...understood as a complex system which includes capillaries, vessels, cells, organs, ducts, lymph nodes and valves which all contribute to linking different structures together in order to transport excess fluid from the body tissues to the bloodstream and permeate pathogens from the blood (2, 3). Figure 2. Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels form a major element of the lymphatic system and are extensively distributed in most areas of the body excluding the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, eyeball and avascular tissues such as cartilage (1,3) as illustrated in Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels themselves initiate as lymphatic...
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...Colon cancer develops in the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer develops in the rectum, which makes up the last several inches of your intestinal tract. Together, they're referred to as colorectal cancers. Rectal cancer begins as small clumps of cells called polyps. Although most polyps are noncancerous (benign), some become cancerous over time. Regular screening to find and remove precancerous polyps can prevent rectal cancer from developing. Changes in your diet and lifestyle — such as healthy eating and increasing your physical activity — can help prevent polyps from forming, greatly reducing your risk of rectal cancer. Colon cancerEmail this page to a friendShare on facebookShare on twitterBookmark & SharePrinter-friendly version Colon, or colorectal, cancer is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum (end of the colon). Other types of cancer can affect the colon. These include lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, melanoma, and sarcomas. These are rare. In this article, colon cancer refers to colon carcinoma only. Causes Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Early diagnosis, though, can often lead to a complete cure. Almost all colon cancers start in glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. When doctors talk about colorectal cancer, this is usually what they are talking about. There is no single cause of colon cancer. Nearly all colon...
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...why people with cancer need treatment that is made to be their own. The cancer I am going to focus on is testicular cancer. Testicular cancer can start in one or both of the testicles. It is often found in young men but can occur in any age. The testicles are made up of many different kinds of cells. Each cell can develop into one or more types of testicular cancer. Studies show about 8,430 new cases of testicular cancer, and out of those 8,430 are only 380 deaths cause by the cancer. The chance of having testicular cancer is about 1 and 270. It is mostly found in middle aged men but about 7% of the cases occur in children and teens. Testicular cancer is one of the most curable forms of cancer. The risk of dying is about 1 in 5,000. There is no actual cause to testicular cancer, but the American Cancer Society has founded some risk factors. Those would include family history, HIV infection, being at the age 20-34, race/ethnicity, and body size. None of these factors can be changed, and most men that end up with testicular cancer have no known risks. With that being said there is no way to prevent most cases of testicular. Although there is no way to prevent having testicular cancer, it is usually found at an early age. Most of the times it is because in some men they get symptoms that make them contact a doctor. Some symptoms include: Lump or swelling in the testicle – this would be the most common of any symptom. Other symptoms are a feeling of heaviness or aching...
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...to study is Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of the black plague. The genus Yersinia is a part of the family Enterobacteriaceae. 3 of the species in this family are pathogenic; Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacteria, it is nonmotile, and does not form endospores. It is a coccobacillus that displays unusual bipolar staining. The optimal growth temperature of Yersinia pestis is 28° to 30°C. Yersinia pestis is also considered a facultative anaerobe, and grows at pH ranging from 5 to 9.6, although it’s optimum pH is 7.2 to 7.6. Yersinia pestis has 4,744,671 base pairs on its chromosome, making it a large bacterium. The virulence factors for Yersinia pestis are unique, including YadA (Yersinia adherence protein.) YadA allows the attachment to host cells and activation of Complement. Also, at conditions at or above 37° C, Yersinia pestis becomes resistant to phagocytosis, making the human body a perfect reservoir for growth...
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...Biology of Disease | Case Study-Carcinoma of the Tongue | | Ndidi Nneka Ene | 12/9/2008 | | Introduction Carcinoma of the tongue is a malignant tumour that begins as a small lump, a firm white patch or an ulcer on the tongue. The tumor may spread to throughout the tongue to the floor of the mouth and to the gum or jaws. As the tumour grows, it becomes more life threatening by metastasizing to lymph nodes in the neck and to the rest of the body. There are two parts of the tongue, the oral tongue and the base of the tongue. Tongue cancer can develop in either part. The oral tongue is the part which is visible when someone ‘sticks the tongue out’. The base of the tongue is behind the oral tongue but they develop from different embryonic tissues and are dissimilar. Tongue carcinoma can be defined as squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and could be: * Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue * Squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue The tumor is usually located on the side/lateral border of the oral tongue. It is usually ulcerated and greyish-pink to red in color and bleeds easily if bitten or touched. Some very small cancers of the oral tongue can be quickly and successfully treated surgically by removing the primary tumor in the tongue. But as the size of the primary tumor increases, the statistical possibility of some cancer cells spreading through the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes of the neck increases...
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...the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis. The American Cancer Society estimates that 317,100 new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States and that 41,400 men die from the disease each year. It is the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer in American men. The specific causes and development of prostate cancer are still unknown, but several risk factors for the disease are known. The older you are, the higher chance of getting the disease is. Prostate cancer usually doesn’t develop before the age of 40 and is mostly found in men over the age of 65. It is common in North America affecting 15 percent of American men in their lifetimes and in northwestern Europe, but rare in South America, the Near East, and Africa. In America, black males suffer from the disease 37 percent more often than white males. Evidence links diets with a lot of animal fats with prostate cancer. One study found that human prostate cancer tumors grew only half as fast in mice with diets of 21 percent fat as in mice with diets of 40 percent fat. Diet differences are believed to explain why prostate cancer is 120 times greater in the United States than in China, where fatty foods are not part of the general diet. Some foods seem to act as a shield against this disease. A nine-year study published in 1995 suggests that tomato products protect against prostate cancer, possibly because tomatoes are rich in a substance called...
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...Oncology Pancreatic Cancer The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. The most common type of pancreatic cancer arises from the exocrine glands and is called adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The endocrine glands of the pancreas can give rise to a completely different type of cancer, referred to as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell tumor. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is among the most aggressive of all cancers. By the time that pancreatic cancer is diagnosed, most people already have disease that has spread to distant sites in the body. Risk Factors: * Smoking * Long-term diabetes * Chronic pancreatitis * Certain hereditary disorders * Being male * Over 60 * African American, * Eating a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables, * Being obese. Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms * Pain in the abdomen, the back, or both * * Weight loss, often associated with the following: * Loss of appetite (anorexia) * Bloating * Diarrhea or fatty bowel movements that float in water (steatorrhea) * Rarely may present with new diabetes in a person with weight loss and nausea * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are generally vague and can easily be attributed to other less serious and more common conditions. This lack of specific...
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...Contents I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Background Information IV. Discussion V. Diagnosis Test VI. Prevention VII. Conclusion VIII. Bibliography Abstract According to archeologists, Bubonic plague may have originated from Egypt and not in Asia as originally thought. The disease is termed ‘Black Death’ and is said to have also begun in North Africa. Archeologists and fossil insect experts report that the disease may have distributed as a result of the flooding of River Nile that forced the rats to infest the human populated areas during the 3500 B.C. The causative agents of Bubonic Plague are known as Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) that are normally classified as Gram-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. The coccobacilli are either rod or oval shape, and they is short. The Y. pestis metabolism is fermentative just like the other enterobacteriaceae, and they produce a thick antiphagocytic capsule that prevents the white blood cells from the ability to ward off the Y. pestis infection. In this paper, the disease Bubonic Plague will be discussed in details, including its causes, and the place where the recent outbreak has occurred. Introduction Bubonic Plague is brought by the Yersinia pestis, which is a Gam-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. As learned in classes, the coccobacilli are rod or oval in shape, and normally short in size. Just like other Enterobacteriaceae, the Yersinia pestis has a fermentative type of metabolism, and they...
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...Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism is no longer working. The old cells will not die and start to grow out of control, leading to formation of abnormal cells that develops into a mass of tissue known as tumors. Although, some cancers like leukemia do not form tumors ("CTCA," 2013).Cancer tumors are malignant and may invade surrounding tissues and organs. Cancer can also spread to distant organs in the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. In this paper, the writer will discuss the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of treatmens, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects of cancer and its treatments. To determine what causes cancer is very complex, but studies have suggested that the causes of cancer include, genetic risks, diet, lifestyle, tobacco use, and physical activity. Others causes are some infections, chemicals exposures and radiation ("American Cancer Society," 2013). Detecting cancer early is very crucial as it allows for early treatment and can stop the disease progression. Cancer causes many signs and symptoms depending on size, location of tumor and its effect on surrounding organs and tissues. General signs and symptoms of cancer are: pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever, skin changes and other symptoms specific to each cancer ("HemOnctoday," 2011). Understanding the disease progression and its prognosis remains an important factor...
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...Oral Oncology 50 (2014) 577–586 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Oral Oncology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oraloncology Review ACR Appropriateness CriteriaÒ thyroid carcinoma Joseph K. Salama a,⇑, Daniel W. Golden b, Sue S. Yom c, Madhur Kumar Garg d, Joshua Lawson e, Mark W. McDonald f, Harry Quon g, John A. Ridge h, Nabil Saba i, Richard V. Smith j, Francis Worden k, Anamaria Reyna Yeung l, Jonathan J. Beitler m a Duke University, Durham, NC, United States University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States d Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States e Lexington Medical Center, West Columbia, SC, United States f Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States g Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States h American College of Surgeons, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States i American Society of Clinical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States j American College of Surgeons, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States k American Society of Clinical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States l University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States m Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States b c a r t i c l e i n f o s u m m a r y The ACR Head and Neck Cancer Appropriateness Criteria Committee reviewed relevant medical...
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...The Bubonic Plague Analysis Contents I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Background Information IV. Discussion V. Diagnosis Test VI. Prevention VII. Conclusion VIII. Bibliography Abstract According to archeologists, Bubonic plague may have originated from Egypt and not in Asia as originally thought. The disease is termed ‘Black Death’ and is said to have also begun in North Africa. Archeologists and fossil insect experts report that the disease may have distributed as a result of the flooding of River Nile that forced the rats to infest the human populated areas during the 3500 B.C. The causative agents of Bubonic Plague are known as Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) that are normally classified as Gram-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. The coccobacilli are either rod or oval shape, and they is short. The Y. pestis metabolism is fermentative just like the other enterobacteriaceae, and they produce a thick antiphagocytic capsule that prevents the white blood cells from the ability to ward off the Y. pestis infection. In this paper, the disease Bubonic Plague will be discussed in details, including its causes, and the place where the recent outbreak has occurred. Introduction Bubonic Plague is brought by the Yersinia pestis, which is a Gam-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. As learned in classes, the coccobacilli are rod or oval in shape, and normally short in size. Just like other Enterobacteriaceae, the Yersinia...
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...Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ENG/147 12/1/2014 Although doctors normally have the patience well-being in mind, their advice might not always be correct. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) affects many Americans every year. Most are not aware of the symptoms or what will happen after being diagnosed; knowledge is power even when facing a deadly disease. In 2011, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) has caused more than 160,000 deaths in the United States. (CDC, 2011) NSCLC is the leading cause of deaths when compared to other deadly cancers. Day after day doctors works tirelessly looking for cures with little success. While most cancers are treatable in early stages, that is not the case with NSCLC. Most patients are not aware of the symptoms until it is too late. There are many symptoms that can mirror NSCLC, making it difficult to diagnose. These symptoms are coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue. Many Doctors will assume that you have pneumonia. It is likely they will not run any other tests unless you start having symptoms of, double vision, loss of appetite, loss of weight, and fatigue. When having these symptoms it can be unnerving not knowing what is going on. They will then begin with the fallowing tests. * Chest x-ray: This will show abnormalities in the lungs. * Complete Blood Count (CBC): This is a test that is used to calculate the “cellular or formed elements of blood.”(“MedicineNet”, 2014) * Computed Tomography...
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...Danielle Stringfellow English IV Mr. Ray February 27, 2013 Colon Cancer Disease Colorectal cancer, cancer of the colon and rectum, is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in America. Colon cancer occurs in the large intestine. If the cancer is in the last 6 inches of the colon, the rectum, it is considered rectal cancer. The colon is the lower part of the digestive system, which processes food for energy and rids the body of solid waste. Together, these cancers are referred to as colorectal cancers. Most colorectal cancers begin as polyps that grow on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These growths spread very slowly, taking from ten to twenty years to become cancerous. Regular screening tests can identify and remove polyps before they become cancerous. Once colorectal cancer is diagnosed, the prognosis depends on how far the cancer has spread (Board). Colon cancer is a dangerous disease that many groups are working toward eliminating or bringing under control. There are quite a few things that contribute to this condition. As with most cancers, the risk increases with time and a family history of colon cancer. Men are more likely to get it than women, with African-American men having the highest risk in the United States. Smokers and physically inactive people have higher risk. Diets that are high in fiber, fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of this. However, diets high in red meat and fat have an increased risk (Flippo de Bravd). If one has inflammatory...
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...called Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the characteristic virus implicated in Hodgkin’s disease. The Epstein-Barr virus has been found in the cells of approximately thirty to fifty percent of patients who are diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease, and the activation of EBV can be evident in patients even before Hodgkin’s emerges. Studies have also indicated a higher risk for Hodgkin’s disease in those who had previously contracted infectious mononucleosis (IM). Approximately 20-40% Hodgkin’s patients who had previously contracted IM were found to have the EBV in the cancerous tumor. The correlation between EBV and IM indicates that the combinative presence of EBV and IM might be a causative factor for few cases of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, neither the absence of IM or EBV precludes the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s, as there are cases of Hodgkin’s disease in which the Epstein-Barr virus is absent. The cause remains unknown for patients with Hodgkin’s disease who have not contracted the Epstein Barr virus, although contraction of a virus yet to be identified has been proposed. Furthermore, it has been suggested that genetics play a role in the cause of Hodgkin’s disease. Twin studies have indicated that in monozygotic twins, the unaffected twin has almost a 100% increased risk of having Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In dizygotic...
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...that researchers realized that the cancerous tissue showed a diminished or absence of the hormone guanylin (University, 2014). In more than 85% of the colon cancer patients the hormone had decreased by 100 to 1,000 times its normal level. Researchers stained slices of tissue to check for the presence of guanylin, but the results were negative. Scott Walden, M.D, Ph.D., the senior author on the study, stated “The fact that the vast majority of cancers stop producing this hormone leads us to believe that guanylin may be driving the growth of the tumors” (University, 2014). He also stated that if the belief is true it would be possible to prevent colon cancer by using hormone replacement therapy that included guanylin. Dr. Waldman is Chair of the Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and the Samuel MV Hamilton Professor at Thomas Jefferson University (University, 2014). In regards to determining how guanylin hormone therapy will affect colon cancer, the next step it to test whether is prevents colon cancer or inhibits the growth of tumors in mice. Human studies will follow. In the meantime the team is trying to discover more information on how guanylin functions in normal colon cells (University, 2014). Source Material: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141010083733.htm In order to understand how guanylin affects colon cancer, we must first look at what guanylin is and how it works. Guanylin is a hormone that is secreted by epithelial cells,...
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