...behavior and development. Harlow used the social behavior of monkeys for an attachment deprivation. Harlow believed the monkey study demonstrated that the need for affection created a stronger bond between mother and infant more than physical needs (food). Social development begins at birth as a child forms an attachment (a strong emotional bond) with the primary caregiver, usually the mother. In Harlow's initial experiments, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at six to twelve hours after birth and were raised instead with substitute or "surrogate" mothers made either of heavy wire mesh or of wood covered with cloth. Both mothers were the same size, but the wire mother had no soft surfaces while the other mother was cuddly covered with foam rubber and soft cloth. Both mothers were also warmed by an electric light placed inside them. Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment (and a source of warmth provided by the electric light), the infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate. These results led researchers to believe the need for closeness and affection goes deeper than a need for warmth. This experiment was just an example of how a human infant or child needs love and affection from a mother or caregiver and how crucial it is in the early stages of life. It helps us to understand the path of the emotional balance, and how the deprivation of social interaction is so important to develop a normal personality. Harlow's...
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...of the concern of possible discrimination of his last name. In 1930, Harlow began work as a comparative psychologist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison and remained there for his entire career. Among many honors, Harlow was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and received the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. Harlow is most famous for his work with rhesus monkeys. After studying how to decrease the spread of disease, especially tuberculosis, in animal colonies, Harlow observed the infant monkeys’ unusual behavior that had followed separation from their mothers. This sparked his exploration of affection. Harlow was one of the first researchers to study love scientifically. The misconception that children only needed necessities like food and cleanliness was at its peak in the 60’s. But Harlow was ready to disprove this notion. When separated from their mothers, infant rhesus monkeys exhibit behaviors including emotional discomfort and withdrawal as well as atypical sexual and social behaviors. However, these monkeys seemed to become attached to cloth covered blocks of wood or wire items that provided sustenance, like milk, in their cage. Contact comfort was a phrase first coined by Harlow to describe the fact that the infants clung to cloth surrogate mothers placed in their cage, particularly during times of distress, rather than to nourishing wire surrogates...
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...to derive from a deprivation that created a disruption to, this homeo-static state. For example, deprivation of nourishment leads to motivation to seek food, and deprivation of interesting surroundings leads to motivation to seek stimulation. In these theories, the main explanatory concept—or motivational mechanism—was termed “Drive,” and it was thought to represent responses to such physiological deficits that aimed to restore homeostasis to the organism. It is based on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Kendra has a healthy development, she is provided a stable, responsive, and nurturing care-giving; safe, supportive, environments; and appropriate nutrition, preventive interventions such as vaccines for the treatment of diseases; and protection from violence, neglect and abuse. The child has a stable, caring, interactive relationships with adults (family relatives) – any way or any place they can be provided. Kendra’s development is something to do with Abraham Maslow’s theory where he stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfill the next one, and so on. This is under the first three stage model of hierarchy of needs, namely: Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. Safety needs that is defined as protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group...
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...Power of Love and Relationships Within this paper I will be discussing power of love and relationships, by describing the factors of attraction. What attracts us to one another? Why are we less likely to befriend someone from another culture than someone from a similar background with a similar physical aesthetic? Be sure to identify and describe all six factors in attraction. As well as discuss the human need to build bonds and relationships. Do we have an innate need to belong? If so, why? How is this need attached to our emotions, our social bonds, and our fear of deprivation? Then lastly explain the three types of love: companionate, passionate, and compassionate. What are the differences and similarities among them? What is an example of each type? How does Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love distinguish romantic love, from empty love or infatuation? Attraction Within the discussion of what attracts people to one another? The textbook states “we like those who are close to us… , …we like those who are attractive… , …we like those who are similar to us… , …we like those we have equitable relationships with… and …we like those who are hard to get.” (Feenstra, 2013) It is easy to understand the first of these as the likelihood or meeting and establish a relation is more likely with people that are in our general proximity. But with age of the online community and social networking company that are out there is a growing connection that are being made with people that...
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...school is able to recognize the negative changes of Emily, “She was too vulnerable for that terrible world of youthful competition… “If I had that copper hair,” “If I had that skin….” She tormented herself enough about not looking like the others…” (296). Emily is constantly feeling like she is not good enough. She believes she does not have what everyone else has because her mother was neglecting her. Emily used to be happy; her sudden change is extremely prevalent and noticeable. Everyone was able to realize that her disposition was different since she was not confident about the way she looked. Nevertheless, if Emily was a priority in her mother's life those negative aspects would not have occurred because she would have experienced the love and attention necessary to feel good about her life. Due to living in a single parent household children tend to have a disadvantage in comparison to living with both parents. The duties of each parent are not evenly split between a mother and a father when there is a single parent. The single parent has to meet the needs of their children both socially and economically, and they are required to act as both mother and father. In Olsen’s story I Stand Here Ironing, in regards to a single mother it states, “I will never total it all…. Her father left me before she was a year old. I had to work her first six years when there was work, or I sent her home and to his relatives” (297). Emily’s mother was regretting the way she raised Emily because...
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...Huiming Zeng MKT333 Case3 Susan Carder September 27, 2015 How would you define the needs, wants, and demands of the Converse customer? Human needs are states of felt deprivation. Converse customers need converse shoes because they have physical need shoes to walk. They also have social need for Converse because they need shoes for belonging and affection. They also have individual needs for shoes because they want self-expression. Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality. People wants Converse because they like the style and the design. They want Converse because Converse satisfied customers. Converse can make products want customers favor. This is why this brand is successful because it does nothing. Converse listen more to their customers rather than indicate. In addition, customers feel joyful because the brand do what customer want. When backed by buying power, wants become demands. Given customer wants and resource, customer demand Converse that add up to satisfaction. Customer have enough affection to the Converse and they buy the products. Please describe Converse’s “stand-back” approach. Is it appropriate? Effective? Converse’s “stand-back” approach is appropriate. Converse just stand back and leave the choice to customers. Converse see itself as one of making great products that customers want to wear. The brand positively and actively communicate with customers. In order to improve products, they try best to...
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...are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. Abraham Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. Maslow termed the highest-level of the pyramid as growth needs (also known as being needs or B-needs). Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: 1. Physiological Needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival,...
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...Build-A-Bear Assignment Question #1: Give examples of needs, wants and demands that Build-A-Bear customers demonstrate, differentiating each of these three concepts. Needs: Needs are defined as states of felt deprivation. They include basic physical needs (food, shelter, warmth, etc.), social needs (affection and a sense of belonging) and individual needs (knowledge and self-expression). These needs are a part of the human makeup; they are not created by marketers. The Build-A-Bear customers are mainly children and all children have a need of entertainment, love & affection, comfort and a sense that they belong. Build-A-Bear fulfills these needs by offering an experience that provides them with entertainment, creates a new friend for them to love & bring comfort and by joining the Build-A-Bear “Club” they get a sense of belonging. Wants: Wants are defined as the form needs take when shaped by culture and individual personality. In Build-A-Bears case children want the opportunity to personalize their new friend based on their individual preferences. Starting from the “Choose Me” station, where they can select the type of stuffed animal, thru to the “Name Me” station, the children have control, giving them a sense of individual satisfaction. Culture shapes the sense of belonging need into a want by influencing the children to want to belong to the “Build-A-Bear Club”. Other children who have shared the experience already belong making the new customers want to as well...
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...Institutionalization Research on the dangers of institutional care for young children dates back to the 1940s. Rene Spitz, a psychoanalyst, undertook research in the 1930s and 1940s on the effects of maternal deprivation and hospitalism. His studies were one of the first to show that that social interactions with other humans are essential for children’s development. Spitz focused on infants who had experienced abrupt, long-term separation from the familiar caregiver, as, for instance, when the mother was sent to prison. He thought that infants in institutions suffered from lack of love and they were missing important parental relationships, which in turn was hurting or even killing them. (Spitz 1945) Another famous psychiatrist William...
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...sciences and job and he expects his wife, as she does, to only care about being a mother and housewife (economic production and childrearing). Further, both wives are obedient of their husbands’ demands (I recall in one scene when Mr. Daldry simply told Mrs. Daldry to “be a good girl and go to the room”, as a father would to his daughter). Like Coontz said, it seems that the idea of romantic love and lust within marriage was considered foolish and uncommon. Consequently, the rigid separation between male and female spheres made it hard for couples to share their thoughts, making emotional intimacy almost impossible. Oblivious to his wife’s emotional distress from not being able to feed her own baby, the stoic Dr. Givings is only interested in sciences; instead of comforting her, he becomes practical. However later on in Act I, there seems to be a difference between the two marriages. The Givings shares an intimate moment in the living room and he does expresses his love for her through words several times. However, there seems to be very little sympathy between the Daldry’s, as if their love has faded or...
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...took her home reluctantly, starting what would be a threatening few years for Maggie. Despite Sarah expressing undesired feelings for her daughter, family members assumed they were a result of post natal depression and ignored them. Sarah even went to lengths of trying to give Maggie away on two occasions, once to a lady on her road who longed for a child. Maggie was hurriedly collected by her auntie and taken back home to her mother, where her aunt felt she belonged. Little did she know the consequences her actions would have on little Maggie’s life. Maggie started out life with her mother Sarah. The stigma of being a single parent enveloped Sarah from the moment she gave birth to her child. It was clear that Maggie was not a result of love or even romance, for this reason Sarah never discussed or revealed who Maggie’s biological father was. A year later Sarah...
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...A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION 1 A Theory of Human Motivation By A. H. Maslow A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION 2 A Theory of Human Motivation A. H. Maslow (1943) Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. [p. 370] I. INTRODUCTION In a previous paper (13) various propositions were presented which would have to be included in any theory of human motivation that could lay claim to being definitive. These conclusions may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of motivation theory. 2. The hunger drive (or any other physiological drive) was rejected as a centering point or model for a definitive theory of motivation. Any drive that is somatically based and localizable was shown to be atypical rather than typical in human motivation. 3. Such a theory should stress and center itself upon ultimate or basic goals rather than partial or superficial ones, upon ends rather than means to these ends. Such a stress would imply a more central place for unconscious than for conscious motivations. 4. There are usually available various cultural paths to the same goal. Therefore conscious, specific, local-cultural desires are not as fundamental in motivation theory as the more basic, unconscious goals. 5. Any motivated behavior, either preparatory or consummatory, must be understood to be a channel through which many basic needs may be A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION 3 simultaneously...
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...Discuss the influence of childhood on relationships. According to Shaver (1988), three behavioural systems developed during early childhood – attachment, caregiving and sexuality – form the basis of romantic love in adulthood. The concept of attachment is derived from Bowlby’s (1969) theory. Bowlby claimed that relationships tend to be a continuation of the attachment style expressed in infancy (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant) due to the internal working model of relationships that infants acquire from their caregiver(s). A child’s experience of attachment to a caregiver informs expectations of future relationships, including romantic ones. The caregiving and sexuality systems are also tied to attachment figures. “Caregiving” involves an individual’s knowledge of how to care for others, as learnt from the behaviour of the primary attachment figure in childhood. “Sexuality” also relates to attachment types. For example, individuals who experienced an insecure-avoidant attachment to their primary caregiver are more likely to pursue sex without love. Fraley (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of studies into the relationship between childhood caregiver attachment and adult romantic attachment to collect sufficient evidence for the claim. Fraley found relatively weak correlations (ranging from .10 to .50). One reason for the weakness of the correlations may be that attachment type changes over time rather than remaining the same post-infancy, as is often assumed. Significant...
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...INTRODUCTION The Family is the basic social institution and primary group in a society. Ordinarily, the family is conceived of as composed of parents and children, with or without relatives , united by bonds of love and affection and who share common social activities. It is defined as a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and communicating with each other in their perspective social roles of Husband and wife, mother and father , son and daughter , brother and sister , and creating and maintaining a common culture. (Burgess and Locke , 1963) When everything seems to be wrong, the family should be the one who makes it right. Nevertheless, families should be intact. Bonds are strongly held together and there is no sign of separation. Unfortunately, there are instances that a family becomes incomplete or Broken. Broken Family is a family where the parents ( mother and father) of a child or children have split up and no longer share a single family relationship or live. Separately due to divorce, remarriage, death or unavoidable circumstances. It is visible that in a parent separation, the children are the ones who are affected the most. Watching parents take a home from a traditional family lifestyle to a “broken” home by getting separated is very devastating for a child's mental well-being. The objectives of this research will be to identify the effects of having broken family on the social and mental...
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...Source A Author : Rebecca Sweeny Title of article : Social Networking Sites: More Harm Than Good? Published date : 27 April 2012 Retrieved date : 23 May 2013 Website URL : http://netwokconference.netstudies.org/2011/04/social-networking-sites- more-harm-than-good A social networking site can be defined as an online service that is based around the building and reflecting of social relations among individuals with common interests or social ties. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Linkedin share some key features, which is they enable users to create a profile within the website to represent themselves and allows users to interact through email, instant messaging and other integrated communication channels within the site. The popularity and growth of social networking sites over the past five years has been colossal, as many people from all over the world join up to this social phenomenon for various reasons. In fact, social networking sites do cause more harm than good. Identity theft is a huge problem in today’s society and has come about as a result of the rapid expansion and availability of internet technology and the increase in personal data found on social networking sites. Such sites encourage you to edit your profile by adding your interests, full name, address, contact details, relationship status and other personal details. This information disclosure causes a huge problem as the information made it easy for the...
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