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Management

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CRISTIANISMO E CULTURA
2º SEMESTRE

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Trabalho Opcional
A Doutrina Social da Igreja

Escolha um dos temas da Doutrina Social da Igreja e elabore um comentário ao tema escolhido. Tente dar uma interpretação pessoal, aplicando os conhecimentos adquiridos no estudo das questões de método (realismo, razoabilidade, moralidade).

Começo por dizer que irei, neste pequeno comentário, transmitir uma parte do que retirei daquela que é a Doutrina Social da Igreja.
Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de explicar o porquê de ter escolhido este tema.
Presentemente, é do conhecimento comum que atravessamos uma grave crise económica. Esta crise económica é completamente do nosso interesse (alunos da Universidade Católica), não só por estar intimamente ligada à licenciatura que pretendemos obter, mas também porque ela nos afeta todos os dias e tem um impacto direto nas nossas vidas. No entanto, e este é o aspecto por muitos ignorado ou negligenciado, esta crise não é uma crise puramente e simplesmente económica. Vivemos, de momento, uma das mais sérias crises de valores alguma vez enfrentadas pela igreja católica e pela sociedade em geral.
O Cardeal Joseph Ratzinger, antigo Papa e exemplo enorme de coragem e humanidade disse, ainda enquanto Papa, que a Europa enfrentava uma enorme crise de valores que apelava sobretudo à solidariedade e resistência de cada um de nós, para superarmos as nossas dificuldades e ajudar aqueles que de nós mais precisam.
E é essa mesma solidariedade que constitui um papel central na Doutrina Social da Igreja, decorrente de uma das principais mensagens de Jesus Cristo - o valor imenso da dignidade da pessoa humana: “Os princípios permanentes da Doutrina Social da Igreja constituem os verdadeiros e próprios gonzos do ensinamento social católico: trata-se do princípio da dignidade humana […] no qual todos os demais princípios ou conteúdos da Doutrina Social da Igreja têm fundamento” (CDSI 160, Cap IV, I.).
A solidariedade nasce do facto de Deus, Nosso Senhor, ter criado a Terra, para o uso de todos os homens e povos, para que todos pudessem usar os seus bens, por forma a atingir as suas nobres finalidades. Como tal, ao longo da nossa vida, não deveremos tomar decisões como se vivêssemos isolados ou pondo os nossos interesses acima dos interesses de toda a humanidade, mas sim pensando nos outros e no seu bem-estar.
Esta solidariedade surge na Doutrina Social da Igreja, como um de dois princípios fundamentais na vida do homem e na constituição de uma sociedade. A Doutrina Social é portanto a vontade de seguir a Cristo no nosso dia-a-dia, já há séculos que se verifica, como lembra João Paulo I: “Pela força do Evangelho, ao longo dos séculos, os monges cultivaram as terras, os religiosos e as religiosas fundaram hospitais e asilos para os pobres, as confrarias bem como homens e mulheres de todas as condições empenharam-se a favor dos pobres e marginalizados, convencidos de que as palavras de Cristo não deviam permanecer um piedoso desejo, mas tornar-se um compromisso concreto de vida” (CA, 57).
O segundo destes princípios é a subsidiariedade, o dever do homem de tomar o seu papel central na sua vida. É muitas vezes dito que o maior direito do homem reside em cumprir o seu dever. Esta frase está intimamente ligada ao fundamento da subsidiariedade. Aquilo que alguém consegue, por si mesmo, adquirir, não deverá ser-lhe concedido por outra pessoa. Caso isso aconteça, aos poucos será retirada a humanidade da pessoa receptora, por quem pensa estar a ajudá-la. Um outro principio a este subordinado é o da participação activa na comunidade, o que é essencial na sobrevivência de um sistema democrático. Além dos princípios acima referidos, a Doutrina Social da Igreja indica também valores fundamentais como a verdade, a liberdade, a justiça e o amor.
Estes são os principais princípios da Doutrina Social da Igreja e constituem como que a base para a definição de todas as suas predilecções e ideias acerca de todos os aspectos da vida do Homem.
É de referir ainda que os fundamentos da solidariedade e a subsidiariedade, inicialmente presentes somente na Doutrina Social da Igreja, foram adotados por um projeto que tinha em vista uma extrema comunidade e entreajuda total entre diferentes culturas, a União Europeia. Acrescento ainda que esta é uma das razões pelas quais a União Europeia, apesar das dificuldades que está a passar, não se deverá desintegrar. A sua união não se limita à vertente económica ou financeira dos países membros, mas também a um espirito mútuo de defesa, cooperação, entreajuda e solidariedade de todos os estados membros, e esses valores são maiores e mais presentes do que em qualquer outro mercado económico.
Passando a outro assunto, tenho a referir que é muitas vezes tida em conta a Doutrina Social da Igreja como um conjunto de textos definidores da orientação que devemos tomar. No entanto, esta ideia não está correcta. O centro da Doutrina Social da Igreja é Jesus Cristo, Filho de Deus, Salvador. Deste modo, o evangelho é a origem da Doutrina, por seguir e tentar aproximar-se da vivência de Cristo.
Essa vivência deverá estar munida de três premissas, como forma de se alcançar uma consciência e reflexão da nossa vida e de todas as nossas experiências. A primeira premissa que surge é a do realismo. Esta premissa está muito próxima e interligada a uma afirmação de Alexis Carrel, que me marcou bastante. Carrel afirma que “pouca observação e muito raciocínio conduzem ao erro, muita observação e pouco raciocínio conduzem à verdade”, querendo com isso dizer que tudo o que experimentados na vida deverá ser analisado segundo a nossa observação real e não segundo qualquer tipo de esquema pré-concebido.
Será então que nos deveremos limitar à observação de tudo aquilo que nos rodeia? Isso não estaria correcto. Segundo Luigi Giussani, padre e educador Católico, proveniente de Itália, a experiência coincide sobretudo com o “juízo sobre aquilo que se prova”, a nossa percepção, mais do que com o experimentar alguma coisa. Seguindo este método, poderemos garantir que o critério para julgar a experiência se encontra dentro de nós, e não fora. É um critério intrínseco ao Homem.
Para terminar a viagem por esta primeira premissa é ainda de referir que, segundo Luigi Giussani, diante da vida e de toda a experiência humana existem apenas duas atitudes que salvam inteiramente a estatura do ser humano: o homem autenticamente religioso e o homem anárquico. O primeiro será a aceitação do infinito como significado de si mesmo; o segundo será a afirmação de si mesmo até ao infinito.
A segunda premissa, a razoabilidade, prende-se, tal como o próprio nome o indica, com a razão humana. No uso da razão por parte do homem ocorrem principalmente dois erros. O primeiro reside na identificação do razoável com aquilo que é demonstrável, e o segundo erro está na identificação do razoável com aquilo que é lógico. A razão é muitíssimo mais do que uma demonstração analítica. É ela que nos possibilita estarmos conscientes da realidade e da grandeza e Bem na nossa vida. Giussani caracteriza a razão de uma forma que chega a ser arrepiante pela positiva. Diz ele que “a razão é abertura à realidade, é a capacidade de a captar e afirmar na totalidade dos seus fatores”.
A terceira Premissa deste nosso método é a incidência da moralidade na dinâmica do conhecimento. Esta última premissa está ligada a outro atributo importante para a aquisição de conhecimento (aliado à razão). Este atributo é a moralidade. Neste contexto a moralidade consiste na característica presente no ser humano que lhe permite confiar noutra pessoa. É devido à presença desta característica, aliada à razão, que somos capazes de tomar a verdade como tal.
Aliado ao conhecimento encontramos também outro factor importante, o sentimento. Este sentimento trespassa todos os momentos da nossa vida e é ele que dá cor àquilo que a razão nos mostra como que a preto e branco. Certamente que todos estamos familiarizados com situações em que uma mesma comida parece ter sabores diferentes em ocasiões diferentes, dependendo portanto de factores externos, como por exemplo da companhia.
A nossa perceção da realidade nunca poderá estar totalmente independente do sentimento e na consciência disso falharam muitos iluministas e racionalistas ao longo da história. Luigi Giussani, para exemplificar a interação entre sentimento e razão, compara o sentimento a uma lente.
Esta lente tem a capacidade de aproximar o objeto do homem, para que pela razão, o conheça mais fácil e seguramente. Este sentimento não terá, portanto, o dever de analisar o objeto e deverá ser utilizado da maneira correta.
Um conceito que surge ligado à experiência de que estamos a falar será o preconceito. Embora a ausência total de preconceitos seja inconcebível, damos o nome de ascese ao nobre processo de desapego da própria pessoa que é incentivado pelo amor à verdade mais do que a nós próprios. A ascese é portanto o caminho do homem para a verdade, impossível sem as três premissas aqui mencionadas.
Concluindo, quero ainda referir que, ao contrário daquilo que, na actualidade, a maior parte das pessoas pensa, a Doutrina Social da Igreja não é um conjunto de caprichos e obrigações, que devem ser cumpridas em sociedade. A Doutrina Social da Igreja é sim uma série de regras que aumentam a nossa liberdade, em vez de a diminuírem. Isto pode parecer contrário, mas só através de uma adesão à fé e à nossa experiência pessoal podemos comprovar o mesmo aumento de liberdade e felicidade, para quem segue estes “mandamentos”, retirados do verbo divino.

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