...Abstract— Cancer is the most important cause of death for both men and women. Earlier diagnosis of Lung Cancer saves enormous lives, failing which may lead to other severe problems causing sudden death. Its cure rate and prediction depends mainly on the early detection and diagnosis of the disease. Examine the potential use of classification based data mining techniques such as Rule based, Decision tree, naive bayes and Artificial Neural Network to massive volume of healthcare data. It is an extension of naive bayes to imprecise probabilities that aims at delivering robust classifications also when dealing with small or incomplete data sets. Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Disease can answer complex what if queries which traditional decision support...
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...Killer Cancer is known as an unbiased killer that knows no race, age or sex of its victims. Doctor Nader (n.d.) states, “The disease lung cancer is known as the number one cause of cancer related deaths in the United States.” (Lung Cancer Information). Lung cancer takes millions of lives each year, sometimes without the slightest warning. According to "The Green Sanctuary" (2009), “Cancer may often be discovered during a routine chest X-ray or CT scan as a small solitary mass.” (What is Lung Cancer?). There are various stages of lung cancer; its treatment options and effects of the disease can impact the individual and their loved ones in many ways. There are many options offered for people diagnosed with lung cancer. Many times when people are faced with something as serious as a deadly cancer, they may not know where to begin to look for help. The effect lung cancer has on an individual is defined by the severity of the cancerous symptoms and the treatment options chosen. As stated in "The Green Sanctuary" (2009), " Symptoms of lung cancer vary depending on where and how widespread the tumor is. Warning signs of lung cancer are not always present or easily identified” (What is Lung Cancer?). In the words of Doctor A. Wax (2005-2012), “A person with lung cancer may have no symptoms, nonspecific symptoms, symptoms related to the cancer or even symptoms related to metastasis.” (Understanding Lung Cancer-Diagnosis and Treatment). Most people...
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...pulmonary disease, Lung cancer, Emphysema, and Pneumonia to name a few. Since smoking ban laws were enforced in public places lung cancer and its cause has become a controversial issue; this is why I chose lung cancer as the primary topic of respiratory disease. In this paper I will discuss lung cancers primary, secondary, and tertiary state as well as what makes it classified as such. I will also address the impact of Lung cancer on society as it relates to the business of health care and the use of resources. Lung cancer is classified by primary, secondary, and tertiary state. First or primary is to review behavior in secondary prevention; second, is to stress the need for behavioral research in tertiary prevention to shorten the delay of cancer treatment and diagnosis. Secondary prevention occurs when the disease is identified in the earliest stages when effective treatment can be administered so that mortality rates can be reduced. Tertiary prevention directly affects morbidity once symptoms or awareness has occurred. (Smith & Anderson, 1985) The chance of early detection and its success depends on clinical screening strategies and the stage of the disease at the time it is diagnosed. Lung cancer is a disease in which the cells in the tissues of the lungs begin to grow uncontrollably. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women in the U.S. each year. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated in 1998, 172,000 new cases of lung cancer had been diagnosed...
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...Non-Small Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer Angela Cantley COM/156 September 16, 2012 Ms. Cowart Non-Small Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer Lung cancer is a subject that almost everyone is familiar with on some level. Approximately “1 in 14 men and women will be diagnosed with cancer of the lung and bronchus in their lifetime” (Howlader N, 2011). Like any other devastating and deadly disease, most assume that it cannot happen to them. However, this may not necessarily be the case. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more people in the United States die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2012) There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell and small cell. These two types of cancer are named after the differences in the cell shapes when looked at under a microscope. The risk factors for non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer are identical, yet the treatments and prognosis’ can be significantly different. Non-small cell and small cell lung cancer have risk factors which can be modified to lessen the chance of a lung cancer diagnosis. “Tobacco use is the major cause of lung cancer in the United States” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004), (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2002). Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke. Exposure to chemicals at work happens every day. Asbestos, arsenic, radiation, and chromium are the most commonly...
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...Galvin RESP 112 20150924 Lung Cancer: Specifically Adenocarcinoma Lung cancer is a leading killer in the world today. “An estimated 158,040 Americans are expected to die from lung cancer in 2015” (www.lung.org). Combining both men and women, lung cancer is the leading cause of death for both groups. Specifically adenocarcinoma, which is a non-small cell cancer that can form in any mucus secreting cell. Understanding the causes of this deadly disease is the leading preventative measure a person can take to avoid becoming a self-induced victim. What is lung cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma? “Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body” (www.cancercenter.com). Although this type of cancer can form anywhere in the body from mucus secreting glands, it typically starts in the lungs. Why is this? This is due to the large amount of mucus secreting glands in the lungs. Think of every year...
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...1. What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer is one of the most common and difficult malignancies, and is thus a major focus of research. To understand lung cancer, it is important to understand the anatomy of the lungs. The lungs are organs found in the chest and are responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Each lung consists of lobes. The left lung contains two lobes, and the right lung contains three lobes. When you breathe in, air travels into your lungs through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea then splits into two tubes, called the bronchi. The bronchi continue to branch forming smaller bronchioles, and at the end of these bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli....
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...physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Physically, Schwartz’s nursing diagnosis could be Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to anxiety and depression as evidenced by Schwartz’s verbal saying, “I began to have trouble sleeping…,” secondary to adenocarcinoma. This is evident by the Schwartz describes the many diagnostic testing that he had to go through in the beginning of the article. Emotionally, the author’s nursing diagnosis could be fear related to threat of death as evidenced by Schwartz’s description of dealing with more bad news from his doctors secondary to the metastatic tumor in his spine. Not only did the metastatic tumor alarm him but the fact that the aim of treatment is to control the cancer, not cure it. Spiritually, his nursing diagnosis could be anticipatory grieving related to impending death as evidenced by the author’s discussion of death with Dr. Ned Cassem related to the metastatic tumor. This is common for all patients who have an advanced stage of cancer. These patients look back at how they have lived their life and see whether or not they have fulfilled their duties, such as take care of a young son as much as they are able to. As a reader, the patient’s words seem to be agreeable. If it was not for the healthcare professionals, not only would Schwartz be worrying about his physical illness but also his whole life, since the cancer was at an advanced stage. The nursing diagnosis Disturbed Sleep Pattern was created due to...
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...Chronic Disease Description of Lung Cancer: Lung cancer disease develops inside the lung tissue, specific within the cells that line the air passages. Lung Cancer has two principal developments: non-small cell and small cell. The actual diagnosis is created by how the lung cells and cancer cells materialize under a microscope. Risk factors for lung cancer: The great number of all lung cancer affecting situations are caused by smoking cases are smoking nicotine in which is toxic. The carcinogens in cigarette smoke cause physical harm to lung tissue. If a human being smokes for a continuing period of time, the impairment can cause the cells in the lung living tissue to act irregular, which can grow and divide into cancer over time. The definition of small cell lung cancer is most often seen in excessive smokers. Non-small cell is most frequently often seen in consistent smokers and includes numerous types of lung cancers. The risk factors for lung cancer embrace smoking, being visible to secondhand smoke, a family history of cancer particularly lung cancer, excessive use and abuse of alcohol and having been unprotected to asbestos, or other hazard chemicals. In many different cases, the symptoms of lung cancer do not occur during the early stages of life cycle. Most patients do not encounter the symptoms of lung cancer until the cancer is in a leading period. The symptoms of lung cancer comprise persistent cough, harshness, breathless, coughing up blood, chest discomfort and...
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...The campaign states that quitting smoking for 28 days means that you are 5 times more likely to quit for good! A person who want to take part in the campaign can sign up on the website so that the can receive support as they go through the month! Cancer research help fund research for more than 200 types of cancer, from the most common including breast, bowel, lung and prostate cancers to less common types of cancer. Due to more than 10 years of research more than 400 people who are diagnosed with cancer everyday will now survive. Lung cancer being the second most common cancer and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the UK, cancer research has helped to prevent the disease through campaigns to reduce the number of people smoking. How cancer research has made a difference so far: Paved the way for some of the drugs that have had the biggest impact on treating this disease – including cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed (Alimta), etoposide, erlotinib (Tarceva) and gefitinib (Iressa). Pushed for policies to cut smoking across the UK, such as smoke free workplaces, helping thousands of smokers to quit and stopping children from starting the habit. Tracked the links between asbestos exposure and the lung cancer mesothelioma, laying the foundations for laws protecting future generations from the disease. Fought hard for standardised cigarette packaging to help give children one less reason to start smoking. Supported influential long-term studies that showed the...
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...Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Lung cancer, the most preventable cancer, it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women in Canada. In 2008, it was estimated that there would be 23,900 new cases (12,600 men and 11,300 women) of lung cancer in Canada and that there would be 20,200 deaths (11,000 men and 9200 women) from lung cancer in Canada (Lewis, Heitkemper McLean, Dirksen Ruff, O’Brien Graber, & Bucher). Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a term for different types of lung cancers that have different types of cancer cells that grow and spread in their own way. NSCLC accounts for 80-85% of all lung cancer cases and includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (Gutierrez-Cabezon & et al. 2012), which are the most common types of non-small-cell lung cancer. There are some rare types of NSCLC but the purpose of this essay is to cover the most common types of non-small-cell lung cancer. Overview of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma is closely correlated to smoking and environmental carcinogens such as “asbestos, radon, nickel, iron and iron oxides, uranium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chromates arsenic, and air pollution” (Lewis et al., 2010). The squamous cell carcinoma tends to originate in the central bronchi as an intraluminal growth and is thus more amendable to early detection through cytologic examination of sputum than other forms of lung cancer (Hannon, Pooler & Porth)...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Most people are aware of the fact that smoking causes lung cancer but people hardly know how or why the cancer develops. What does tobacco contains that gives the smoker the deadly disease of lung cancer? How many packs a day and for how long does a person have to smoke in order for him or her to develop this cancer? Are there any other conditions that are caused by smoking besides lung cancer? According to Jonathan Foulds in the article “Smoking and Lung Cancer,” the smoke contains dangerous chemicals such as benzopyrene and methylnitrosamino which are deposited into the lungs. Further, the chemicals cause DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation which end into malignant tumor growth (Foulds). Lung cancer destroys the respiratory tract from the mouth to the alveoli; in addition, major organs of the body are affected. Symptoms of lung cancer are coughing with blood in sputum, fever, and chest pain (Foulds). There are three main methods by which lung cancer may be diagnosed. According to Mark H. Beers of The Merck Manual of Medical Information, an x-ray of the chest, CAT scan, or biopsy may be done to diagnose lung cancer. Lung cancer is usually detected at a late stage, which does not give an individual many options for treatment. The treatment options include quitting smoking, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, and surgery (Beers). The purpose of this paper is to examine smoking and lung cancer by summarizing two articles on the topic...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Ramon Gaetan, Kimberley Martinez, Anthony Paige, Mirany Legaspi, Annabelle Fohne HCS/330 December 06, 2010 Peter Mabrey Smoking and Lung Cancer Every year an estimated 392,000 people die from smoking -related diseases such as Lung cancer and another estimated 50,000 people die from secondhand smoke each year. Smoking is the number one preventable death within the United States. Of adults who have ever smoked most started at the age of 21 years old or younger. Smoking is directly responsible for over 90% of all lung cancer deaths (American Lung Association, 2010). The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis of lung cancer, which directly relates to smoking. Included in the analysis is an introduction of the disease, disease history, lung cancer etiology, affected populations, and possible treatments if any. By providing this information, one will understand why it is important to keep the younger generations from smoking and encouraging those who already smoke to quit, saving their lives and those around them from this unnecessary death known as lung cancer. When introducing lung disease one needs to know the emphasis from abstaining or acquiring help to quit smoking, which would greatly reduce the chances for someone to be affected by this deadly disease. Lung cancer is diagnosed by the results of abnormal cell growth in one or both lungs. This abnormal cell...
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...of breath. He denies sputum production from the cough, but admits to a 20-pound weight loss over the past four months. He has a 30-year pack history of smoking and worked in a shipyard for 25 years. His mother died from lung cancer and his father died of heart disease. His medical history includes hypertension and diabetes type 2. He has no history of surgeries or cancers. After studies were completed he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Medical Model: The medical model will define health as the absence of illness rather then the presence of health. This model uses clinical diagnosis and medical interventions to treat disease and to try to prevent disease with education of medical processes (Shi and Singh 2012). In the patient presented above, the first step would be to obtain a chest x-ray and further tests to concluded the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. The next steps in the medical model would be in implement medications such as chemotherapy, radiation or surgical removal of the tumor. Tumor removal and blood work for genetic counseling would be the best initial medical management for this patient. Holistic Health Model: Holistic medicine focuses on treatment of an individual as a whole person. In this model, diagnosis...
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...As we all know there are many types of cancers however, lung cancer is the number one cancer associated to cancer related deaths. According to the American Cancer Society there are 3 different types of cancers, Non-small cell lung cancer, Small Cell lung cancer, and Lung Carcinoid Tumor. Although there are three types of lung the one seen in most people is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. According to Lung Cancer 101 lung cancer develops when there is a growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. These abnormal cells can form into tumors in the lung which can lead to malfunctioning of the heart. According to Mayo Clinic, some common symptoms of lung cancer are, a continuous cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarse voice, weight loss, bone pain, and headaches. These symptoms are very common to other diseases like Bronchitis which makes it hard to detect lung cancer early on. Some ways to detect lung cancer is CT scan, biopsy, X-Ray, and a sputum cytology. According to The Radiologist’s Perspective a clinical trail has shown that doing a low dose CT scan in high risk individuals can be beneficial. The study states that the low dose CT scan can help detect lung cancer in its early stages. Being able to detect lung cancer early on can help...
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...Lung cancer and COPD Cyndi Morris COMP/155 September 12, 2013 Laura Prunsky Why would someone continue to smoke, knowing the risk involved? This is a question people ask every day. It is not only a risk for the smoker, but also for innocent people all around them. Did you know that second hand smoke is now a known cause in cancer? With widely publicized information on the health and environmental consequences of smoking, people still choose to smoke cigarettes. This leads to serious lifelong illnesses such as: lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Though lung cancer and COPD share common environmental risk factors, each disease has different symptoms and treatment options. Although the consequences of smoking is known, the death statistics of cancer patients is at best, jaw dropping. Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues (1). There are five leading behavioral and dietary risk factors that cause about 30% of cancer deaths: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol use. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for cancer causing 22% of global cancer deaths and 71% of global lung cancer deaths (2). This year alone, lung cancer was responsible for 159,480 deaths and there are 228,190 new cases of lung cancer. (Who, 2013). Tobacco smoke, chewing tobacco, or in the presence of tobacco smoke are...
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