...Balance of Trade The balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports in an economy over a certain period of time. A positive balance of trade is known as a trade surplus and occurs when value of exports is higher than that of imports; a negative balance of trade is known as a trade deficit or a trade gap. Bangladesh Balance of Trade Bangladesh recorded a trade deficit of 977 USD Million in November of 2012. Balance of Trade in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bank.Bangladesh Balance of Trade averaged -1209.67 USD Million reaching an all time high of -56.40 USD Million in August of 2009 and a record low of -5370.60 USD Million in June of 2008. Bangladesh exports mainly ready made garments including knit wear and hosiery (75% of exports revenue). Others include: Shrimps, jute goods (including Carpet), leather goods and tea. Bangladesh main exports partners are United States (23% of total), Germany, United Kingdom, France, Japan and India. Bangladesh imports mostly petroleum product and oil, machinery and parts, soyabean and palm oil, raw cotton, iron and steel and wheat. Bangladesh main imports partners are China (17% of total), India, Indonesia, Singapore and Japan. Along with the growth in exports, the import payments of Bangladesh also showed continuous increase. Export receipts as percent of GDP increased, amidst fluctuations, from 4.0 in 1974-75 to 6.9 in 1984-85, and further to 13.3 in 1994-95. Import payments as percent of the...
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...BALANCE OF TRADE Italy recorded a trade surplus of 1,907 EUR Million in April, 2013 as exports recovered and imports shrank. Total exports rose 4.4% yoy and imports declined 2.6%. The recovery in exports was broadly driven by the rise in shipments of pharmaceuticals products towards Belgium (+30.2%), Mercosur countries (+21.9%) and Asean countries (+19.1%). There was an increase in sales of pharmaceutical products, medicinal chemical and botanical products (+29.2%) and leather goods (+13.4%). Imports from OPEC countries (-34.0%), United States (-16.0%), and Switzerland (-7.9%) registered a sharp decline. With European Union countries, there was a trade surplus of € 441 million, narrowing from a surplus of € 650 million in April 2012. Exports to EU nations were up 3.1% yoy as Italy posted a global trade surplus of 4.626 billion EUR, compared with a deficit of around 4.2 billion EUR in Jan-April 2012.Historically, from 1991 until 2013, Italy Balance of Trade averaged a surplus equivalent to 248.45 EUR Million reaching the best surplus at 6382.91 EUR Million in July, 1996 and the worst deficit at 6389.31 EUR Million in January, 2011. In 2012, Italy was able to re-balance its foreign trade flows because the reduction in imports enabled the country to invert its long term trade deficit into surplus. Main exports included precision machinery (18%); metals and metal products (13%); clothing and footwear (11%) and motor vehicles (10%). Main imports included fuel (17%), motor vehicles...
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...modern theories that emerged after the Second World War as it views business in a micro perspective from the angle of a firm. Despite the different perspectives of firm-based theories and country-based theories, they are interlinked and complement each other. The firm-based theories were developed from classic country-based theories and supported with empirical research. Country-based theories are international business theories that argue on the evolvement of business since the 16th century. The theories are classical theories that derived from an economic perspective. There are 4 theories involved in country-based theories. They are Mercantilism Theory, Absolute Advantage Theory, Comparative Advantage Theory and Heckscher-Ohlin Theory. Firm-based theories attempt to explain business phenomena related to international trade. Mercantilism theory was the first theory of international business that emerged in England in the mid of 16th century. The principal affirmation of the theory was its gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to dynamic business. It was a political economy system that aimed to generate wealth by limiting imports and encouraging exports. Under this theory, the economic growth of a country was managed through international business. The classical economist David Hume mentioned a natural inconsistency in the mercantilist doctrine in 1752. According to him, if England had a balance-of-trade surplus with France (if it exported more...
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...Introduction Mercantilism is the main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation’s commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. Mercantilism dominated the major European trading nations. This “mercantile system” based on the premise that national wealth and power was best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. It superseded the medieval feudal organization in Western Europe; especially in the Netherlands, France and England. Domestically, this led to some of the first instances of significant government intervention and control over the economy and it was during this period that much of the modern capitalist system was established. Internationally, mercantilism encouraged the many European wars of the period and fueled European imperialism. Historical Background of Mercantilism: Mercantilist held that a nation’s wealth consisted primarily in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury. Accordingly Mercantilist government imposed extensive restriction on their economics to ensure a surplus of exports over imports. That system thinks that if one country had more gold than another, it was necessarily better off. Such ideas were attractive to some government, such as Britain, French. There are some amusing stories of mercantilism...
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...Alexander Roberts Macroeconomics Dr.Suhler 2-26-15 The economy is getting better in America right now, and with that comes the book called Economix: How the Economy Works(and Doesn't work) that really helped me understand more about our own economy and where it is heading. I feel that America takes a page out of this book because we are what this book describes, which is that of a capitalist country that relies on investment and then regain said investment to help grow the economy. In the book that we read for class, I feel that I have learned more about the history of economics more then anything. America is a country founded on the hard work of people who felt that England was not the right place to be at the current time period. Bring with them though was one of the most important aspects of our country that we still have today, and this is a capitalist economy. Another thing that I learned from the reading was that France and England both based their economies around the same aspect, which is that of a capitalist economy, and that having the most money was the only measuring tool of how your economy is doing. And this is reaffirmed by Jean-Baptiste Colbert who states “Everyone… Agrees that the might and greatness of a state is measured entirely by the quantity of silver it possesses” meaning that Jean had the right idea of economics he just need to fine tune his idea. To fine tune this idea of “the most money is the winner” Jean Colbert had to look across the...
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...GBM 381 Week 1 Quiz To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/GBM-381/GBM-381-Week-1-Quiz 1. _____________ explains how mutually beneficial trade can take place even when one nation is less efficient than another nation in the production of all commodities. 1. Mercantilism 2. The law of comparative advantage 3. The labor theory of value 4. The law of absolute advantage 2. The ability of one nation to produce a commodity using fewer resources than another nation is: 1. absolute advantage 2. comparative advantage 3. mercantilism 4. specialization 3. According to the following table, the US can gain from trade with the UK by getting how much cloth for 9 bushels of wheat? | U.S. | U.K. | Wheat (bushels/hr) | 9 | 3 | Cloth (yards/hr) | 5 | 4 | 1. Only less than 12 yards of cloth 2. Only greater than 9 yards of cloth 3. Anything less than 5 yards of cloth 4. Anything greater than 5 yards of cloth 4. In a two-nation world, if Nation A’s export prices increase relative to their import prices, which of the following will occur? 1. Terms of trade improve for both nations 2. Terms of trade worsen for Nation A and improve for their trade partner 3. Terms of trade improve for Nation A and worsen for their trade partner 4. Terms of trade worsen for both nations 5. Which of the following would least likely apply to the product cycle theory? 1. Digital cameras 2....
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...“NAVIGATION ACTS” TERESA HAMMOCK MR. CREWS US HIS 1111 1 DECEMBER 2013 Teresa Hammock Mr. Crews US History 1111 December 1, 2013 “Navigation Acts” The Navigation Acts were a series of acts passed by the English Parliament during the seventeenth century to protect England’s trade an prevent the American colonies from directly trading with foreign countries or other colonies. The Navigation Acts, in English history, was a name given to certain parliamentary legislations, more properly called the British Acts of Trade. The acts were an outgrowth of mercantilism and followed principles by Tudor and early Stuart trade regulations. Mercantilism was an economic system of the major trading nations during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, based on the premise that national wealth and power were the best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return. Mercantilist nations were impressed by the fact that the precious metals, especially gold, were in universal demand as the ready means of obtaining other commodities. The tended to identify money with wealth. As the best means of acquiring bullion, foreign trade was favored above domestic trade, and manufacturing or processing, which provided the goods for foreign trade. State actions were the essential feature of the mercantile system, which was used to accomplish its purpose. Under the mercantilist policy a nation sought to sell more than it bought so as to accumulate bullion. There was a rise in Dutch...
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...Giovanni Botero •Giovanni Botero was born around 1544, nobody know exactly the time he was born. And he died in 1617. He was an Italian thinker, priest, poet and diplomat. •Botero was sent to the Jesuit college in Palermo at age of 15 and had chances to teach philosophy and rhetoric in many place in Europe such as France, Italia, Spanish during 1559-1580) à The Jesuit educational program had on Botero in both the political and economic spheres. •Botero rounded out the eighties in Rome in the employ of Federico Borromeo as a personal assistant and secretary à This was Botero's most productive stage, seeing the completion of his three most important works: •The Greatness of Cities (1588), The Reason of State (1589), and Universal Relations (1591) WORK AND THOUGH The most important work of Botero is The reason of state. By this work, he showed the main ideas about the mercatilism in 17th century. •Jean Bodin's “Six Books of the Republic” was an important influence on Botero's writing of the Reason of State •But, Botero's overall conception of political economy is more 'liberal' than that of Bodin. • The primary end of mercantilist policies was to produce for one's state a favourable balance of trade in relation to other states, thereby giving them power over those states. - In argument about the participation by kings in the economy of the country, Bodin cautioned kings only against trading with their own subjects; all other economic activity was allowed. - Botero, on...
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...Slide 2 Mercantilism is an economic concept and economic policies that appeared in the XVI century, in time of great geographical discoveries, the development of merchant capital. The authors of such economic outlook, published their treatises in England, France, Holland - in countries emerging from the end of the XV century industrial heyday. Slide 3 But mercatilism is not just politics. The term is used in two senses: as a policy of protectionism (XVI-XVII cc.), The policy of accumulation of gold and silver - the basis of the wealth of the nation and the state and as a theoretical justification for this policy - a system of beliefs, marked the milestone in the history of economic doctrines. The mercantilists were looking for a source not just of wealth, but wealth in the specific form that suits the period of primitive accumulation. They reflect the interests of large commercial capital, for which money is not a treasure, but the form of capital. Money for them is an engine of trade and manufactory production. The source of the flow of wealth is foreign trade. Slide 4 To increase wealth, you need to follow these guidelines: 1) to achieve a positive balance of trade, ie " to sell to foreigners every year more than buy from them"; 2) do not save money as a treasure and use them in trading operations and expand trade, as export of money is mean of increasing national wealth; 3) be economical in expenditure, avoid waste; 4) contribute to the development of industry...
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...ability to sell goods and services at a lower price than its competitors and realize stronger sales margins. Having a comparative advantage - or disadvantage - can shape a company's entire focus. For example, if a cruise company found that it had a comparative advantage over a similar company, due ito its closer proximity to a port, it might encourage the latter to focus on other, more productive, aspects of the business. It is important to note that a comparative advantage is not the same as an absolute advantage. The latter implies that one is the best at something, while the former relates more to the costs of the particular endeavour. Comparative advantage is an economic law that demonstrates the ways in which protectionism (mercantilism, at the time it was written) is unnecessary in free trade. Popularized by David Ricardo, comparative advantage argues that free trade works even if one partner in a deal holds absolute advantage in all areas of production - that is, one partner makes products cheaper, better and faster than its trading partner. The primary fear for nations entering free trade is that they will be out-produced by a country with an absolute advantage in several areas, which would lead to imports, but no exports. Comparative advantage stipulates that countries should specialize in a certain class of products for export, but import the rest - even if the country holds an absolute advantage in all products. (To learn more, read What Is International Trade...
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...or entities trade because they believe that they benefit from the exchange. They may need or want the goods or services. While at the surface, this many sound very simple, there is a great deal of theory, policy, and business strategy that constitutes international trade. MERCHANTALISM Developed in the sixteenth century, mercantilism was one of the earliest efforts to develop an economic theory. This theory stated that a country’s wealth was determined by the amount of its gold and silver holdings. In it’s simplest sense, mercantilists believed that a country should increase its holdings of gold and silver by promoting exports and discouraging imports. In other words, if people in other countries buy more from you (exports) than they sell to you (imports), then they have to pay you the difference in gold and silver. The objective of each country was to have a trade surplus, or a situation where the value of exports are greater than the value of imports, and to avoid a trade deficit, or a situation where the value of imports is greater than the value of exports. A closer look at world history from the 1500s to the late 1800s helps explain why mercantilism flourished. The 1500s marked the rise of new nation-states, whose rulers wanted to strengthen their nations by building larger armies and national institutions. By increasing exports and trade, these rulers were able to amass more gold and wealth for their countries. One way that many of these new nations promoted exports was...
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...Explain Mercantilism. Mercantilism refers to an economic system, which was used in trade between the 16th and 18th century. The Mercantilism system was based off the Mercantilist theory and theorists believed that the size or amount of wealth in the world is static. In this case, European countries took significant strides to ensure that each nation garnered as much wealth as it could to increase the national wealth. Some of the ways they used to achieve this include imposing government regulation in countries where commercial interests had been established. More so, the theorists believed that national strength could be increased by minimizing the imports with high tariffs and maximizing the exports. 2. Describe the World Trade Organization...
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...Matthew Jensen Mr. Vitale British Lit 23 March 2015 British Control of the Bullion Mercantilism started around three hundred years ago for the wealth of the mother nation. The British government wanted colonies because colonies would increase their wealth and power. The thought was that no great nation would be able to exist and survive without colonies. In the beginning of the 17th century, mercantilism was becoming a popular economic theory in the British Empire. However, this is not the first time in history that mercantilism shows up. This economic policy appeared in France as a state intervention, which would protect the domestic merchants and manufactures. The origin of this economic policy comes from a man named Adam Smith....
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...Mercantilism was a system of government that controlled the economic affairs of the state to fulfill national wealth. The British Colonists coped with the economic restraints placed upon the by this imperial economic theory by asking the for government assistance. The colonists became extremely dependent on the empire. Trade was only allowed within their empire, in fear that they would make the other empires richer. This became a competition in world trade. The government were so wrapped up in this competition that they didn’t also give the British colonists what they needed or asked for. New England, Middle Colonies, Chesapeake and the Southern colonies all participated in the Atlantic World trade routes. New England was close to the ocean...
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...The current economic situation has divided opinion on the use of trade protectionism.’ Discuss. ECONOMIC CRISIS AND PROTECTIONISM: A DISCUSSION Introduction First and foremost to logically explore the question at hand, the meaning of trade protectionism must be fully comprehended, according to Amadeo (2012) “Trade protectionism is used by countries when they think their industries are being damaged by unfair competition by other countries” The fundamental commotion of the pre-Great Recession on the economic order that was based on the assumption of inherent value of unlimited trade and capital flows has led to the new emergence of debate on trade protectionism as the means of combating the present crisis. In particular, the European Union (EU) nations have seen increasing calls for the implementation of the more protectionist economic policies. However, given the integrated and interconnected nature of both modern and specific national economies, one may note that protectionist policies would be more likely to hurt economic recovery and contribute to the sharpening of international trade contradictions. This paper presents an account of both parties’ argument, with the recourse to respective quantitative data, in order to substantiate the claim on infeasibility of treating protectionism as a cure for global and European economies’ maladies. The Impact of Protectionism on Crisis and Post-Crisis Developments According to Henn & McDonald (2011), trade protectionist...
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