...Logical Design and Physical Design CMGT 555/ Systems Analysis and Development Throughout the whole process of system development, there are designs that take place before any coding or setup takes place. During this time, phrases like logical design and physical design get tossed around a lot, but what are they and what do they mean? In short, the logical design defines what must take place, not how it is accomplished. The logical design is like a set of blue prints, it describes the actual processes of entering, verifying, and storing data. In this paper we will explain when logical designs and physical designs are used, what design information a logical design and physical design contain and any similarities or differences. Figure 1. Example of Logical Model and Physical Model for an ERD Relationship Diagram (Compare Logical and Physical ERD, 2009) The direct definition of a logical design “is the Conceptual Blueprint of a software application, illustrating entities, relationships, rules, and processes (Thibeault, 2011)”. So what is the logical design is used for? The logical design contains all the business entries, what each entries attributes are, and relationships among entries. Now the logical design to some is misleading because they often confuse it with detailed technical design, even though the goals for these two are not similar at all. Now when do we use the logical design? That question is simpler to answer; it usually starts during the requirements...
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...Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product, gene, book etc. Attributes: an entity is represented by a set of...
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...Introduction In this paper I want to address the coincidence of two powerful cultural forces of the early 20th century: modernist design in architecture and the philosophy of logical empiricism. This coincidence is most dramatically represented in the connection between two groups, who have each had powerful cultural influence in this century: The Bauhaus (1919 - 1933: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago) The “Vienna Circle” (1922 - 1938: Vienna, Amsterdam. The former became the premier school of modernist design, and contained as faculty many of the most influential artists, designers and architects of the century. The Vienna Circle was a group consisting mostly of non-philosophers, who met weekly for discussion of philosophical issues. These informal meetings brought about the birth of logical empiricism, a movement which set the agenda for philosophy in America after the second world war. Herbert Feigl, Otto Neurath and Rudolph Carnap, central participants in the Vienna Circle, gave public lectures at the Bauhaus beginning in summer of 1929, when the Bauhaus was in Dessau under the leadership in Hannes Meyer. Their influence was sufficiently strong that logical empiricist philosophy became part of the standard curriculum of the school. A second very clear connection between modernist architecture and logical empiricism is the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Although Wittgenstein was not a licenced, practicing architect, he oversaw the construction...
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...reasoning, and it has practical applications to the design of computing machines, to artificial intelligence, to computer programming, to programming languages, and to other areas of computer science. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false, but not both. Letters are used to denote propositions, just as letters are used to denote variables. The conventional letters used for this purpose are p, q, r, s, … The truth value of a proposition is true, denoted by T, if it is a true proposition and false, denoted by F, if it is a false proposition. We now turn our attention to methods for producing new propositions from those that we already have. Many mathematical statements are constructed by combining one or more propositions. New propositions, called compound propositions, are formed from existing propositions using logical operators. Let p be a proposition. The statement “It is not the case that p” is another proposition, called the negation of p. The negation of p is denoted by p. The proposition p is read “not p”. A truth table displays the relationships between the truth values of propositions. Table 1. The truth table for the negation of a proposition | P | p | TF | FT | The negation of a proposition can also be considered the result of the operation of the negation operator on a proposition. The negation operator constructs a new proposition from a single existing proposition. We will now introduce the logical operators that are used to form new propositions...
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...Computer Science Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Hardware Different Categories of Computer and Computing Devices Tablets The lightest and most portable Touch interface, good for “light” work Laptops/Notebooks Larger display area; adds CD or DVD as well as physical keyboard They are portable; price for performance is not as good as desktop, choice of hardware is limited Specialized Variant Laptops Ultrabooks Thinner, and lighter than laptops Cost is higher than laptop (all hardware being equal) Netbooks Cheaper more portable laptop that is smaller and has a lower quality display and overall less powerful hardware Much less common than tablets today Desktop Computers Everything is separate (monitor, computer, keyboard, etc); this allows you to mix and match and customize your desktop computer, at the cost of increased complexity (some compatibility issues may arise – not everything works together) and decreased portability. Larger ‘footprint’ (More space is required, but this allows for increase expandability) ------------------------------------------------- Reduced costs/more options (compared to laptops) ------------------------------------------------- The purpose of an operating system is to run the computer. The operating system determines the interface of a computer, its configurability, and its security. In general, due to popularity and tweak-ability, the MS-WINDOWS (PC) OS has more viruses than the MAC OS. In general, the MAC OS...
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...“The verification principle offers no real challenge to religious belief.” Discuss [35] The verification principle is a significant concept used by many philosophers in order to determine whether a religious statement is meaningful or not. This was highly influenced by logical positivism: group of 20th century philosophers called the Vienna circle and was then further developed by British philosopher A.J Ayer. Religious language refer to statements such as ‘God exists’ and ‘God loves me’. Whilst these metaphysical claims are often rendered as meaningless by verificationism, one must take into account the strengths and weaknesses. Ayer, in his first edition of ‘Language, Truth and Logic’ (1936), asserts that a statement is meaningful if and only if it can be verified by the sense observation or a tautology. By this he means that they are either a priori (before sense experience) analytic, where the predicate is entailed by the subject, or a posteriori (after sense experience) synthetic, where the predicate is not entailed by the subject. An example of a priori analytic statement would be that ‘all unmarried men are bachelors’ and this is also a tautology as it is true by definition. An example of a posteriori synthetic statement would be that ‘John is a bachelor’. For Ayer, if a statement cannot be verified in this way, then it is factually insignificant and thus, meaningless. He affirms that religious statements fall into neither category of priori analytic nor posteriori synthetic...
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...R for Beginners Emmanuel Paradis ´ Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution Universit´ Montpellier II e F-34095 Montpellier c´dex 05 e France E-mail: paradis@isem.univ-montp2.fr ´ I thank Julien Claude, Christophe Declercq, Elodie Gazave, Friedrich Leisch, Louis Luangkesron, Fran¸ois Pinard, and Mathieu Ros for their comments and c suggestions on earlier versions of this document. I am also grateful to all the members of the R Development Core Team for their considerable efforts in developing R and animating the discussion list ‘rhelp’. Thanks also to the R users whose questions or comments helped me to write “R for Beginners”. Special thanks to Jorge Ahumada for the Spanish translation. c 2002, 2005, Emmanuel Paradis (12th September 2005) Permission is granted to make and distribute copies, either in part or in full and in any language, of this document on any support provided the above copyright notice is included in all copies. Permission is granted to translate this document, either in part or in full, in any language provided the above copyright notice is included. Contents 1 Preamble 2 A few concepts before starting 2.1 How R works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Creating, listing and deleting the objects in memory . . . . . . 2.3 The on-line help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Data with R 3.1 Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Reading data in a file . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...FULLCHIPDESIGN Digital-logic Design... Dream for many students… start learning front-end… Chip Designing for ASIC/ FPGA Design engineers and Students Legal Disclaimer @TYH :- 4G LTE Long Term Evolution Tutorial, CloudComputing Send 124 people recommend this. Recommend Computer Organization. Memory Organization. Cache Organization. Interrupt controller. Search Binary subtraction Discussion proof of binary subt Search Binary numbers addition is straight forward process while binary subtractions involve three fundamentals. VHDL Test Benches Generate VHDL models from timing diagrams or logic analyzer data. www.syncad.com Binary Numbers 1s_complement 2s_complement Binary Subtraction Binary Sub. Ex's Sign_magnitude SignM EX Gray Coding BCD coding Digital gates NAND NOR & XNOR Theorems Boolean Functions BFunc Examples Minterm Maxterm Sum of Minterms Prdt of Maxterms 2 var K-map 3 var K-map 4 var K-map 5 var K-map Prime Implicant PI example K-map Ex's KMap minimization Binary Subtraction: Suppose, M is Minuend and N is subtrahend Then, M – N can be done based on following three steps: Step 1: Take 2’s complement of N and add it to M. M – N = M + (2^n – N) Step 2: If M is greater than or equal to N then end carry is discarded from the result M –N = M + (2^n – N) – 2^n Step 3: If M is less than N then take 2’s complement of the result and append negative ‘-‘ sign in front M-N = (-) [2^n – (M + (2^n -1))] Example 1 : Perform binary subtraction of two...
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...observation, empirical evidence or it is a tautology as these are non-cognitive. This was devised by logical positivists who said the evidence that we obtain from our senses is the highest form of evidence and with logic, it is the only real knowledge. They believed that philosophers had no business to say anything about the world and any questions should be answered by science. The movement of verificationism was influenced largely by science, and stressed the importance of confirming any statement with evidence, especially that from the senses. One of logical positivisms presuppositions is that ‘language mirrors the world’, if a statement could not be observed to be true with empirical sense evidence then it is factually meaningless. Verificationists and logical positivists do not have a particularly high opinion of religious claims of God, worldly knowledge or anything beyond our experience. For a verificationist or those such as Moritz and Schlick, language tells us something about the way the world is, and the way a statement becomes meaningful is shown in the method of its verification, therefore language that talks about God is utterly meaningless, it has no meaning in a factual sense since it cannot be backed up by sense evidence and it is not a tautology. All “knowledge” that cannot be verified using the verification principle such as metaphysical speculation should according to logical positivists should be abandoned. They also believed that religion was a system of belief which...
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...MAT 1348B Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Winter 2011 Professor: Alex Hoffnung Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, 585 King Edward (204B) email: hoffnung@uottawa.ca Important: Please include MAT1348 in the subject line of every email you send me. Otherwise your email may be deleted unread. Please do not use Virtual Campus to send me messages as I may not check them regularly. Course Webpages: This web page will contain detailed and up-to-date information on the course, including a detailed course outline and course policies, homework assignments, handouts to download etc. You are responsible for this information. Consult this page regularly. Timetable: Lectures: Mon. 2:30–4:00 pm, Thurs: 4:00–5:30 pm in STE B0138 Office hours: Mon. 4:00–5:00 pm, Thurs: 3:00 - 4:00 pm DGD: Wed. 10–11:30 am. Textbook: K. H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6th Edition, McGrawHill. We’ll be covering most of Chapters 1, 2, and 9, and parts of Chapters 4, 5, and 8. The course may contain a small of amount of material not covered by the textbook. This text has been used in Discrete Math courses at Ottawa U. for many years, so secondhand copies can easily be found. Copies of the book are at the bookstore or available from Amazon. Coursework Evaluation: The final grade will be calculated as follows: • 5 homework assignments : 10% • Midterm exam: 30% • Final exam: 60% The midterm test is on February 17 . 1 Note that students must pass the final exam...
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...'The Verification Principle offers no real challenge to religious belief.' Discuss [35] The Verification principle was formed by the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers (logical positivists) who approached the problem of religious language with Verificationism and the verification principle. The Vienna Circle believed that meaningful statements are either analytical or synthetic. Analytical statements are true by definition, for example, 2+2=4 or a square has 4 sides. On the other hand, synthetic statements require verification to prove whether they're true or not, for example, if somebody says it is a cloudy day, you would have to look out your window to see that it is cloudy. An issue with the verification principle is that we make statements based on unverifiable opinion all the time. This means important ethical statements are regarded as meaningless as well. This means that it argues that the laws of science and historic statements are also meaningless as they too cannot be truly verifiable. The verification principle offers a challenge to belief because when we speak of God we need to be cautious because some may argue that we could portray god as anthropomorphic. The Verification Principle can also be seen as a challenge for religion because the verification principle states that something must be proven to be true or false (i.e. verifiable or falsifiable) for it to be meaningful. An atheist would argue that religions lack empirical evidence which is required to prove...
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...conjunction with theist or atheist ideologies. For some, religious language is meaningful and full of purpose while others see it to being incomprehensible and pointless. If we are to take the logical positivist approach then we would view all religious language as meaningless. For logical positivists the entire discipline of philosophy was centred on one task, which was to clarify the meaning of concepts and ideas. In turn, this led them to look at statements and inquire just what the “meaning” of them was, and what sort of statements really did have any “meaning.” A group of philosophers that known as the Vienna circle took a univocal approach to language, that is to say, that we mean the same thing when we talk about God and man. The logical positivists formulated the verification principle which saw assertions which are only verifiable through observation or experience, can be deemed meaningful. In this case, other assertions are either analytic or meaningless utterances. This approach was built on the work of both John Locke and David Hume, who argued that all philosophical matters must be approached with a strict empirical system. Thus, according to the verification principle, meaningful assertions fall into three categories. The first category is analytic statements. These are logical propositions as they are true by definition and contain there truth within the premise and are necessarily true. The second were mathematical statements, which have to be necessarily true throughout...
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...Click a fallacy on the left and drag it over to the correct example on the right. Repeat until all fallacies are correctly matched with their corresponding examples. Congratulations! You have completed this activity. Apple Polishing Of course, Cory, a generous, kind and giving brother, would let us play with his racetrack. Ad Hominem Todd agrees with the referee's call and says the referee made a good decision when he called the pass incomplete; however, this cannot be considered true because Todd is the head coach for the opposing team. Two Wrongs Make a Right On the way to his car, George noticed he was not charged for his second gallon of milk. He decides not to return to the store because if he had overpaid on the item, the store would not have returned his money. Slippery Slope If I do not pass Critical Thinking, I will not be able to move to the next course. If I do not move to the next course, I probably will not be able to continue in school, and if I do not continue in school, I will not earn my degree. Straw Man We might as well forget what Bishop Simon has to say about abortion and ethics. After all, he is a Catholic bishop so it is natural he would have those views. Begging the Question Critical Thinking must be a difficult class because Andrea said so. Red Herring I know you didn't get all your homework done because the Internet is out. But, if you had done the work days ago, you wouldn't be worried now. Appeal to Popularity I read the other day that...
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...UNDERSTANDING BOOLEAN LOGIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS In the 1800’s (1815-1864), George Boole, a English mathematician who did extensive work in the subject of logic, invented a system of mathematics in which the abstract concepts of true and false can be used in computations. In an attempt to create a new form of mathematics, Mr. Boole identified certain patterns of logic that were later found to be easily translated into an electronic language—essentially, a "switchon/switchoff" pattern. Today, using tiny electronic switching mechanisms inside the computer, "decisions" are made with lightning speed within the central processing unit (CPU). These decisions are based on whether a tiny switch is on or off at any given time. Computer programmers follow prescribed sets of instructions to "teach" computers how to make decisions to carry out instructions. Programming is made possible by sets of instructions called languages. Many of these languages are made up of the logic building blocks identified by Mr. Boole more than 100 years ago, long before computers. The building blocks that Mr. Boole identified are AND logic, OR logic, NOT logic, NAND logic, and NOR logic. Computer decisions are made from these patterns of logic. All programming languages allow you to create expressions that can be evaluated as either true or false, which are called Boolean expressions. A Boolean condition is a conditional statement containing a Boolean expression, and another name for a conditional...
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...Week 1 Textbook Exercises Jessica Pollock MTH/221 October 28, 2013 Leslie Fife Week 1 Textbook Exercises Chapter 1 Supplementary Exercises #7. There are 12 men at a dance. (a) In how many ways can eight of them be selected to form a cleanup crew? Order does not matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 (b) How many ways are there to pair off eight women at the dance with eight of these 12 men? Order does matter Cannot repeat N = 12 R = 8 Exercises 2.1 #3 Let p,q be primitive statements for which the implication is false. Determine the truth values for each of the following. a. = false True and false b. = false not true or false c. = true False implies true d. = false Not false implies not true Exercises 2.2 #17 For any statements p,q, prove that a. P | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | b. p | q | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Exercises 2.3 #1 The following are three valid arguments. Establish the validity of each by means of a truth table. In each case, determine which rows of the table are crucial for assessing the validity of the argument and which rows can be ignored. a. P | Q | R` | | | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1...
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