...Current Applications of Genetic Technology in Predisposition Testing and Microsatellite Instability Assays By Marsha L. Frazier, Li-Kuo Su, Christopher I. Amos, Patrick M. Lynch From the Departments of Epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Digestive Diseases, and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Address reprint requests to Marsha L. Frazier, MD, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030; email mlfrazier@notes .mdacc.tmc.edu. INTRODUCTION IT IS POSSIBLE TO test selected subjects for germline mutations in genes causing familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP),1 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC),2-8 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,9,10 and juvenile polyposis.11-13 Because the genes that are mutated in familial colorectal cancer syndromes can be mutated at a variety of different locations, assays for mutation detection are not simple. Many different approaches to mutation detection have been described in the literature, some of which are also described here. Specific strategies for testing are also discussed. THE BASICS Isolation of DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA or RNA for genetic testing is almost always isolated from peripheral-blood leukocytes. This requires that the blood be drawn in tubes containing some sort of anticoagulant. The preferred anticoagulants are either citrate or EDTA. The cells are lysed...
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...COMPANY: Long Term Capital Management OVERVIEW: The following Case Study addresses an amazing Company called “Long Term Capital Management” (LTCM). This is a fascinating story of big time business and the ignored impact of the omnipresent timeless, Ten Early Warning Signals. These Signals can be controlled and converted into profitable success or perilously ignored at the risk of losses and eventual failure. DATE PREPARED: July 4, 2007 CASE STUDY PREFACE During our three decades of “hands on” Business Survival Consulting” assignments we would constantly push to improve Client profitability. Profit Improvement in one form or another is, of course, the foundation of a successful turnaround. During this process we clarified and expanded upon three axioms that, to a greater or lesser degree, are generally unknown and/or certainly under utilized in the quest to improve corporate profitability in American Business. These three axioms are: AXIOM ONE: “Key People Know” Who knows a company better than the key people in a company? Nobody does! The collective knowledge of key personnel, if properly focused and channeled, can be an omnipotent Profit Improvement force for top management in their Profit Improvement efforts. AXIOM TWO: “Crisis Avoidance and/or Crisis Correction” constitutes the basic operating environment of most “for profit” companies. In its most simple approximation, 20% of Businesses are generally crisis free. The next 60% of Businesses are involved in a series of minor...
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...Presenteeism and absenteeism are both directly related to the health of an employee both through the employee’s physical condition and mental state (De Lorenzo-Romanella 2011). This essay aims to provide an insight into how both presenteeism and absenteeism due to poor health can affect Australian businesses productivity. As there is limited Australian studies relating to this topic, overseas studies have been reviewed. This comprised of mainly American studies due to the cultural similarities. A brief explanation of what is meant by the terms presenteeism and absenteeism, is needed to help the evidence to show by what means productivity can be affected. Also reviewed is how certain industries require different measures to collect specific data and why there is conjecture about converting presenteeism and absenteeism to monetary values. In addition the results of some employee health programs that have been implemented by some employers will be presented. Presenteeism is the term used for when an employee is present in the place of work, whilst not functioning at 100 percent productivity. This could be due to the employee’s health condition referring to the employee’s physical or mental state or a combination of both (Sanderson et al. 2007; Bergstrom et al. 2009; Brooks et al. 2010; Stewart et al. 2011). Employee self reporting questionnaires is usually how presenteeism is assessed and this is demonstrated throughout the various literature that is presently available. Conditions...
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...Handbook of Business Strategy Emerald Article: The ethics of business strategy Fred Hansen, Michele Smith Article information: To cite this document: Fred Hansen, Michele Smith, (2006),"The ethics of business strategy", Handbook of Business Strategy, Vol. 7 Iss: 1 pp. 201 - 206 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10775730610618828 Downloaded on: 09-04-2012 References: This document contains references to 16 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 5650 times. Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Additional help for authors is available for Emerald subscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the...
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...Is intelligence associated with health and longevity and if so, why? Discuss with reference to relevant empirical studies. Associations between measures of socioeconomic status (SES), health and survival rates have been firmly established by social epidemiologists. Nevertheless, in spite of improving western living conditions and wide access to health services and information, social inequalities in health and mortality still prevail. In some instances, wide accessibility to health care appears only to deepen socioeconomic divisions of health and mortality rates (Gottfredson, 2004). Why this should be the case has led researchers to seek out further predictors of morbidity and mortality across the social spectrum. From these efforts a new field of study, cognitive epidemiology (Deary & Der 2005) is seeking to establish general intelligence scores as risk factors for mortality and certain health outcomes. This is a comparatively new field of research, and findings with regard to the extent and exact causal mechanisms of an association between intelligence, health and longevity remain far from conclusive. For instance, some researchers claim that intelligence is the ‘elusive fundamental cause’ of health inequalities (Gottfredson, 2004); whilst others negate the impact of intelligence once SES factors and education are controlled for (Singh-Manoux & Kivimaki, 2009; Hauser & Palloni, 2008). Intelligence tests are long established as valid predictors of occupational...
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...CASE STUDY 1 Acute coronary syndrome Patrick Gallagher Case outline Peter Brown is a 58-year-old gentleman who has experienced an episode of crushing central chest pain while at work. Peter works as a taxi driver and a colleague has taken him to the Accident and Emergency Department. On admission, Peter is sweaty, clammy, nauseated and short of breath. He is complaining of chest pain radiating to his left arm. This is Peter’s first presentation to hospital and he has no relevant past medical history. Peter smokes approximately 20–30 cigarettes per day and takes alcohol at weekends only. Peter is anxious and is concerned that his wife and children are informed. He also states his father died suddenly following a heart attack a number of years ago. Peter is immediately triaged and taken to the resuscitation room. You are the receiving nurse. Observations on admission include: Respiratory rate: 18 breaths per minute Oxygen saturations: 95% Blood pressure: 150/90 mmHg Pulse: 94 beats per minute Temperature: 37ºC. On admission to hospital an electrocardiograph (ECG) has been undertaken. Peter has been diagnosed with an anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (anterior STEMI). Blood samples have also been drawn for urea and electrolytes (U&E), full blood picture (FBP) and highly sensitive troponin T. 1 Discuss Peter’s immediate problems and explain these using your knowledge of pathophysiology. A On admission to Accident and Emergency...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ANTHRAX VACCINE AS A COMPONENT OF THE STRATEGIC NATIONAL STOCKPILE: A DILEMMA FOR HOMELAND SECURITY by Thomas L. Rempfer December 2009 Thesis Advisor: Second Reader: Stanley Supinski Dean Lynch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 2. REPORT DATE December 2009 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s Thesis 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Anthrax Vaccine as a Component of the Strategic National Stockpile: A Dilemma for Homeland Security 6. AUTHOR(S) Thomas L. Rempfer 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000...
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...Racial Disparity in U.S. Diagnoses of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2000 –2009 Qian An, MS, Joseph Prejean, PhD, H. Irene Hall, PhD This activity is available for CME credit. See page A3 for information. Background: Increased attention has been focused on health disparities among racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. Purpose: To assess the extent of progress toward meeting the targets of Healthy People 2010 objectives and eliminating disparities. Methods: All diagnoses of AIDS during 2000 –2009 among people aged Ն13 years in the 50 states and District of Columbia, reported to national HIV surveillance through June 2010, together with census population data were used in this analysis (conducted in March 2011). This study assesses the trend in racial/ethnic disparities in rates of AIDS diagnoses both between particular groups using rate difference (RD) and rate ratio (RR) and across the entire range of racial/ethnic subgroups using three summary measures of disparity: between-group variance (BGV); Theil index (TI); and mean log deviation (MLD). Results: The overall racial/ethnic disparity, black–white disparity, and Hispanic–white disparity in rates of AIDS diagnoses decreased for those aged 25– 64 years from 2000 to 2009. The black–white and Hispanic–white disparity in rates of AIDS diagnoses also decreased among men aged Ն65 years; however, the black–white disparity increased among young men aged 13–24 years (BGV: pϽ0.001, black–white RD: pϽ0.01) from...
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...How Media Effect Children Franchester White Eng/101 September 7, 2014 Karen Strimkovskey Is your child safe? As a parent, you always want to know what your child is watching on television. The media is a powerful tool that doesn’t always teach a positive lesson. Media have provided the means and opportunity for children to distort reality into fallacies through television and video games. While media programs have a negative effect on children, there are some positive programs. The largest amounts of violence are found in children shows. Children between the age of 2 and 18 spends 6 hours and 32 minutes on an average a day using media with the exception of sleeping this is more than they spend on any other activity. When multiple media is stimulated, this time is increased to 8 hours a day. Big parts of media exposure are violent acts that are also witnessed in video games. On an average, a young child will have viewed 200,000 acts of violence on television (TV). Exposure to violent media wrecks havoc on thoughts, feeling, and most importantly, behavior. “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth,” a report appearing in the December 2003 edition of “Psychological Science in the Public Interest,” points to strong evidence points to the exposure to media violence causes boost in physically and verbally aggressive behavior in children. “Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior...
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...Running Head: Physical Activity and Stroke Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke His/her Name University Name Abstract Researchers and scientists have always favored preventive measures to avoid the conditions which result in undergoing a rigorous treatment. In this view physical activity or fitness training programs have been found having significant effects in the prevention of strokes as well as at post care stage as treatment and a measure of rehabilitation in survivors of cardiac arrests. Further, it has been noted in recently conducted studies that quite a remarkable evidences are discovered in favor of physical activity as therapeutic as well as rehabilitative in nature. Organized physical activity in the form of exercise, tailor made programs according to the needs of the patients at post care stage and fitness training exercise therapy have been found considerably helpful in rehabilitation in the survivors of stroke. In addition, further research is proposed to explore the different types of organized exercise programs according to the physical and mental conditions of survivors and as preventive measures among them. Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke Cardiac arrest is a one of the growing and leading causes of death around the globe. According to available data, more than 130,000...
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...corporate policy that specifies how training, performance management and reward systems might integrate career-planning considerations. What steps can a company take to align its compensation system with its general business strategy? Today's compensation approaches, like the rest of the business world, are changing rapidly. As a result, the bridge that connects compensation strategy to the overall business strategy may have been weakened by the frequent shifts that characterize business today. The pace of change in both business strategy and compensation design are leading many companies to consider and implement changes to one side of the bridge without making changes to align it with the other side of the bridge. As a result, the bridge becomes weaker and is more likely to undermine the overall success of the business. This process encompasses the following key steps such as articulating the company's long and short-term business strategies and making sure they are aligned with current compensation approaches; choosing the compensation approach that will best reward and reinforce the company's articulated strategic goals; and periodically evaluating the compensation approach against the business strategy to see if goals have been met and make necessary adjustments. To align compensation with the business strategy, a company must first be able to articulate what that business strategy is. While identifying and articulating the business strategy seems self evident, many...
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...WORK IN PROGRESS PAPER Individual-level Cultural values and Workplace Attitudes and Behaviours: Examining the moderating effects of individual-level cultural values on social exchange relationships involving organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in Pakistani organizations Samina Quratulain* Abdul Karim Khan* CERGAM, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille-III, France ABSTRACT The relationships among employee’s work related variables, cultural variables and OCB are investigated in Pakistani work setting. Based on the review of literature it has been observed that perceived organizational justice (procedural, distributive & interactional justice) is an important antecedent of OCB. This study intends to extend the previous research by assessing the validity of social exchange theory within Pakistan where norms of reciprocity (social exchange ideology) may play a lesser role in social exchange relationships. The primary objective of the study will be to compare the influence of individual differences in values using Hofstede’s cultural value framework (collectivism-individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, Power distance) as moderators of generally well established positive relationships between OCB & employee’s perception of organizational justice. The results will provide insights into the influences of employees value differences on relationships established in management literature. Keywords: Organizational citizenship behaviour;...
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...LPBL – Week II – Group IV STEP I - Unknown Words There is no unknown words in this section. STEP II – Keywords * 42-year-old * Female * Colleague with breast cancer, gave a blood sample for gene-testing, had a mutation in the BRCA-1 gene. * Her sister had breast cancer at the age of 36. * Her father’s family has a history of breast cancer. Step III – IV - Problem Sentence * * Mrs. K, a 42-year-old woman, is worried about a possibility of having breast cancer due to her family history. Step V - Learning Objectives * What is breast cancer? * Age of occurance. * Causes and symptoms. * How can you treat cancer? * Is it important to do a genetic test? STEP VI/VII – Individual Research & Report Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. There are two main types of breast cancer: * Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type. * Lobular carcinoma starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules, which produce milk. In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast. Breast cancer can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive means it has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast. Noninvasive means it has not yet invaded other breast tissue. Noninvasive breast cancer is called "in situ." * Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or intraductal carcinoma, is breast cancer...
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...A Review of Colorectal Cancer The colon and rectum both preform major functions daily in the digestion system. The colon absorbs water and converts the leftover food into indigestible fecal matter. The rectum stores the fecal matter until it is time to dispose of it. Colorectal cancer occurs when the cells of these two organs become mutated and divide rapidly. Unless colorectal cancer is detected early, more often than not, it becomes deadly. When food enters the digestion system, it travels through the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and then enters the colon. When it leaves the small intestine, it is a semisolid material that has already lost most of its nutritional value in the small intestine, but what is left are the indigestible carbohydrates and fibrous materials. If there are any important vitamins or minerals that the body could use, they are extracted by mixing it with the mucus and bacteria found in the colon (Almeida 316). There are four different sections of the colon: the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Each section of the colon has a crypt style, where there are many “waves” that make the colon squeeze a lot more length into a lot less space. Within the colon’s epithelial layer of cells, there are three different types of cells. Two of the three types may become cancerous, and these are the absorptive and goblet cells. They are found throughout the colon, and are more common throughout the epithelium than the third type,...
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...THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights...
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