPC or not XII Whether the accused is liable under section 18 of Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1944 or not? XII Arguments 1 1. Whether the accused is liable under section 302 of IPC to be read with Section 34 of IPC or not 1 2. Whether the Accused liable under section 302 of IPC or Not. 2 3. Whether the accused is liable under section 18 of Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1944 or not? 5 Prayer 7 Abbreviations A.I.R. All India Reporter A.P. Andhra Pradesh All. Allahabad Anr. Another Cri. Criminal Cr.L.J...
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...University of Phoenix Material Chronic Diseases The Life Resource Center (LRC) is a valuable free tool available to University of Phoenix students. Taking some time to explore its website to discover some of the many topics, resources, and tools available is a great way to find information to enhance and support health and wellness. Complete the following assignment: Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Take one of the health risk assessments located on the LRC website. After completing the assessment, write a 500- to 750-word summary that includes the following: • Description of the disease • Risk factors for the disease • Lifestyle choices you can make in your life to decrease your modifiable risk factors for this disease To locate the health risk assessments follow these instructions: • Login to the student website. • Click on the Programs tab at the top of the page, and then on Life Resource Center under Services. • From the LRC home page, click on Thriving. • Click on Health Tools. • Click on Assess Your Health. • Click on the Health Risks tab. Note. Do not submit or divulge your assessment results. Results should remain private. Leukemia has to deal with malignant disorder that involves the bone marrow and blood systems. Leukemia is when you have an uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells. Bone marrow has to deal with soft tissue in the center of...
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...Cloning livestock for food security B. Disadvantages of cloning 1. Trial and error technique a. Cloning of dolly b. Possibility of failure 2. Transfer of diseases and abnormalities 3. Disregard for life and God III. Conclusion A. Logical Summary B. Reworded thesis statement C. closing Statement Pros and Cons of Cloning Cloning is explained as the process in which a precise genetic copy of another cell, tissue or organism is created. The genetic make up of the copied material is identical to the original and it is known as a clone. Cloning takes place naturally during the formation of identical twins. The first living thing to be cloned was a sheep known as Dolly at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by Ian Wilmut (Devolder ,1-4). In my opinion cloning should not be completely banned because even if it has disadvantages it also has positive benefits. Cloning has advantages and disadvantages. Cloning has possible benefits to present medicine given the reality that cells can easily be manipulated to imitate other kinds of cells, hence presenting innovative techniques of treating ailments such Alzheimer’s and malignancy (Devolder ,1-4). This process also gives hope to patients who require transplantation of organs. Livers from pigs have been transplanted to human beings with success...
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...Name: Institution: Date: Title: Organ Donation – the life saver. Topic: Most of the times people face challenges with their body organs and yet most of us die with our organs which can be used to save a life. Purpose statement: to persuade the Red Cross club members in becoming organ donors and to act upon their decision to donate. I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention Getter: What is the feeling of having to wait long for something that you really need? How do you feel when it’s something you can’t do without? Many years back, one of my best friends in primary school was diagnosed with a kidney failure. He was around seven years when the wait for a new kidney began. Two years later, he had been called thrice informing him that there was still no match for him. Fortunately for him, a young adult involved in a bad accident agreed to donate his organs after death. His kidney was the match that my friend needed. Similarly, most people would want to be able to say that they have saved a life? What other selfless way than becoming an organ donor? B. Tie to the audience: You never know whether one of the people on the waiting list would be you or somebody you know. C. Thesis statement: There is a growing need for organ donors and it is becoming a donor after death is a lifesaving decision. D. Thesis and Preview: I’d like to talk to you about the need for organ donors, how to become one after death and how it benefits both your family and the organ recipients. However, there...
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...* What Is a Blood Disorder? Bottom of Form Blood disorders are physical conditions that prevent the normal function of blood in the body. A disorder may involve factors that interfere with the production of the individual components found in the blood, such as hemoglobin or blood proteins. The nature of a blood disorder may also include situations where the blood does not coagulate properly, or the blood cells themselves are malformed or infected. There is a wide range of blood diseases known today. Anemia is one of the more common examples of a blood disorder. Sometimes referred to as tired blood, a person who is anemic is likely to have a lack of proteins and other elements in the blood. As a result, the blood cannot carry the needed nutrients to various parts of the body and the individual is likely to feel fatigued more often. Over time, anemia can also have a negative impact on the emotions, as the blood is unable to supply proper nutrition to the brain for the production of chemicals that help to maintain an even mood. Sickle cell anemia is one of the more serious types of anemic blood disorder. In addition to fatigue, a person suffering with this disorder is also likely to experience a great deal of pain. The pain may be localized in one part of the body or migrate to different areas throughout the course of the day. Ad Hemophilia is another relatively common blood disorder. Hemophiliacs suffer with a condition in which the blood lacks the normal ability to coagulate...
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...Background of the study Hepatitis is a very significant global concern, several different viruses have been identified (Hepatitis A B C D and E), which collectively, account for the majority of viral hepatitis in humans. They afflict more than half a billion people worldwide, and are responsible for over a million deaths a year. Hepatitis-A is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the liver. Symptoms of this viral infection are not always present and this includes jaundice, stomach pain and dark color of urine. Since this virus cannot be killed, treatment consists of relieving only the symptom’s, while the body fights the infection. Ones the person is infected with the virus, they will not be infected again. The cause of Hepatitis A is a single stranded RNA virus from the family picornaviridae and genus hepatuvirus. This virus only affects human. Hepatitis-A is most commonly spread by eating, drinking or using utensils that has been contaminated with the stool of a person infected. This type of transmission is called “fecal-oral” transmission. For this reason, the virus is more easily spread in areas where there is poor sanitary condition or where good personal hygiene is not observed. According to the staff nurses interviewed at the Bontoc General Hospital, there are few cases which have been confirmed to have this disease. They believe that the common acquisition of the disease of the patients of Bontoc General Hospital is through ingestion of contaminated...
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...It is an inherited disorder in which the bone marrow does not function properly and does not make white blood cells. As a result, there is a lack of neutrophils which leads to neutropenia. Neutropenia is a condition have very low number of neutrophils making the patient prone to infections. People with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome have a higher risk of developing disorders that affect the production of blood cell which is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and aplastic anemia and is also prone to cancer known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients with Schwachman-Diamond syndrome also experiences pancreatic insufficiency in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient enzymes. Patients have complications regarding bone formation, liver, heart, teeth, skin, eyes, and endocrine system. The main cause of the Schwachman-Diamond syndrome is due to the mutation in the SBDS gene which is responsible for providing instructions to make proteins. it plays a role in processing RNA which is involved in ribosomes production. 90% of the case of Schwachman-Diamond syndrome is identified to be caused by the mutation of SBDS...
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...Research paper on Stem Cell Research Legislation and the related legal issues: What is the history of Stem Cell Research Legislation in the United States? How does it compare to comparable statutes in the rest of the world? In this paper talk about what the current legislative state of affairs is and where the law on stem cells in the United States should go in the future and why. Make sure you use ample research and cited sources to support your arguments but make sure to state your own opinion on the issues as well. Stem Cell Research TJ AS OF: 2/4/2009--Introduced. Stem Cell Research Improvement Act of 2009 - Amends the Public Health Service Act to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct and support research that utilizes human embryonic stem cells, regardless of the date on which the stem cells were derived from a human embryo. Limits such research to stem cells that meet the following requirements: (1) the stem cells were derived from human embryos donated from in vitro fertilization clinics, were created for the purposes of fertility treatment, and were in excess of the needs of the individuals seeking such treatment; (2) prior to donation, it was determined that the embryos would never be implanted in a woman and would otherwise be discarded; and (3) the individuals seeking fertility treatment donated the embryos with written informed consent and received no financial or other inducements. Requires the Director of the National Institutes of...
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