...a combined 268,940 tons currently floating in the world’s oceans (“Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans” par. 17). What’s more, of the quarter million tons of plastic in the ocean, anywhere from 7,000 to 35,000 tons is comprised of micro-plastics measuring less than 5mm in diameter. Take a moment and consider the sheer magnitude of nearly 270,000 tons of plastic. For scale, let’s compare the maximum load allowed for big rigs in the United States, 40 tons (or 80,000 pounds). The weight of the combined plastic in the ocean is equivalent to at least 6,750 fully stocked big...
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...Conventions to mitigate marine pollution Oil pollution: Oil tankers transport some 2,400 million tonnes of crude oil and oil products around the world by sea. Most of the time, oil is transported quietly and safely. Measures introduced by IMO have helped ensure that the majority of oil tankers are safely built and operated and are constructed to reduce the amount of oil spilled in the event of an accident. Operational pollution, such as from routine tank cleaning operations, has also been cut. The most important regulations for preventing pollution by oil from ships are contained in Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL), The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 also includes special requirements for tankers. Chemical pollution: * Chemicals carried in bulk Carriage of chemicals in bulk is covered by regulations in SOLAS Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods and MARPOL Annex II - Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. Both Conventions set out the international standards for the safe carriage, in bulk by sea, of dangerous chemicals and noxious liquid substances. The Code prescribes the design and a construction standard of ships involved in the transport of bulk liquid chemicals and identifies the equipment to be carried to minimize the risks to the ship, its crew and to the environment...
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...CITATION The Meaning of Citation Citation is a way writer tells his readers that certain materials in his work comes from another source, it is also a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly manner, It is an abbreviated alphanumeric (combination of both numbers and letters) e.g (Newell84). It gives the readers information necessary to find that source again. This information includes: 1. Information about the author. 2. The title of the book. 3. The name and location of the company that published the copy of your source. 4. The date the copy was published. 5. The page numbers of the material you are borrowing. Importance Of Citation 1. To uphold intellectual honesty and avoid plagiarism or piracy. 2. To attribute prior on unoriginal work and ideas to correct sources, to allow the readers to determine independently whether the referred material supports the argument in the claimed way and to help the readers gauge the strength and validity of the materials the author has used. 3. Allows readers to locate and further explore the source you consulted, show the depth and scope of your research and give credit to authors for their research. Types of Citation and Their Parts 1. Book citation Author Date of publication Title Place of publication Publisher 2. Popular magazine article citation Author Title of article Date Magazine title Volume number Page 3. Scholarly...
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...Deductive Reasoning Editorial: EPA. Opposes Plan on Runoff Pollution 1. Identify the type of reasoning employed. Deductive 2. Explain persuasive strengths and weaknesses in each piece. Strengths: The author used facts to support himself and lead to his conclusion about water run-off (Oil Spill) Weaknesses: He did not test out any other methods in which run-off can affect our population as far as aquatic life and the ecosystem 3. Clearly identify and explain elements of fact, value, and policy. Fact: Run-off is an organic and inorganic waste that will in fact harm the aquatic ecosystem starting with the simplest of macros including protozoa and reaching as far as the great white shark. Run-off originates from different chemicals including fertilizers and other nutrients for grass and soil we may use. Can lead to human health issues. Value: Saying that people do not respect the value of our aquatic ecosystem nor the overall health of our environment. Saying that we as one should come together and do our part in the environment to protect it from harmful cfcs and chemicals which contain Policy: Environmental safety should be our #1 priority as it is our basis for life. 4. In relation to the above, identify and explain values, attitudes, and beliefs. Attitudes: We could be facing more than just a loss of shrimp the Gulf because of an oil spill. Beliefs: Lead editorial: It’s easier for everyone to be responsible for their...
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...temperature, volume of the spill, waves, speed etc. Techniques like low tech approaches which involves containment and skimming and burning: and high tech such as varying of sophisticated dispersants e.g. giant separators have been remedies used for oil spill cleanup. Oil spill have destroyed a number of marine and terrestrial wildlife species. A terrestrial animal that depends on seafood dies of hunger due to the destruction of marine food by oil spill. Some marine animal that live and breathe in water dies off because of the contamination of water. The first step to approach when handling oil spill cleanup is quick action. Once we find out there is a spill, speed and accuracy is important for cleanup process. Locating the source of oil spill, its size and thickness etc should follow. According to Larry Nies speed and accuracy can be achieved by using a method known as visual observation from the air, with still and photographing. This method is the cheapest but not the best, it has limitations like inability to see well due to atmospheric and sea conditions etc. A better method but expensive one is the use of airborne sensors. There are some short comes involved in detecting marine environment oil spill like the thickness of sensors etc. Ways involved in recovery of oil spilled. (Physical recovery) Containment and cleanup measures: Minimizing the oil spill spread in water bodies when oil is spilled is important. These will safe extra resources which could be out into clean other...
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...therefore plastic bags should be banned on a national level. Although there are some positives to using plastic bags, the negatives of using the bags out way the positives. Landfills are becoming filled with plastic bags waste, according to the Clean Air Council, “30,000 tons of waste is created from plastic bags each year”. Not only does plastic bags accumulate trash in landfills, they are seen more and more in the ocean and other water sources. “Plastic constitutes approximately 90% of all trash floating on the ocean’s surface, with 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile”. All this plastic is affecting the ecosystems of the wildlife and the basic natural cycles of various animals. According to the online Website Ocean Crusaders, “100,000 marine creatures a year die from plastic entanglement”. This includes sea turtles mistaking plastic bags for jellyfish and trying to eat them. Along with the waste produced by the bags affecting the wildlife, these bags use 12 million barrels of oil needed for 100 billion bags. The positives out of using...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION – OUR CONCERN Environmental pollution is a cause for concern, not only for us but also for mankind as a whole. The last century has seen the rise of this menace assume gigantic proportions, so much so that it has cast its gloomy shadow on nature itself. The diminishing ozone ionosphere leading to global warming and the unpredictable seasonal variation, are some of the adverse effects of pollution that are threatening the environment in which we live. Pollution is a by-product of the unprecedented industrial revolution that we have seen in the last few decades. The establishment of large scale factories belching out smoke, fumes and chemically hazardous waste, has now started having a telling effect on the environment. This couples with the unprecedented growth of automobiles and the ever-increasing human population are some of the factors that are making environmental pollution a cause for concern. The effects of pollution are all pervasive – affecting mother earth, animals, birds and man. An immediate fallout being the reduction in the oxygen content in the atmosphere, presence of potentially harmful gases causing diseases asthma and lung cancer which are sometimes fatal. The large-scale release of chemical wastes into the rivers and streams are the cause of dwindling aquatic life in the river and oceans. This also adversely affects the soil where the river water is used for irrigation purposes. Every now and then we see in the news...
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...Plastic Does Not Belong in the Sea “For whatever we lose (like a you or a me), it’s always ourself we find in the sea” this is a beautiful phrase E. E. Cummings once said. The ocean is vital for the environment. It’s well known to be one of the most important natural resources of earth. At the same time, it’s very much affected with pollution and trash. The photograph “Polluted Sushis” shows three sushis placed in a white platter, they are wrapped around plastic in place of the usual seaweed. This image leads to an understanding that nothing goes by without a consequence. The message that is being sent by this image is powerful in the sense of saying that what we throw into the ocean, will eventually come back. The JWT advertisement agency in charge of the add “Polluted Sushis” does a great job using ethos, pathos, and logos to help effectively persuade the audience to stop littering the sea. The use of pro environmental ads nowadays is quite usual. Some of them are very harsh and direct, they go straight to the point and leave no space to wonder. Nevertheless, there are some ads which are more subtle with their message. They suggest the problem in a more creative way giving the viewer the possibility to reflect upon their add. I find this mechanism much more effective than the first one because it gives a way to internalize the problem shown. Precisely, this is what happens with “Polluted Sushis”. It achieves that people are most likely to perceive the possibility of what is...
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...opportunities. It is prone to severe natural disasters such as cyclones, storm surges, floods, erosion, soil salinity etc. In combination with other natural hazards various forms of man made pollution made the coastal dwellers very vulnerable and ultimately slowed down their socio-economic development. This study will seek to analyze the vulnerabilities and risk of coastal water and suggest adopting appropriate measures for mitigation and management of coastal environmental pollution to the extent of generating environmental awareness among people. The coastal region gets polluted as the pollutants are carried through different rivers and canals to the sea. Water channels are used for dumping industrial wastes that ultimately end up in the sea. There is no facility for waste treatment in densely populated urban areas. As a result, water pollution is increasing. About three thousand ships including oil tankers come to our ports every year. There are several thousand mechanized trawlers and boats that spill oil. Sea is also polluted by oil spill because of accidents in ships. The authority fails to check pollution as they have no receiving or collecting vessels to face the emergency situation during oil spillage. Even our Port Authority has no laboratory to measure the extent of the pollution. Foreign and local ships find the Chittagong Port and its outer anchorage a safe dumping area for their waste, taking advantage of poor laws and their lax implementation due to logistic support...
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...MARINE POLLUTION & ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. Semester: Code: PA-101.4 Total Hours: 45 Hours Per Week: 3 Credit: 3 COURSE DESCRIPTION GENERAL OBJECTIVES At the end of this course, students should be able to : 1. Identify key elements of the global environment. 2. Discuss how environmental elements interact locally and globally in predictable and unpredictable ways. 3. Describe the impact of human activities on the global environment. 4. Discuss issues relating to sustainable development. 5. Identify international and Caribbean regional environmental challenges 6. Identify biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and some of their possible interactions. 7. Describe physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the oceans. 8. Identify the principal marine pollutants and the threat they represent. 9. Assess the impact on the marine environment of oil pollution from the oil industry and the shipping industry. 10. Identify requirements to maintain healthy ports and harbours, and current programs to rehabilitate Caribbean ports. 11. Identify organizations and regulatory structures concerned with oceans management and costal zone management in general and within the Caribbean region, including the UNEP regional seas programme. 12. Discuss national and international marine law; the use of civil and criminal law in regulating the environment and the conflict between private property...
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...It Affects Our Oceans Too Many people assume that marine pollution isn’t an important problem as the other problems that affect our environment. However, from what I’ve seen and researched about, it is a major problem because it’s not only affecting marine animals, it’s affecting humans as well. In the whole world there about 80% of pollution that is in our waters comes from land. National Ocean Service says that nonpoint source pollution is the main source of ocean pollution. The small things, like septic tanks, cars, boats, and trucks, and the big things, like farms, ranches, and forest areas are what is causing this problem. Another organization, WWF Global, claims that the things that pollutes our waters are oil, fertilizers, sewage disposals, sea full of garbage, and toxic chemicals. They state that oil from vehicles are dripping on roads and parking lots and finding it’s way to the sea. However oil isn’t the only thing that’s flowing into the ocean. Plastic, balloons, glass bottles, shoes, packaging material, and everything else that is not disposed correctly are appearing there. With this waste floating in the waters, marine animals sadly mistake them for food causing it to block their breathing passage....
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... May 22, 2016 was earth day around the world and was celebrated in ways of cleansing the earth. On this windy cool afternoon in Brooklyn, NY, the Gowanus Canal got a visit from the staff and students from St. Francis college. They were also trailed by a few local residents, this group of earth day goers went about the pollution within the country dirtiest waterway. They all gathered around on the bridge above the canal and said individual prayers. They said that everyone complain about the canal but no one is cleaning. So they saw no harm in asking god to bless the polluted canal. 2. What else is known about the topic? What other research is out there. Issues have two sides, present both of them. Something else that is fascinating about this topic is that there was a $500 million project set up by the city to clean up the canal but the project is moving slower than a snail on the run. The canal also empties into the New York Harbor. 3. What are the essential facts? The essential facts about this topic is that the politicians that promise so much before they enter office is not doing about this canal that is in the middle if there city and is pollution you can see with your eyes. Another fact is that this group of earth day believers had enough faith in their prayers sent to god. 4. What are the major ethical issues and concerns? (as it applies to the general public, to taxpayers, to the government or to the nonhuman organisms living in the...
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...Around the world, there are various environmental issues occurring in all ecosystems, among them is the concept of pollution. Ocean pollution is very common, about 1.4 billion pounds of trash end up in the ocean every year (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2011). There are also often several oil spills, and these spills and trash are bringing harm upon all marine life (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2011). Research shows that nearly eighty percent of pollution in the ocean comes from land based activities (National Ocean Service, N.D). Humans are the cause pollution, actions should be taken to prevent hurting beautiful ecosystems and the creatures within. Occasionally, people enjoy attending the beach on hot days and they bring their own refreshments and food. But since some do not pick up their trash, it ends up in the ocean polluting the water. The most commonly found element is plastic and it takes a long time for this...
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...Do you think ocean pollution is an issue? Well, over two thirds of Earth's surface is covered by water and all of it has been affected by some sort of pollution. Ocean pollution causes many chemicals and foreign substances to get into our air, water, and food, killing the wildlife and affecting the cleanliness of our waters; it is extremely important for us to all come together in order to stop ocean pollution. "The single biggest problem in reaching international agreement on a topic lies in convincing sovereign nations with different goals, opposing political systems, and fluctuating positions in day-to-day politic that their interests all lie in the same direction" (Cousteau 106). Pollution gets into the ocean from many sources but has...
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...The article is called “Oceans of pollution” (Al Jazeera, 18 June 2012), Dahr Jamail. He shows the plastic pollution in the oceans on the Earth’s crisis. If the issue is not addressed, it will be unpredictable long-term consequences, with a mass extinction of ocean species. His rhetorical goals of explaining are quotations from scientific experts, cause-and-effect reasoning, and powerful visual imagery. The stimulus for the article was a series of scientific studies that demonstrate the dramatic worsening of ocean pollution in recent years. According to author, massive gyres of plastic garbage are developing in oceans that are harm to fish, turtles and other creatures. “Dead Zones” – where are algae blooms which runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus...
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