...theory. These failed eugenics attempts have had severe socio-political consequences on countries around the world. Within this paper, three eugenics-based policies will be addressed in greater detail. These policies are: birth control, race-based sterilization policies and genocide (on varying scales). Birth control is a relatively recent phenomenon — primarily entering the national agenda after the Industrial Revolution as more and more families left the countryside and moved into urban areas. Prior to this demographic shift, birth control had only been practiced by a handful of people and the methods that were utilized (such as abstinence and withdrawal) had a relatively high failure rate (A brief history of, 2014). Following the Industrial Revolution, birth control was introduced at different rates in different countries — driven by demographic differences, as well as each country's individual religious beliefs and preferences. Certain religions have been much more adamantly opposed to birth control than others. Interestingly, the United States was one of the slowest countries to embrace birth control. In fact, a law — the Comstock Act — was passed that criminalized the advertising and distribution of birth control. And despite the actions of Margaret Sanger, Planned Parenthood (and its forerunner, the American Birth Control League) and other birth control advocates, the Comstock Act remained on the books well into the 20th century. Although many of the above-mentioned individuals...
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...Arts 14 March 2015 Protecting Society: One Shot at a Time Measles, a disease that once was thought to be practically extinct in America, is unfortunately again on the rise. In the year 2000, national leaders in the United States declared that measles had been eliminated within the country, however, from January 1, 2014 to August 29, 2014, there were 592 Measles cases in the United States (Koplowitz 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have attributed these cases to parents refusing to have their children vaccinated. Within the past two months, there have been 102 cases of measles reported in 14 states (Grady 1). Vaccinations have proven to be extremely effective. After receiving two doses of the measles vaccination, 97% of people are immune to this disease (“For Health Care Professionals” 2). It is completely unacceptable to have an outbreak of a disease that is almost completely preventable and was eliminated from the United States 15 years ago. In order to protect citizens against communicable diseases, it should be mandatory for almost everyone to receive vaccinations. There are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (“Immunization” 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox in 1796 (Riedel 5). Currently, any...
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...Strategies for focusing a broad research topic Are you overwhelmed with how much information you are finding? Try the suggestions below: * Develop a tentative focus List what you already know and questions you have about the topic and focus on those you find most interesting. * Find background information on your topic Check our Electronic Reference Collection for an article in an online encyclopedia you can trust. * Look for magazine articles Magazine articles tend to be shorter and can provide a general idea of key issues or controversies related to your topic. Try: * Academic Search Complete * Academic OneFile * Search CQ Researcher This is a great source for finding background information and overviews of a wide array of topics. * Choose a particular perspective on the issue How do scholars from different subject fields approach your topic? Finding different points of view can provide you with a better sense of direction. Look through our subject-specific databases listed on the Find Articlespage like: * Education Full Text (EBSCO) * Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (ProQuest) * PubMed (National Library of Medicine) * Limit your search to a specific time period Look for date limit options when searching a database. * Need more help? Ask a Librarian for assistance. Finding research topic ideas You'll be spending a bit of time on your research paper, so be sure to choose a topic...
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...performed on the woman), and abortions for women pregnant without authorization. By the mid-eighties, according to Chinese government statistics, birth control surgeries — abortions, sterilizations, and IUD insertions — were averaging more than thirty million a year. Many, if not most, of these procedures were performed on women who submitted only under duress. The principal modification of the one-child policy occurred in the mid-eighties when, in response to rising levels of female infanticide, the government relaxed the policy in the countryside for couples whose first child was a girl. In many parts of China this has devolved into a de facto two-child policy, as rural officials found the selective enforcement of a mixed policy — one child for couples whose first child was a boy, two children for couples whose first child was a girl — difficult to manage. Current Situation Twenty-two years after my initial field research in China, where do we stand? Today, the Chinese family planning program continues to be carried out against the popular will by means of a variety of coercive measures. Despite official denials and intermittent efforts to discourage some of the more blatant manifestations of physical, that is, bodily, coercion, coercion continues to be, as it has been from the late 1970s, an integral part of the program. Mandatory IUD insertions, sterilizations, and abortions continue. The national family planning journal...
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...Sheree Oats Oats 1 April 9, 2012 Dr. April Mcray LIT 2110 Angela Davis, the daughter of an automobile mechanic and a schoolteacher, was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on 26th January 1944. Davis was brought up in an all white neighborhood where segregation was seen in every part of her life. She learned at an early age about racism and the implications that came along with being black. Her high school and college years were filled with many accomplishments. In high school Davis got the opportunity to study at Elizabeth Irwin High School in New York City where she gained an interest in both socialist and communist philosophies. Davis's scholastic achievements earned her a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. After graduating she became joined the Black Panthers, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and Ron Karenga's US-Organization. In 1968 she became a member of the Communist Party. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) Angela Davis life took a tragic turn for the worse when she became a public figure for being on the Federal Bureau of Investigation "most wanted Oats 2 criminals" list. On August 7, 1970 Davis was tied to a murder of four individuals who had been gunned down in a Marin County Hall of Justice Courtroom. The guns used in the crime were registered in Davis’s name. According to Davis became only the third woman in...
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...The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting Ioannis Ioannou London Business School George Serafeim Harvard Business School Abstract We examine the effect of mandatory sustainability reporting on several measures of socially responsible management practices. Using data for 58 countries, we show that after the adoption of mandatory sustainability reporting laws and regulations, the social responsibility of business leaders increases. We also document that both sustainable development and employee training become a higher priority for companies, and that corporate governance improves. Furthermore, we find that companies implement more ethical practices, reduce bribery and corruption, and that managerial credibility increases. These effects are larger for countries with stronger law enforcement and more widespread assurance of sustainability reports. We conclude with thoughts about mandatory sustainability and integrated reporting. Keywords: sustainability reporting, mandatory reporting, corporate social responsibility, integrated reporting Assistant Professor of Strategic and International Management, London Business School, Regent’s Park, NW1 4SA, London, United Kingdom. Email: iioannou@london.edu, Ph: +44 20 7000 8748, Fx: +44 20 7000 7001. Assistant Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Soldiers’ Field Road, Morgan Hall 381, 02163 Boston, MA, USA. Email:gserafeim@hbs.edu, Ph: +1 617 495 6548, Fx: +1 617 496 7387 (contact...
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...Skip to main content Open Problems in Computer Virus Research Steve R. White IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY USA Presented at Virus Bulletin Conference, Munich, Germany, October 1998 Abstract Over a decade of work on the computer virus problem has resulted in a number of useful scientific and technological achievements. The study of biological epidemiology has been extended to help us understand when and why computer viruses spread. Techniques have been developed to help us estimate the safety and effectiveness of anti-virus technology before it is deployed. Technology for dealing with known viruses has been very successful, and is being extended to deal with previously unknown viruses automatically. Yet there are still important research problems, the solution to any of which significantly improve our ability to deal with the virus problems of the near future. The goal of this paper is to encourage clever people to work on these problems. To this end, we examine several open research problems in the area of protection from computer viruses. For each problem, we review the work that has been done to date, and suggest possible approaches. There is clearly enough work, even in the near term, to keep researchers busy for quite a while. There is every reason to believe that, as software technology evolves over the next century or so, there will plenty of important and interesting new problems that must be solved in this field. Introduction ...
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...and children become vulnerable and dependent. Those women, along with their friends and relatives, are inexorably drawn toward the Party of Government. And research shows it is not only women of childbearing age that are made more dependent on government, but aging men and women in general. To expect a nation of fragmented families to turn away from an expanding welfare state is to expect a miracle. The original social democrats of Europe saw this quite clearly, which is why (especially in Sweden) they crafted social-welfare proposals with an eye to deinstitutionalizing marriage, making mothers less dependent on fathers but more dependent on government. We are at a key crossroads now. Half or more of all children will grow up outside of intact marriages. Yet through arduous effort and public debate we have managed to slow the rate of divorce and halt the growth in unmarried childbearing. Government policy is not everything. But effective changes in welfare policy could help. How? Here are three eminently practical suggestions, supported by research, taken from a recent Institute for American Values policy brief (see www.americanvalues.org). 1) Expand marriage education for low-income couples. Right now, the government suggests to mothers and fathers that the height of responsible fathering is signing paternity papers. Why not ask couples who apply for welfare if they are interested in marriage? If they say no, they say no. But even asking the question serves as an important...
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...Analysis of an Ethical Dilemma From Current Events Ethical dilemmas are everywhere in healthcare. They range from whether to vaccinate children to life and death issues. They cover the lifespan from birth (or I should say conception, as abortion is a big one) to death (no matter what age that may occur). For the purpose of this paper, I purposely stayed away from life and death issues. I have a strong moral and ethical stance on allowing patients to die with dignity. Keeping patients alive or giving treatments to prolong life without quality is so against my morals. If the patient chooses to become a DNR or refuses "recommended" life sustaining treatments, they should have the autonomy to do so. A recent example in the news is the death of Steve Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between...
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...Kendall Hoyt ENGL 202-13 Research Paper Sex Education: Truth or Taboo? Each and every year the government spends over forty million dollars to support families that have resulted from teenage pregnancies (“Statistics on Teen Pregnancy” Question 1). However, the government chooses to only fund abstinence programs in schools. If a school chooses to have an abstinence plus birth control program, the government will not present them with any federal funds to help cover the costs of the program (Lindberg, Laura, Duberstein, and Isaac Maddow-Zimet 332). Not only will the government refuse to fund the program, but the parents are also scared such courses will negatively influence their children and churches say it goes against moral conduct. The church argument should be invalid if our country wants to live up to the separation of church and state. The church should not be able to dictate what students learn. However, that is beside the point. Until schools have the backing of the community and parents, this will not be changed. The media also plays a big role in negative influences on teen pregnancy. In my opinion, this is something that classes could change. Deciding on who should receive this education is another debate. Everyone should receive this education. The information is very helpful and useful. When asked about sex education, Helen B. Shaffer had this to say, “while sex education in the schools has become fairly prevalent, much of it still skirts around the very questions...
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...Throughout history, the human race has always fought against diseases and famine. But it seemed like they found a way to fight back by use of vaccinations when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine in 1796. As the years go on, vaccinations have become a major controversial topic since many believe they may be able to trigger disabilities and cause side effects, even though they save countless lives. The Centers for Disease Control recommends children get vaccinations from birth to age six but there happens to be no federal law that make vaccinations mandatory, though all 50 states require specific vaccines for children entering the public school system. Though there are many pros to vaccines, many people believe they can lead to health problems. In the following research paper, they will all be presented and discussed. Vaccines, the development of medicines, and hospitals have helped humans...
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...Abortions Abortions are one of the many things that everyone has an opinion on. As defined by the 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary, an Encyclopedia Britannica Company, an abortion is, “the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus as a spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation--miscarriage, the induced expulsion of a human fetus, or the expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy.” Abortions have always been and will probably always be a controversial topic in which everyone will not agree upon. In the midst of the controversy, two groups have emerged. These groups are referred to as pro-life and pro-choice. According to Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters claim that life begins at conception, therefore, abortion at any stage in the pregnancy is murder. They believe that life is valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other hand, claim that it is the woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. These pro-abortionists claim that anti-abortionists are truly against the rights of women and free choice rather than the termination of the fetus. Pro-life and pro-choice advocates differ in many of their opinions, specifically, concerning when life begins, affects abortions have on...
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...sharing it to the third parties? 2) Working thesis: Social networking sites have become very popular in current world, so protection privacy has also become a crucial thing. We normally think that privacy features and setting in these sites will protect our information, but unfortunately they are not.great job identifying the problem. Now – for your actual paper, you will need your thesis to be a statement that expresses a solution to the problem. 3) Angle: Social networking sites are the best way to communicate with friends, family and colleagues across the world. But one thing that we should always keep in mind is how secure is it to share everything we think online. The more information we share the more risks. Because I think the privacy setting features will work only to some extent, they just allow us to keep our information from being accessed by any other users. But I think there are no restrictions when it comes to third parties and we never know what the social networking companies will do with the information we have shared on their sites.interesting points and perspective. B. Context 1) Taking control of social networking sites is important, especially when we are using them, because once the information is out, we never know what is going to happen next. And I think it’s just not worth the risk. 2) I have been a member in social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter etc. for past few years now. Although I have never faced any issues, I have few friends...
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...irreversible (Grosboll, 2008, p.1). The legal issues that are related to sterilization are important to women, particularly low-income, minority, and non-English speaking women. Reported cases of forced or coerced sterilization abuse have only involved women. According to the laws sterilization, is more effective than the traditional birth control for the following reasons: • Surgery procedure is where the doctor removes or blocks internal organs which can carry the ovum and sperm. (e. g., Vasectomy or Tubal Ligation ) • Sterilization is considered permanent. Attempts can be made to rejoin the tubes with a 95% effective rate • Fewer state benefits recipients (e. g., food stamps, low-income housing) • Less life-threatening side effects (e. g., Birth control pill hormones have been known to speed up or stop the heart) (Grosboll, 2008,...
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...------------------------------------------------- iNDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER December 15, 2015 December 15, 2015 Contents Introduction 2 Literature review 4 Proponents 4 Opponents 5 Advocate for the two-child policy. 6 Promoting consumption 6 Solving population aging problems 7 Balancing skewed sex ratio 7 Boosting the real estate 8 References 9 Introduction China has resolved to put an end to the three-decade-long one-child policy and each couple are allowed to have two children. Shortly after the announcement of the two-child policy, the article in appendix was written by a professor at Shanghai Academy in China Daily to advocate for the policy. And the target persons are citizens in China who meet the two-child policy requirement. The author used specific statistics to elaborate the population aging problems in current society (Logos). He demonstrated objectively that the two-child policy will benefit China both in the short run and long run and explained the benefits from improving demographic structure problems, boosting development of the service sector, strengthening domestic consumption and increasing innovation (Qu, 2015). The article was published at the right time when the two-child policy has been hotly debated. It would attract attraction of people who focused on this topic. And the author suggested the authorities put the two-child policy into force with assistance of more supportive policies as soon as possible (Kairos). At the beginning...
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