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LumièRe Kantt

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Submitted By komal287
Words 549
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Abdul Sattar
Komal
4DOE

Qu’est ce que les lumières ?
E.Kantt

Dans le texte qui nous est ici proposé, E. Kant évoque le paradoxe de la servitude volontaire. Selon l’auteur, l’humanité se divise en «tuteurs» et en «mineurs». Etre «mineur» ici ne signifie pas ne pas avoir atteint l’âge de la majorité, mais cela veut dire que l’on est incapable de se servir de sa propre pensée. Cette relation de dépendance peut être multiple: celle d’un livre, d’une croyance, d’une position sociale, d’une autorité politique etc. L’auteur compare l'humanité à un enfant que l'on empêche de grandir ou qui s'empêche lui-même de grandir.
C’est un texte sur l’obéissance volontaire par laquelle j’accepte parfois de me déposséder de ma propre liberté car elle est toujours plus difficile. En effet, elle implique une hésitation, une angoisse devant le choix. C’est l’utilisation de la raison qui crée cette difficulté. Pour l’auteur, chacun de nous possède une raison mais c’est une autre chose de l’user. C’est cette utilisation qui définie aussi la liberté. Ainsi, Kant explique deux usages de la raison:
L’usage théorique c’est celui qui permet la distinction entre volonté et liberté, entre courage et résolution. Pour Kantt c’est un usage transcendantal. Elle permet d’élaborer des principes et des idées, c’est la raison pure.
L’usage pratique relève de la liberté. C’est celui qui s’éprouve dans le monde, dans le rapport aux autres. C’est l’ensemble des conditions qui font que je suis un être libre.
L’homme dominé doit apprendre à marcher tout seul même au prix de quelques chutes, au prix de quelques difficultés. «Ose savoir» écrit alors Kant pour inviter chacun d’entre nous à davantage de pensée critique, à plus d’autonomie intellectuelle. Kant veut inviter ici les hommes à penser par euxmêmes et d’en faire un usage public. Pour lui raisonner, c’est s’exposer et donc être autonome.
L’usage public de la raison c’est s’inscrire dans un débat public, on échange avec des arguments, des idées. Publier ces idées, les faire circuler pour qu’on en discute et on les critique. L’usage privé de la raison est l’usage le plus facile de ma vie propre. Il peut seulement s’étendre à la sphère des proches.
«Qu’est ce que les Lumières ?» propose une sorte d’idéal des Lumières. Kantt essaye de fonder une sorte de modèle incarnant l’esprit des Lumières. L’invitation des lumières paraît impossible et même absurde car l’homme est de penchant naturel d’être sous tutelle. C’est notre «instinct animal» qui nous entraîne dans cette tutelle. Freud a appelé cela le principe de plaisir, soit la recherche de son plaisir avec le moins d’effort possible et le principe de réalité qui est la force qu’exerce le monde en nous obligeant à faire telle ou telle chose.
En fait, être libre s’est s’exposer à des risques. Il faut un courage important car il faut lutter contre soi-même. On peut donc dire que penser librement est une sorte d’héroïsme.
Aujourd’hui, notre état oscille entre une tutelle imposée par nos lois, nos règles imposées par nos dirigeants et notre état de penser qui est tout de même illimité. En effet, nul ne peut nous contraindre de penser mais beaucoup de choses agissent sur la manière dont on peut agir.
Ainsi, on est à la fois libre est asservit, ces deux états pourtant opposés coexistent en nous.

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