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M&S vs Zara

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“Marks & Spencer and Zara: Process competition in the textile apparel industry”

Javier Martínez Fernández de Valderrama

Introducción.
En este caso estudiamos a dos compañías, Mark & Spencer y Inditex S.A., pertenecientes al sector de la industria textil. Durante el caso se examinan las cadenas de suministros de M&S y de Zara, marca insignia de Inditex.
M&S es un compañía fundada en 1884 en Inglaterra, además de ser una de las empresas textiles líder en Uk, se dedica también a la distribución de comida y muebles. Por otro lado Inditex es una empresa española propietaria de la marca Zara, la cual abrió su primera en 1975 y que ha logrado un crecimiento y expansión internacional mucho más rápido que el de sus competidores.
Voy a proceder a responder a las preguntas correspondientes a este caso.

1-- ¿Qué es innovador en Zara?

Son muchas las características que hacen sobresalir a Zara como una empresa innovadora dentro del mundo de la moda puesto que ha roto con todos los moldes anteriores y a definido una nueva forma de jugar.
La palabra que diferencia a Zara de sus competidores desde sus orígenes es la VELOCIDAD (velocidad de crecimiento, expansión, cambio, adaptación…) todo ello conseguido gracias a una magnifica gestión de la cadena de suministros.
La cadena de suministros de Zara es una de las más flexibles dentro del sector, lo que le permite hacer cosas que para los competidores sería imposible. Como ser capaz de lanzar entre 12 y 16 colecciones al año, que implica cambiar el 70% de las existencias de sus tiendas cada dos semanas, lo que conseguía promover la novedad, llegando incluso a cambiar las aptitudes de compra de sus clientes, prefiriendo estos realizar compras más pequeñas y de forma más periódica que a la inversa.
Esta flexibilidad le permite hacer modificaciones casi constantes en sus colecciones en función a las tendencias de la moda y también reaccionar de una forma muy rápida ante lanzamientos exitosos de productos por parte de sus rivales. Lo que le otorga la posibilidad de imitar y mejorar los productos de la competencia y tenerlos en sus tiendas a disposición a la venta en tan solo una semana.

Los motivos principales que hacen que Zara tenga esta flexibilidad y rapidez de adaptación son: * Centro de compras de materias primas en China, con acuerdos con proveedores para que reserven una parte de su capacidad de producción para posibles cambios de último minuto.

* Cuentan con un equipo de 55-60 diseñadores muy dinámicos y creativos, que son capaces de crear 12.000 nuevos productos al año.

* Utilización de tiendas prueba, para estudiar las reacciones del cliente.

* Relaciones con los directores de tienda para saber lo que el cliente quiere y los cambios en sus gustos.

* Principal área de producción industrial se encuentra en Galicia (almacén entre más grandes y automatizados del mundo).

Otra estrategia diferente llevada a cabo por Zara que ha facilitado su expansión por Centro y Norte América ha sido la de abrir un complejo industrial integrado en 1998 en Méjico, lo que ahorraría los aranceles impuestos a las importaciones desde España después del acuerdo de NAFTA.
La combinación de estos factores, junto con unos principios empresariales nunca olvidados, como la no inversión en publicidad y confiar en el boca a boca, los excelentes emplazamientos de sus tiendas y la fabricación de productos que satisfacen los deseos de sus clientes han convertido a Zara en una de las empresas más innovadoras del sector, capaz de ofrecer a su clientes productos a la moda, de buena calidad, y a un buen precio.

¿Cuáles son las principales diferencias de la Supply Chain de Zara y M&S?
Para empezar, una de las principales diferencias es la longitud de la cadena de suministro: la cadena de valor Zara incluye 17 pasos, mientras que M & S incluye 30 pasos. Esto hace una gran diferencia en los tiempos de entrega y costes de inventario de la cartera de productos. Debido a que Zara tiene una cadena más corta, la convierte en mucho más flexible y capaz de detectar cambios en la moda y de fabricar nuevos productos mucho más rápido que M & S.
También existen diferencias en el número de elementos externalizados: Zara subcontrata sólo 2 elementos de su cadena de suministro, mientras que M & S subcontrata 9. Zara construyó su almacén central (de los más grandes y automatizados del mundo) en Galicia, donde los productos se cortan, cosen, planchado, empaquetado y con boleto en un promedio de siete a ocho días. También tiene una logística interna que ofrece piezas a las cooperativas de ensamblaje exclusivo con las que trabajan y recogen más tarde acabadas, siendo éste su único elemento subcontratado. M & S subcontrata el corte, ensamblaje, lavado, planchado y embalaje obteniendo unos plazos mucho más largos y costosos. Además M&S tienen un coste superior debido a que distribuyen sus productos entre sus tiendas de forma aérea, mientras que Zara cuenta con su flota de camiones pequeños que reparten la mercancía en las tiendas españolas de forma rápida y a un coste mucho más bajo. Además Zara manejar mucho mejor su inventario, manteniendo un nivel de stocks mucho más apropiado y reduciendo la pérdida de material respecto a M&S.
Zara tiene la capacidad de reaccionar rápidamente a las nuevas tendencias del mercado sin tener tantas SKU. La cadena de valor de M&S tiene una duración de más de un año con demasiados eslabones, mientras que Zara tiene un ciclo de ventas de 22 a 30 días, lo que resulta mucho más óptimo.

2-- ¿Por qué está teniendo dificultades M&S?
LENTITUD. Largos plazos de entrega: M & S utiliza una cadena de suministro enorme con muchas etapas externalizadas y dependientes de la etapa anterior. Estos plazos de entrega tan largos junto con la existencia de dos únicas colecciones anuales hacen que M & S deba tomar decisiones sobre la producción con más de un año de antelación, y con escasa flexibilidad para adaptarse a posibles cambios.
Métodos de previsión obsoletos: examinan las colecciones anteriores con el fin de predecir la demanda futura, sin embargo este método es demasiado simplista.
Niveles de stock inadecuados con el ciclo de vida de la moda.
Los diseñadores de M & S no tienen en cuenta las necesidades del cliente, y se basan en la mejora continua de los modelos tradicionales y no en la creación de nuevos modelos.
M&S además tenía una organización centralizada y burocratizada que no le permitía tomar decisiones de una forma rápida.
Su flexibilidad limitada tampoco le permitió tener éxito en el mercado internacional, por ejemplo en sus operaciones de Canadá utilizó el mismo concepto de su cadena de suministros y no sólo no funcionó sino también demostraba que era difícil para la empresa adaptarse a los cambios que podría haber en la moda.
Finalmente, debido a que M&S mantenía su oferta constante no le permitía incrementar su cuota participación. La mayor parte de sus clientes son personas mayores de 65 años, mientras los jovenes representan solo un porcentaje del 5%. Resultado de que las personas jóvenes no estaban interesadas en M&S.

3-- ¿Qué le sugieres?
Mi principal sugerencia sería que acortarse su cadena de valor, puesto a que actualmente es muy ineficiente y obliga al equipo de compras a tomar decisiones respecto el diseño y el stock en sus tiendas con un año de adelanto, por lo que sería primordial flexibilizar esta toma de decisiones.
Otro punto importante sería reducir la contratación externa. Esto podría acortar su cadena de valor y hacerla más eficiente.
También debería mejorar la logística y construir almacenes internacionales que les permita ser más eficiente y reducir sus gastos de trasporte. Una de las cosas que más me marco fue que la ropa producida en Hong Kong tuvo que se enviaba por avión a un almacén en el Reino Unido, a continuación, reenvían desde el almacén central a sus tiendas en Asia.
Incrementar la comunicación: M & S se beneficiarían de una mayor comunicación entre los eslabones de su cadena de valor. Esto puede reducir la falta de existencias y aumentar la eficiencia.
Aumento de la tecnología de diseño: Tal vez con más tecnología, como el software de diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) utilizado por Zara, M & S puede producir diseños más por año y de este modo atraer a más clientes con mayor frecuencia.
Por último le recomendaría que intentase diversificarse creando diferentes marcas para poder posicionarse a la mente de sus diferentes clientes. Es decir, imitar a Inditex y por lo menos crear una línea más juvenil para intentar llegar a los clientes más jóvenes.

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