...Difference between Male and Female Leadership Styles Abstract Leadership styles differences in men and women have been attributed to upbringing, gender, environment, and development. Women were determined to have faster brain development than men. Societal norms suggested being raised differently because of gender caused differences in leadership styles. Some studies concluded innate traits cause males to be more aggressive versus a female’s nurturing nature. Still, others claim environmental factors, more specifically a male dominated workplace, are responsible for the difference in how male and females’ leader. The issue is many women are not reaching the upper levels of management based on the perceived notions mentioned above. Is there one specific reason that causes the difference between male and female leadership styles? Is there one determining (controlled) factor to bring the two leadership styles to conformity? During the research process the causes of leadership style differences were explored in detail by the use of questionnaires, surveys, and interviews to ascertain what workers, at all levels, in the business community perceived to be the determining factor. Overall, these findings propose psychological or physiological differences in males and females as the cause of different styles when using uncontrolled factors. My choice of a methodological perspective as a qualitative research method, to include the use of surveys, questionnaires, and a group...
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...Puffery in Advertisements: The Effects of Media Context, Communication Norms, and Consumer Knowledge ALISON JING XU ROBERT S. WYER JR. Ads often contain puffery—product descriptions that purport to be important but actually provide little if any meaningful information. Consumers’ reactions to these descriptions depend on whether they perceive themselves to be more or less knowledgeable about the product than others whom the ad is specifically intended to influence. When an ad appears in a professional magazine that is read primarily by experts in the product domain, puffery generally increases the ad’s effectiveness. This is also true when the ad appears in a popular magazine but readers perceive themselves to know less about the product than consumers at large. If readers believe they know as much as or more than general consumers, however, puffery decreases the ad’s effectiveness. In addition, the media context in which an ad is encountered has a direct effect on judgments by consumers who perceive themselves to have little knowledge about the type of product being advertised. O magazines, such as Dairy Field and Dairy Foods, which are primarily read by processors and suppliers in the dairy food industry. Dannon is not alone in using promotional materials that consumers do not understand. In some cases, advertisements describe technical details that are only appreciated by experts in the product domain to which the ads pertain. Other attribute descriptions...
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...some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different linguistic forms. However, it doesn't prove the existence of woman's language. The research done by Jim Vandergriff in...
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...individual didn’t know anything about leadership? Most of us do this naturally, without even considering the reasons behind it. The focus of this paper is to explain how gender affects our leadership styles and the variety of pieces that make this topic a complicated puzzle. It is obvious that in our society men are viewed as more equipped and capable leaders. This is mostly because men are perceived as the dominant sex in America. Male leaders are expected to be autocratic. Many people view this as a baseline when considering leadership styles. After all, who wants a leader who can’t make decisions? Male leaders are often defined as strong, arrogant, intelligent, ego-driven, bravado, powerful, dominant, assertive, focused, competitive, stubborn, physical, self-righteous, and direct (Cummings, 2005). Because of these adjectives that are stereotypically placed on male leaders, many tend to veer toward men when choosing an appropriate leader. Men have been viewed in the same manner for centuries, and the societal norms tend to be much less judgmental on male leaders. Even though many may perceive men as having a distinct leadership style, there is no denying that the number of women leaders has grown by leaps and bounds in the 21st century. Due to the third wave of the feminist movement, women have more rights and are considered more capable, strong, and intelligent than ever before. However, double standards still exist, mainly due to the gender roles that most young...
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...of Phoenix MGT/557 Negotiations, Power & Politics Dr. George R. Monk January 19, 2015 Cell Phone Negotiations In the world, cell phones have turned out to be the jump for the device. It is a demand and by way of that, it has converted into a money business. It can carry on making money as a spreading skill on the cell phones. Value is significant but has the accepting how to labor with dealers with not the same cultural backgrounds, gender, and personalities are equally important. In this paper, it will explain how this all comes together for a negotiation between the Chinese (female) and Americans (male). The American team seeks a cell phone price of $6 per unit and symbolizes the following Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: individualistic, low-power distance, low-term orientation and low-context. The American team wants an inexpensive price. The other team is an all-female negotiating team from China that offers cell phones with a $9 per unit price tag. The Chinese team wants a merchant for their cell phones which permits them to make proceeds. The Chinese side symbolizes the following Hofstede’s cultural dimensions collectivistic, high-power distance, long-term orientation and high context. Gender difference, personalities and culture has an influence on the negotiation. Also, it will give details on how each side’s perceptions, cognitions, and emotions also played a part in the negotiation. Chinese and American Hofstede Dimensions Both teams have individualistic...
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...| Final Paper | BMGT 312 Gender in Business | | Antoinette | 12/14/2012 | | A friend of mine was promoted to a managerial position. He assumed the position from a woman of foreign background that allowed her representatives(both male and female) to skip pass their immediate supervisors and come directly to her with any office or personal problems, from office grievances to attendance issues. Instead of “six degrees of separation” she also would invite these employees over for dinner and drinks. This relationship has continued on to her new position, whereas, whenever the representatives are in disagreement with his style of management they tend to confront her with it to insure that their wants/needs are addressed accordingly. Although he and the former manager are on amicable terms, he had to assert himself to his subordinates to make them understand his position and his policies. Communication Hearing Robert talk about the issues he was having with the staff, I reminded him to remember when he encountered a new boss who was trying to make a name for himself and how their initial reactions were - probably don’t bother me with trivial issues - and you felt that you were not getting anywhere, so you revert back to what/who you know. Communicating to your staff with what your expectations are and what’s acceptable and what’s not is one step to correcting the problem. He needed to communicate to his assistant manager’s to what their roles are and how to...
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...Jessica Carpenter Marvin Caston SCWK 3233 22 April 2013 Delinquent Behavior by Maltreated Juveniles Maltreatment of youths directly influences whether or not a child will participate in acts of delinquency. In Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency: Investigating the Role of Placement and Placement Instability, Joseph P. Ryan and Mark F. Testa evaluate the results of maltreatment in youth and try to determine if placement in substitute care helps prevent or cause acts of delinquency. Child maltreatment, by definition, is an event occurring within the family or substitute care setting (such as a foster home, group home or daycare center). Physical abuse and neglect of children is best understood as “the manifestation of an unfolding sequence of underlying problems that are often initiated prior to the family’s formation and could be located as well in community and cultural conditions.” (Pecora, Whittaker, Maluccio & Barth, 2000) Maltreatment in children happens all the time, but it does not always happen by members of the family. Maltreatment comes in many forms and occurs by people in the community, peers and of course, members of an individual’s family. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimated that there were approximately 2.9 million children in the United States in 1999 that were the focus of a child protective investigation. 826,162 of the children in the child protective investigations were associated with a substantiated report of maltreatment...
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...some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different linguistic forms. However, it doesn't prove the existence of woman's language. The research done by Jim Vandergriff in...
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...some individuals i.e. with those whom we share similar genetic makeup example our parents, siblings. * Partly like no other individuals i.e. the genetic recombination and environment factors which makes us unique. * Partly like all other individuals with those whom we share similar gender, age, and other such physiological factors. 2. Development includes Growth and Decline (see page 5) * Consider a 75 year old man, his goal will not be able to improve his golf swing, but to maintain his independence and to play golf at all. 3. Traditional vs Life-Span Approach (see page 2) * Traditional Approach suggests that, most if not all changes occur from birth to adolescence (infancy), no change in adulthood and decline in old age. * Life-Span Approach suggests that we undergo changes throughout the course of our life, i.e. all stages of life, from birth till death. 4. Life Span vs. Life Expectancy * Life Span is the longest recorded age a human has lived, which is to be 122 years. Life Span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. * Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual born in a particular year/era is expected to live. Life Expectancy has gone up by 30 years in the 20th century. 5. Characteristics of Life Span Perspective are it is: lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multi-disciplinary, contextual and involves growth, maintenance, regulation and loss. (pages 3-5) ...
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...The Ongoing Issue- Dark Skin and Light Skin Janice Crosley University Composition and Communication II 10/07/2012 Tracy Alberry “All the prettiest kids are light skinned anyway.” This is a quote that Neyo, a pop/rap artist made during one of his many interviews.(Bougie Black Girl) (4/11/2012) This is how dark skin is depicted in the African community by each other. Divisiveness is a very strong trait in the African American community and being dark skinned is one that has kept oppression alive from within. One might say that this paper is too offensive or bias because of the use of the African American Culture. It is always negative to speak about racism, dark skin or anything that has to do with the African culture and racism normally in any situation. This has been a tainted subject for quite some time now and it travels all the way from the continent of Africa. This is definitely a form of racism and the rules need to change in order to protect, heal and strengthen not only the black community, but the cultural world as a whole. Nonetheless, the origin of racism began some time ago. The first boat that carried Africans to be enslaved was brought to America in 1619. They were bought here by the White man to trade and use for cleaning, cooking, working in the fields and whatever else was needed. It was a business that was flourishing throughout the world. It is said that slavery started with the Africans in the continent of Africa. Slavery was supposed to be abolished...
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...Difference between Male and Female Brain in the Workplace Human beings are the main creature on the earth because they are rational people with an amazing knowledge which has been demonstrated since they establish as a society by implementing new science areas, developing more technology day by day and so on. Even though male and female have the same purpose and thoughts to be better as a person and as a society, they also show to be different not only physically but also in intellectual knowledge primarily. And hence, both of them have been studied for many scientist through the years because it is fairly important to understand the similarities and dissimilarities among them in order to assimilate the especial abilities that they possesses in opposite areas such as engineering or psychology. This essay will give a deeper look at different kind of abilities between male and female that are important to select professional areas of study such as Psychology and Engineering. To make a fair comparison the male brain vs female brain as left hemisphere and right hemisphere, that find a specific characteristics developed in each of them. Nevertheless, students who are currently thinking about to choose a perfect major should know which career must be adequate for them considering their aptitudes and skills that they need and they hold. Through scientific testing it has proven what people already know for some time: that the female brain is different from their male counterpart...
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...Kristen Embry PSY 223 Test 3 1. Puberty is a stage in the lives of both males and females in which their bodies begin to develop from a child to an adult. During puberty both males and females will develop and grow more rapidly than any other time in their lives except for infancy. Everyone goes through puberty, but everyone doesn’t necessarily go through it at the same age or in the same way as someone else. There isn’t just one single event that determines when puberty is beginning. It is a set of events that may happen gradually or very suddenly. Puberty typically begins between the ages of 8 and 14 in girls and between 9 and 15 in boys. However, it is hard to know exactly when puberty has begun in either sex due to unseen hormonal changes that precede physical changes by up to three years, according to our text book on page 303. During puberty, boys will notice several physical changes occurring. These include a major growth spurt, the shoulders becoming broader, and an appearance of body hair under the arms, on the chest, and on the face. They will begin to notice their voices changing from a childlike tone to a deeper, more adult tone as well as begin to have body odor and acne due to hormones being produced at a high rate. The male genitals will undergo some changes as well. As we watched in the video on puberty, the penis will grow longer and wider while the testicles drop into place ready to aide in reproduction later in life. Wet dreams, or nocturnal emissions...
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...women in popular culture. She has received particular attention for her video series Tropes vs. Women in Video Games, which examines tropes in the depiction of female video game characters. In 2012, Sarkeesian was targeted by an online harassment campaign following her launch of a Kickstarter project to fund the Tropes vs. Women in Video Games series. At the same time, supporters donated almost $160,000 to the project, far beyond the $6,000 she had sought. The situation was covered extensively in the media, placing Sarkeesian at the center of...
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...vaccine or a placebo. Participants had cervicovaginal sampling and Pap smears on their first day in the studies and were followed with Pap smears every 6-12 months for up to 48 months. Median follow-up was 4 years from day 1.****what the study is The most dramatic reduction was 43% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) seen on Pap smears. Although the drop was substantial, the numbers were small with only 41 cases in the placebo group and 24 among vaccinated women. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) declined by 14%, occurring in 864 vaccinated women vs. 1,000 women on placebo. Other reductions in abnormal Pap tests included: * A drop of 16% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance that were high-risk positive (meaning positive for one of the 13 cancer-causing HPV types for which the sample was tested), LSIL, or worse (1,062 women in the vaccine group vs. 1,226 on placebo). * A decrease...
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...Women of the United States vs. Women of Egypt: Rough Draft Marina P. Youssef Elements of University Composition and Communication I October 10, 2012 Professor Hope Umansky University of Phoenix Women of Egypt vs. Women of the United States The similarities between the women of Egypt and the women of the United States (U.S.) are almost non-existent but for the fact that they equally want freedom and women’s rights. The differences are almost tenfold greater. Although there are many differences between the women of Egypt and the women of the U.S., the most outstanding distinctions are in their manner of dress, their role in society, and in their treatment by men. One of the common distinctions in women living in the United States and women living in Egypt is in their styles of clothing. Most Muslim women in Egypt veil themselves, covering everything from their head down to their toes, sometimes even wearing gloves to cover their hands and heavy veils over the eyes. By law, the Christian women and “modern Muslim” women are required to dress modestly, whether it be summer or winter. They wear long, loose skirts or pants, and shirts with sleeves no shorter than a few inches above the elbows. It is a daily struggle for these women, risking being harassed or molested in the streets. The veiled women in particular have victoriously won the freedom of painting the nails on their exposed fingers, and wearing open-toe shoes or sandals. Conversely, women of the United...
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