...Monetary Policy in Nigeria The Impact of Monetary policy on Nigeria’s Economic Growth. Monetary Policy in Nigeria - Developing countries growth policies are better delivered as full packages since fiscal and monetary policies are inextricable, except in terms of the instruments and implementing authorities. However, monetary policy appears more potent in correcting short term macroeconomic maladjustments because of the frequency in applying and altering the policy tools, relative ease of its decision process and the sheer nature of the sector which propagates its effect to the real economy – the financial system. The main objective of monetary policy in Nigeria is to ensure price and monetary stability. This is mainly achieved by causing savers to avail investors of surplus funds for investment through appropriate interest rate structures; stemming wide fluctuations in the exchange rate of the naira: proper supervision of banks and related institutions to ensure financial sector soundness; maintenance efficient payments system; applying deliberate polices to expand the scope of the financial system so that interior economics, which a re largely informal, are financially included. Financial inclusion is Particularly important in the sense that the larger it is, the larger the interest rate sensitivity of production and aggregate demand and so the more effective monetary policy is. The economy of Nigeria is faced with unemployment low investment and high inflation rate...
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...Chapter 1.0 Introduction & Background 1.1 Introduction: Banks are very old form of financial institution that channels excess fund from surplus unit to deficit unit in consideration of a price called interest. Banking business definitely established on a relationship of Debtor-creditor between the surplus unit called depositor and the bank and between the deficit unit called borrowers and the bank. Here, opportunity coast of money works as interest is considered the price of the credit. For the development of an economy, bank furnishes a huge contribution and modem economy can not be imagined without the service of bank. Economic development of a country requires a well organized, smooth, easy to reach and efficient saving-investment process. The function of a single bank is not limited to its geographical region only rather it has reached beyond the border of the country. So banking business has been shaped as global business and the rest other business greatly depend on the strength of banking business performance. The recent financial crisis showed many weaknesses within the on hand financial system across the world. This triggers many issues linking to the protection of banking institution against probable future non expected risks associated with periods of insecurity. Bank regulatory authorities are directly liable to evaluate the performance of each banking business to find out any flaw. Regulatory authority should have to sense any upcoming difficulties...
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...they provide a framework for identifying, analyzing, measuring, communicating and managing these risks. Since models cannot incorporate all possible risk outcomes and are generally not capable of capturing sudden and dramatic changes, banks supplement models with ‘stress tests’. Sensitivity tests are normally used to assess the impact of change in one variable (for example, a high magnitude parallel shift in the yield curve, a significant movement in the foreign exchange rates, a large movement in the equity index etc.) on the bank’s financial position. Scenario tests include simultaneous moves in a number of variables (for example, equity prices, oil prices, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, liquidity etc.) based on a single event experienced in the past (i.e., historical scenario – for example, natural disasters, stock market crash, depletion of a country’s foreign exchange reserves) or a plausible market event that has not yet happened (i.e., hypothetical scenario - for example, collapse of communication systems across the entire region/ country, sudden or prolonged severe economic downturn) and the assessment of their impact on the bank’s financial position. Banks in India are beginning to use statistical models to measure and manage risks. Stress tests are, therefore, relevant for these banks. Further, the supervisory review process under Pillar 2 of Basel II framework is intended not only to ensure that banks have adequate capital to support all the risks in...
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...INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic Variables Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behaviour, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Macroeconomic is a factor that is pertinent to a broad economy at the regional or national level and affects a large population rather than a few select individuals. Macroeconomic factors are key indicators of economic performance and are closely monitored by governments, businesses and consumers. Macroeconomic factors are the factors which affect the wider economy. In other words these factors seem to summarize the picture of economy. Macroeconomic variables include economic output, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, money supply, exchange rate, foreign reserves, savings and investment. Variables used in study: • Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the CPI) over time. A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level...
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...Determinants of Banking Instability in Malaysia Final Year Project Proposal – April 2015 Submitted By: Name & Roll Number Submitted To: Supervisor’s Name: This proposal is submitted to SEGi UNIVERSITY on 10/04/15, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree BBM. EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this paper may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior consent of the author. DECLARATION I hereby declare that: * This undergraduate research project is the end result of my own work / research and that due acknowledgement has been given in the references. * No portion of this research project has been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or qualification of this or any other university. * The word count of this research proposal is 10,276 words. Name of the Student Signature Date ACKNOWLEDEMENTS I would like to thank my Final year project’s supervisor [NAME], who has been an inspiration and provided me information regarding banking instability, which proved to be very useful in completing this project. I also appreciate the hard work and efforts of my friends and former colleagues who has provided me with useful information / data which helped me choose this topic. PREFACE This research paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Bachelor of Business Administration (HONS)...
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...AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NON-PERFORMING LOANS, MACROECONOMIC FACTORS, AND FINANCIAL FACTORS IN CONTEXT OF PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN BANGLADESH by Syeda Zabeen Ahmed ID # 0120269 An Internship Report Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Business Administration INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH April 2006 An investigation of the relationship between Non-performing Loans, Macroeconomic Factors, and Financial Factors in context of Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh by Syeda Zabeen Ahmed ID # 0120269 has been approved April, 2006 _________________ Shubhankar Shil Lecturer School of Business Independent University, Bangladesh TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Problem Statement 3. Purpose of the Study 4. Limitations of the Study 5. Research Timeline 6. Review of Literature 6.1 Non-performing Loans 6.2 Development of hypotheses 6.3 Macroeconomic factors and NPLs 6.4 Bank specific indicators and NPLs 6.5 Terms of Credit and NPLs 7. Methodology 7.1 Research Approach 7.2 Sampling Method 7.3 Measure of variables 7.4 Data Collection Procedure 7.5 Data Analysis 8. Results 8.1 Descriptive 8.2 Correlations 8.3 Regression 9. Significant of the Study 11. Conclusion Reference Appendix 1 I 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 13 14 16 List of Tables Page 1. Demographics of respondents 2. Occupational experience of respondents 3. Responsibility statements 4. Reliability...
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...Under call money market, funds are transacted on an overnight basis and under notice money market, funds are transacted for a period between 2 days and 14 days. Participants in call/notice money market currently include scheduled commercial banks (excluding RRBs), co-operative banks (other than Land Development Banks) and Primary Dealers (PDs), both as borrowers and lenders .The call money market is influenced by liquidity conditions, mainly governed by deposit mobilization, capital flows and the reserve bank’s operations affecting banks’ reserve requirements on the supply side and tax outflows, government borrowing programme, non-food credit off-take and seasonal fluctuations such as large currency drawals during the festive season on the demand side. During the times of easy liquidity, call rates tend to hover around the bank’s repo rate which provides a avenue for parking short term surplus funds and during periods of tight liquidity, call rates tend to move up towards the bank’s reverse repo rate. CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The information content of the Islamic interbank money market rate in Malaysia Author:...
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...Exchange Rate on Volatility of Market Index at Dhaka Stock Exchange DEWAN MUKTADIR-AL-MUKIT * ABSTRACT The paper investigates the effects of the exchange rates and interest rates on stock market performance by using monthly time series data for the economy of Bangladesh, over the period of 1997 to 2010. This study uses econometric techniques of measuring the long and short term relationship between variables using the concept of Cointegration and Error Correction Model and analysis of Variance Decomposition. Causal relationships have been investigated using Granger causality test. By employing Cointegration technique it is observed that in the long run, a one percent increase in exchange rate and in interest rate contributes1.04% increase and 1.71 % decrease in market index respectively. The estimated error correction coefficient indicates that 7.8 percent deviation of stock returns are corrected in the short run. Finally, Granger causality analysis suggests the existence of a unidirectional causality from market index to exchange rate and from interest rate to market index. Keywords: Cointegration, Granger Causality. Exchange rate, Interest rate, DGEN index 1. INTRODUCTION A well functioning financial system boosts economic growth through proper and efficient allocation of resources. As a part of financial system, the importance and role of stock market towards achieving economic growth is crucial. The functioning of stock market depends on investors’ buying and selling decisions...
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...Socol1 Adina Elena Dănuleţiu2 ABSTRACT: General assumption of this study is that the banks performance represents their ability to generate sustainable profitability and that banks’ profitability is one important issue of contemporary banking field, grace to its role in emphasizing of the financial soundness of banks, abreast to others indicators regarding to the capital adequacy or assets quality. The paper examines how is affected banking profitability (expressed through traditional measures of performance ROA - Return on Assets and ROE - Return on Equity) by the CRR Credit risk ratio in Romanian banking system during March 2008 - June 2013. We developed two regression models in order to study the dependence between mentioned variables. We found that ROA and ROE vary each of them depending on the CRR Credit risk ratio, which is expressed as the ratio of gross value of exposure to loans and related interest under “doubtful” and “loss” to total classified loans and related interest pertaining to non-bank loans, off-balance sheet items excluded. Keywords: ROA Return on Assets, ROE - Return on Equity, Credit risk ratio, Regression model JEL Codes: D12, C58, G21 Introduction Significant level of non-performing loans and faster cross-border deleveraging are considered the major weaknesses of the Romanian banking sector, according to National Bank of Romania NBR's Financial Stability Report (National Bank of Romania, 2013). Fortunately, during 2004-2012, deleveraging...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability Panayiotis Athanasoglou and Sophocles Brissimis and Matthaios Delis Bank of Greece June 2005 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32026/ MPRA Paper No. 32026, posted 5. July 2011 14:01 UTC BANK OF GREECE BANK-SPECIFIC, INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY Panayiotis P. Athanasoglou Sophocles N. Brissimis Matthaios D. Delis Working Paper No. 25 June 2005 BANK-SPECIFIC, INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY Panayiotis P. Athanasoglou Bank of Greece Sophocles N. Brissimis Bank of Greece and University of Piraeus Matthaios D. Delis Athens University of Economics and Business ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effect of bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability, using an empirical framework that incorporates the traditional Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) hypothesis. To account for profit persistence, we apply a GMM technique to a panel of Greek banks that covers the period 1985-2001. The estimation results show that profitability persists to a moderate extent, indicating that departures from perfectly competitive market structures may not be that large. All bank-specific determinants, with the exception of size, affect bank profitability significantly in the anticipated way. However, no evidence is found...
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...Company overview ABC Holdings Limited is the parent company of a number of banks operating under the BancABC brand in Sub-Saharan Africa, with operations in Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. A group services office is located in South Africa.Historically, BancABC was a merchant bank offering a diverse range of services including wealth management, corporate banking, treasury services, leasing, asset management, and stock broking.ABC Holdings had Its primary listing on the Botswana Stock Exchange, and a secondary listing on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (BancABC annual report 2009) During 2014, the ABC Holdings Group was acquired by Atlas Mara. As at 31 December 2014, Atlas Mara had a 98.7% equity stake in ABC Holdings, held directly (60.8%) and indirectly (37.9%). Subsequent to the takeover, ABC Holdings was delisted from the Botswana Stock Exchange on 30 January 2015, and from Zimbabwe Stock Exchange on 12 February 2015.Atlas Mara is a British Virgin Islands registered company with a standard listing on the London Stock Exchange(BancAbc Annual report 2014) The seeks to review the credit risk management methods implemented by the bank . Definition of terms 2.3.1Credit According to Onyeagocha (2001), the term credit is used specifically to refer to the faith placed by a creditor in a debtor by extending a loan usually in the form of money, goods or securities to a debtor .According to Onyeagocha‘sview for a bank to grant some credit to its client...
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...and Risk-taking in Pre-crisis Investment Banks Nemanja Radić, Franco Fiordelisi, Claudia Girardone Working Paper Series No 08/11 Efficiency and risk-taking in pre-crisis investment banks Nemanja Radić1, Franco Fiordelisi2, Claudia Girardone3 Abstract Investment banks’ core functions expose them to a wide array of risks. This paper analyses cost and profit efficiency for a sample of investment banks for the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and US) and Switzerland prior to the recent financial crisis. We follow Coelli et al. (1999)’s methodology to adjust the estimated cost and profit efficiency scores for environmental influences including key banks’ risks, bank- and industry specific factors and macroeconomic conditions. Our evidence suggests that failing to account for environmental factors can considerably bias the efficiency scores for investment banks. Specifically, bank-risk taking factors (including liquidity and capital risk exposures) are found particularly important to accurately assess profit efficiency: i.e. profit efficiency estimates are consistently underestimated without accounting for bank risktaking. Interestingly, our evidence suggests that size matters for both cost and profit efficiency, however this does not imply that more concentrated markets are more efficient. JEL classification: D2, G24, G32, L25 Key words: Investment Banking;Stochastic Frontier Analysis; Efficiency; Environmental Conditions; Banking Risks. ...
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...categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com 8 – Week Course Outline Please see theStudent Handbook to reference the University’sgrading scale. Table of Contents Week Topic(s) Learning Objective(s) Reading(s) Assignment(s) 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics • LO 1: Describe the characteristics of demand and supply, and apply the demand and supply model. • LO 2: Define real gross domestic product and identify the phases of a business cycle. • LO 3: Define inflation and deflation, and explain how each affects the price and economic growth of an economy. • LO 4: Articulate why the price-level changes and how it can affect economic stability. • LO 5: Explain how unemployment is calculated and measured in the United States. • LO 6: Demonstrate an understanding of the role of the government in the economy. • LO 7: Identify the components of the macroeconomy and relate them to the circular flow diagram. Describe the characteristics of demand and supply, and apply the demand and supply model. Unit 1 http://www.saylor.org/courses/econ102/ DQ1: Self Introduction and Understanding Plagiarism. DQ2: The three primary concerns in macroeconomic analysis. Please submit your responses to DQ1 and DQ2 to the Forum Section. 2 Measuring Aggregate Output • LO 8: Describe the measurement of GDP using the expenditure approach and the income approach. • LO 9: Explain the other measures of output and income and learn their distinction...
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...categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com 8 – Week Course Outline Please see theStudent Handbook to reference the University’sgrading scale. Table of Contents Week Topic(s) Learning Objective(s) Reading(s) Assignment(s) 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics • LO 1: Describe the characteristics of demand and supply, and apply the demand and supply model. • LO 2: Define real gross domestic product and identify the phases of a business cycle. • LO 3: Define inflation and deflation, and explain how each affects the price and economic growth of an economy. • LO 4: Articulate why the price-level changes and how it can affect economic stability. • LO 5: Explain how unemployment is calculated and measured in the United States. • LO 6: Demonstrate an understanding of the role of the government in the economy. • LO 7: Identify the components of the macroeconomy and relate them to the circular flow diagram. Describe the characteristics of demand and supply, and apply the demand and supply model. Unit 1 http://www.saylor.org/courses/econ102/ DQ1: Self Introduction and Understanding Plagiarism. DQ2: The three primary concerns in macroeconomic analysis. Please submit your responses to DQ1 and DQ2 to the Forum Section. 2 Measuring Aggregate Output • LO 8: Describe the measurement of GDP using the expenditure approach and the income approach. • LO 9: Explain the other measures of output and income and learn their distinction...
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...Monetary Policy of Bangladesh Lecture Synopsis: 2 NSU, MBA Program Dr. Salehuddin Ahmed(Sld) BUS 530 (Section – 1 & 2); SPRING, 2013 Introduction Both in developed and developing economies, monetary policy seeks to maintain price stability accompanied by sustained stable output growth in the face of internal and external shocks that are faced from time to time. For developing economies like Bangladesh with significant underemployment/under exploitation of production factors, stimulating higher growth is imperative for rapid reduction and eventual elimination of endemic poverty, and is therefore an overriding priority. The stimulus provided by monetary policy in accommodating the growth aspirations must not however jeopardize macroeconomic stability and future growth; and the pursuit of monetary policy comprises of various supportive measures to attain the highest sustainable output growth while adjusting smoothly to internal and external shocks that the economy encounter from time to time. History and Objectives of Bangladesh Monetary Policy Objectives of the monetary policy of the Bangladesh Bank as outlined in the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 comprise of attaining and maintaining of price stability, high levels of production, employment and economic growth. In the decades of seventies and eighties, monetary policy in Bangladesh was conducted with full direct control on interest rates and exchange rates, as also on the volumes and directions of credit flows...
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