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Managing Workforce

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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
FINAL PROJECT:
“CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGY PT. UNITED TRACTORS, TBK.”

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Oleh:

Asri Arsiati
NPM. 1206296141

PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
2013
LATAR BELAKANG

Seiring dengan perkembangan pembangunan dan aktivitas ekonomi di Indonesia, dalam lima tahun terakhir tercatat terdapat industri yang tumbuh signifikan yaitu industri alat berat terutama karena industri ini merupakan pendukung di sektor infrastruktur, perkebunan dan pertambangan yang secara kontinu masih akan terus berjalan (Lampiran 2)

Salah satu organisasi yang berkembang di industri ini adalah PT. United Tractors (UT) yaitu sebuah perusahaan distributor peralatan berat terbesar dan terkemuka di Indonesia yang menyediakan produk-produk dari merek ternama dunia seperti Komatsu, UD Trucks, Scania, Bomag, Tadano, dan Komatsu Forest.

UT merupakan perusahaan dengan sejarah panjang, didirikan pada 13 Oktober 1972 dan melaksanakan penawaran umum saham perdana di Bursa Efek Jakarta dan Bursa Efek Surabaya pada 19 September 1989 menggunakan nama PT United Tractors Tbk (UNTR), dengan PT Astra International Tbk sebagai pemegang saham mayoritas. Penawaran umum saham perdana ini menandai komitmen United Tractors untuk menjadi perusahaan kelas dunia berbasis solusi di bidang alat berat, pertambangan dan energi guna memberi manfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan.

Saat ini jaringan distribusi UT mencakup 18 kantor cabang, 22 kantor pendukung, dan 12 kantor perwakilan di 22 provinsi di seluruh penjuru negeri. Tidak puas hanya menjadi distributor peralatan berat terbesar di Indonesia, UT juga memainkan peran aktif di bidang kontraktor pertambangan dan baru-baru ini telah memulai usaha pertambangan batu bara. UT menjalankan berbagai bisnisnya melalui tiga unit usaha yaitu Mesin Konstruksi, Kontraktor Pertambangan dan Pertambangan.

DI industri ini UT memiliki beberapa pesaing yang merupakan distributor dari beberapa merek terkenal alat berat lainnya dari seluruh dunia, antara lain PT. Hexindo Adiperkasa Tbk yang merupakan distributor dari merek Hitachi, PT. Intraco Penta Tbk distributor merek VOLVO, Ingersoll-Rand, and Bobcat, PT. Trakindo Utama yang menyalurkan merek Caterpillar, PT. Koexindo Tractors Tbk penyalur alat berat dari Korea bermerek Doosan, NHL, Tata Daewoo, Jungheinrich dan Belarus. Juga terdapat pemain baru seperti PT. Jimac Perkasa yang menyalurkan alat berat merek Sanny dari China.

IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH

Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai kekuatan PT. United Tractors, Tbk sebagai perusahaan pionir di industri alat berat diantara pesaing – pesaingnya dan corporate level strategy yang dijalankan PT. United Tractors, Tbk. untuk tetap bertahan dan tumbuh di bisnis alat berat di Indonesia.

LANDASAN TEORI

Beberapa teori dari Henry (2011) yang diaplikasikan untuk menjelaskan strategi PT. United Tractors pada tulisan ini antara lain :

Business Level Strategy Serangkaian komitmen dan tindakan yang terintegrasi dan terkoordinasi dari sebuah perusahaan untuk memperoleh competitive advantage dengan menggali kompetensi mendasar dari produk pasar yang spesifik.

Corporate Level Strategy

Tindakan-tindakan spesifik yang diambil sebuah perusahaan untuk mencapai competitive advantage dengan memilih dan mengatur satu grup yang terdiri dari beberapa bisnis yang berbeda dan bergerak di pasar produk yang berbeda. Corporate level strategy ini diharapkan dapat mencapai return perusahaan diatas rata-rata. Nilai dari strategi ini ditentukan dari derajat dimana portofolio perusahaan lebih berharga ketika berada dibawah manajemen perusahaan dibandingkan apabila berada pada kepemilikan lainnya. Corporate level strategy mempertimbangkan beberapa hal seperti cakupan pasar dan industri dimana perusahaan itu berada; bagaimana perusahaan mengatur portofolio bisnisnya, bagaimana caranya memasuki jenis bisnis yang baru apakah melalui pengembangan internal, akuisisi/merjer, joint ventura/strategic alliance; Level dan jenis dari diversifikasi yang dilakukan; melakukan sinergi antara unit-unit bisnis yang berbeda; alokasi sumberdaya perusahaan. Bentuk utama dari strategi ini adalah diversifikasi yang juga sering kali dianggap sebagai strategi untuk bertumbuh.

Diversifikasi Salah satu bentuk strategi untuk bertumbuh dengan cara mengembangkan produk-produk baru untuk melayani pasar yang baru.

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Gambar 1. Ansoff’s Growth Vector matrix

Diversifikasi terjadi ketika perusahaan berusaha untuk memperluas cakupan aktivitasnya dengan cara berpindah kepada produk dan pasar yang baru.

Vertical Integration Adalah salah satu bentuk dari related diversification dimana perusahaan bergerak di dalam industri yang masih memiliki hubungan dengan rantai usaha perusahaan. Vertical integrasi terjadi ketika perusahaan bergerak menuju upstream atau bergerak menuju industri inputnya, ataupun bergerak downstream atau lebih menuju kepada konsumen utamanya.

Mergers dan Akuisisi Merger dan akuisisi adalah salah satu bentuk implementasi strategi untuk bertumbuh yang dilakukan perusahaan. Merger terjadi ketika dua organisasi bergabung bersama untuk kemudian berbagi sumber daya yang telah digabungkan. Sebuah merjer memiliki implikasi bahwa kedua organisasi yang bergabung tersebut menerima keadaan logis dari bergabungnya menjadi satu organisasi dan sepakat untuk melakukan hal-hal untuk kepentingan organisasi yang baru. Shareholder dari masing-masing organisasi yang lama menjadi shareholder dari organisasi yang baru. Sementara Akuisisi adalah keadaan dimana perusahaan mencari untuk mengambil alih perusahaan atau organisasi lain yang biasanya berskala lebih kecil. Akuisisi memberikan keuntungan bagi kedua pihak, dimana perusahaan yang diakuisisi bisa jadi memiliki sumberdaya baik itu teknologi ataupun ide-ide yang dapat dikembangkan tetapi kesulitan secara finansial, sehingga proses akuisisi dapat menjadi solusi perusahaan agar tetap dapat berdiri.

PEMBAHASAN

PT. United Tractors (UT) merupakan salah satu perusahaan distributor alat besar yang terbesar dan pionir di Indonesia. Dalam menjalankan usahanya UT memiliki visi untuk menjadi perusahaan kelas dunia berbasis solusi di bidang alat berat, pertambangan dan energi, untuk menciptakan manfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan. Dan untuk mencapai visi tersebut, UT menjabarkan tujuannya dalam serangkaian misi untuk menjadi perusahaan yang bertekad membantu pelanggan meraih keberhasilan melalui pemahaman usaha yang komprehensif dan interaksi berkelanjutan; menciptakan peluang bagi insan perusahaan untuk dapat meningkatkan status sosial dan aktualisasi diri melalui kinerjanya; menghasilkan nilai tambah yang berkelanjutan bagi para pemangku kepentingan melalui tiga aspek berimbang dalam hal ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan; memberi sumbangan yang bermakna bagi kesejahteraan bangsa. Dalam menghadapi kompetisi di industri alat berat di Indonesia, UT menerapkan strategi bisnis yang komprehensif. Hal ini memberikan perkembangan yang signifikan seperti peningkatan jumlah aset dan pencapaian target revenue yang terus meningkat sebagai gambaran dari kinerja perusahaan. Adapun serangkaian aktivitas yang dibangun oleh UT tersebut dapat diidentifikasi dengan jelas, dimana pada awalnya perusahaan hanya berkonsentrasi pada bisnis distribusi alat berat tertentu saja yaitu merek Komatsu dari Jepang. Tetapi dalam perjalanannya seiring dengan semakin majunya perusahaan, perkembangan ekomoni dan pembangunan Indonesia juga menghadapi persaingan yang semakin ketat, UT mengembangkan bisnis usahanya untuk mencapai hasil yang lebih besar dengan menciptakan competitive advantage perusahaan dibandingkan dengan pesaingnya. Sebagaimana pada proses manajemen strategik pada Gambar 2, UT melakukan penjabaran visi dan misinya dengan analisis secara internal sumber daya perusahaan dan faktor eksternal lingkungan hingga menghasilkan pilihan strategis di level bisnis dan corporate dengan melakukan diversifikasi dan vertikal integration dan memasuki pasar baru melalui proses merger dan akuisisi.

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Gambar 2. The Strategic Management Process

Pada awal pendiriannya tahun 1972, UT mengembangkan perusahaan pada level business strategy dimana perusahaan mengintesifkan usahanya di industri alat berat dengan mendapatkan lisensi sebagai distributor tunggal alat berat merek Komatsu berupa Link Belt dan Tadano Crane. Pada business level strategy ini UT berusaha untuk mengembangkan perusahaan dengan mendapatkan beberapa lisensi untuk merek dan jenis alat berat lainnya sehingga didapatkan line produk Komatsu, UD Trucks, Tadano Komatsu Forest, Bomag, dan Forklif Komatsu dua tahun saja semenjak pendiriannya. Keragaman jenis dan merek alat berat yang dapat didistribusikan oleh UT memberikan competitive advantage tersendiri karena UT dapat memberikan penawaran yang lebih banyak dan cukup lengkap sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan konsumennya. Perkembangan ekonomi dan aktivitas pembangunan yang cepat memaksa UT untuk ikut bergerak lebih cepat lagi. Pada tahun 1983, UT mulai menuju pada corporate level strategy diawali dengan pendirian PT. United Tractors Pandu Engineering (UTPE) yang bergerak di bidang rekayasa dan pabrikasi berbagai komponen dan attachment alat berat. Hal ini menunjukkan proses vertikal intergrasi yang dilakukan UT untuk memperlebar operasinya kepada industri yang menunjang bisnis utamanya sebagai distributor alat berat yaitu industri yang menyediakan sebagian input bagi alat berat itu sendiri. Berdasarkan level dan jenis diversifikasi pada Gambar 3, proses awal yang dilakukan UT ini mask kedalam level diversifikasi Moderate sampai dengan High - related constrained, dimana revenue yang dihasilkan masih berasal dari bisnisnya yang dominan sebagai distributor dan semua bisisnya memiliki keterkaitan produk, teknologi dan distribusi.

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Gambar 3. Levels and Types of Diversification

Berikutnya UT melanjutkan strategi level corporatenya dengan mendirikan anak-anak perusahaan lainnya. Pada tahun 1984 UT mendirikan PT. Pandu Dayatama (PDP) sebagai produsen dan perakitan komponen mesin dan hidraulik yang memproduksi peralatan seperti mesin diesen komatsu dan Nissan, set generator Patria dan mesin mobil untuk Peugeot, BMW dan juga memproduksi peralatan hidraulik. Pada tahap ini UT sudah mencatatkan proses diversivikasi yang lebih lanjut dimana produk baru untuk memasuki pasar baru sudah dibuat seperti dicontohkan produksi mesin mobil oleh PDP tersebut. Atau juga seperti pada tahun 1989 ketika UT pertama kali melakukan pencatatan saham perseroan di bursa efek Jakarta dan Surabaya, UT juga mendirikan PT. Paramapersada Nusantara (PAMA) yang bergerak di bidang kontraktor penambangan. Mencermati level dan jenis diversifikasi pada gambar 3, maka pada tahap ini UT telah memasuki jenis related linked (mixed related dan unrelated) dimana sudah terdapat unit bisnis yang berbeda atau tidak berhubungan dengan bisnis dominannya.

Sektor pertambangan di Indonesia berkembang pesat berkat kian tingginya harga komoditas tambang seperti timah, nikel, tembaga, dan batu bara. Tak hanya itu, permintaan terhadap sumber energi utama (termasuk batu bara) dan tingginya konsumsi batu bara dalam negeri yang disebabkan oleh pesatnya pembangunan pembangkit listrik kian mendorong pertumbuhan bisnis kontraktor pertambangan. UT mengoptimalkan potensi tersebut dengan membentuk PAMA seperti tersebut diatas. Untuk menyediakan beragam layanan pertambangan kelas dunia mulai dari desain tambang, eksplorasi, ekstraksi, pengangkutan, pemuatan dan pengiriman menggunakan kapal tongkang dan agar dapat beroperasi di proyek-proyek tambang batu bara berskala besar di berbagai wilayah nusantara, akhirnya PAMA mengintesifkan potensi bisnis UT di bidang pertambangan ini dengan mendirikan sendiri anak-anak perusahaan seperti PT. Pama Indo Mining (PIM), PT. Kalimantan Prima Persada (KPP) dan PT. Multi Prima Universal (MPU).

Prospektifnya bisnis tambang batubara di Indonesia dan beberapa wilayah lainnya di dunia membuat UT lebih memajukan unit bisnis yang dijalankan oleh PAMA Ini. Perusahaan mulai melakukan strategi bisnis yang lebih berkembang lagi di level corporate strateginya yaitu melakukan proses merger dan akuisisi. Dalam kasus UT dan PAMA ini yang lebih banyak dilakukan adalah proses akuisisi. Hal ini dilakukan karena perusahaan melihat kesempatan untuk berkembang melalui keberadaan perusahaan kecil pemilik konsesi batubara di beberapa wilayah pertambangan. Beberapa perusahaan yang berhasil diakuisisi baik oleh UT sebagai perseroan maupun melalui PAMA adalah PT. Prima Multi Mineral (PMM) pemilik konsesi pertambangan batu bara yang berlokasi di Rantau, Kalimantan Selatan; PT. Tuah Turangga Agung (TTA) pemilik konsesi pertambangan yang berlokasi di Kapuas, Kalimantan tengah yang kemudian TTA ini mengakuisisi PT. Agung Bara Prima (ABP) karena kedekatan lokasi konsesi tambang; PT. Borneo Berkat Makmur (BBM) yang memiliki 60% kepemilikan saham PT. Piranti Jaya Utama, pemilik konsesi tambang yang berlokasi di Kab. Kapuas Kalimantan Tengah. Selanjutnya perseroan melaui PAMA dan TTA juga melakukan serangkaian proses akuisisi beberapa perusahaan lagi pemilik konsesi tambang di Kalimantan Tengah dan Sumatera Selatan yaitu PT. Bukit Enim Energi (BEE), PT. Asmin Bara Bronang (ABB), PT. Asmin Bara Jaan (ABJ), PT. Duta Sejahtera (DS) dan PT. Duta Nurcahya (DN). Terlihat bahwa perusahaan yang diakuisisi oleh UT dan anak-anak perusahaannya kesemuanya adalah perusahaan yang relatif kecil tetapi memiliki konsesi tambang atau akses langsung untuk melakukan penambangan. Hal ini menguntungkan bagi UT karena dapat memperluas bisnis dan revenue perusahaan, demikian juga bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang diakuisisi mendapatkan modal tambahan untuk tetap dapat beroperasi.

Anak-anak perusahaan yang tercatat didirikan lagi oleh UT adalah PT. Andalan Multi Kencana (AMK) sebagai distributor produk commodity parts dan PT. Universal Tekno Reksajaya (UTR) yang bergerak di bidang rekondisi mesin dan komponen alat berat. Dua perusahaan terakhir ini memiliki kesamaan dengan bisnis utama dari UT, tetapi memasuki pasar yang relatif berbeda. UTR membidik pasar mesin bekas atau rekondisi yang berkualitas dan berfokus melayani alat berat Komatsu tipe kecil-menengah dan Non Komatsu, yang ternyata cukup memberikan peluang untuk meningkatkan competitive advantage perusahaan dengan menghadirkan produk-produk alternatif rebuild (refurbished, remanufacturing, reconditioning, repair, reused). Sementara AMK mencoba memenuhi kebutuhan pelanggan terhadap suku cadang dan komponen alat berat yang berkualitas dengan harga yang lebih bersaing dengan mengeluarkan produk suku cadang yang dapat digunakan pada hampir seluruh produk alat berat sejanis yang dikenal dengan komoditas produk allmakes.

KESIMPULAN

Secara keseluruhan strategi UT dengan anak-anak perusahaan maupun perusahaan-perusahaan hasil akuisisi UT dan anak perusahaannya, membangun suatu portofolio perusahaan yang cukup baik dimana ketika kesemuanya dapat berjalan dengan baik dapat menjadi usaha yang saling mendukung terutama untuk bisnis yang related-linked. Atau ketika ada unit bisnis lain yang tidak related juga memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan perusahaan secara konsolidasi.

Competitive advantage yang dihadirkan oleh UT adalah dengan menghadirkan one stop solution bagi pelanggannya dengan mendiversifikasikan bisnisnya secara umum menjadi tiga unit besar yaitu construction machinery business, mining contracting business dan mining business (Lampiran 1). Solusi total yang dihadirkan oleh UT bagi konsumennya mencakup berbagai jenis layanan dan produk mulai dari konsultasi lapangan hingga penyediaan alat rekondisi. Melalui strategi corporate level yang telah dijalankannya ini menjadikan UT sebagai perusahaan yang besar dan mampu bersaing di era kompetisi yang semakin kuat dan pesaing yang semakin banyak dan kreatif.

LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1.Unit Bisnis United Tractors[1]

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Lampiran 2. Jumlah produksi alat berat dan prediksi perkembangannya di Indonesia[2]

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Henry, A. E. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press.

http://www.unitedtractors.com

http://www.hinabi.org/

----------------------- [1] Diunduh dari http://www.unitedtractors.com

[2] Diunduh dari http://www.hinabi.org/

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