...LESSON FIVE & SIX – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS ------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape....
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...Discuss biological explanations of schizophrenia AO1- (4 marks) Biological explanations of schizophrenia argue that the causes of schizophrenia and physiological rather than psychological. Evidence to support this comes from research into genetics, as well as biochemical factors. Firstly, genetic research has considered rates of schizophrenia found in biological relatives, monozygotic twins (MZ) and dizygotic twins (DZ). This research includes family studies. Schizophrenia is more common among biological relatives with schizophrenia and the closer then family member e.g. a sister the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. They found children with 2 schizophrenic parents have a concordance rate of 46% compared with children who have one schizophrenic parent, concordance rate is 13%. In addition, MZ twins have a higher concordance rate at 40.4% than DZ twins at 7.4% in terms of developing schizophrenia. Researchers have also tried to find twins separated at birth and at least one twin was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Gottesman and Shields found 58% of twins were concordant for schizophrenia. In contrast, more recent studies, using blind studies, have reported lower concordance rates for MZ twins. However, it is still arguing findings support the genetic inheritance of schizophrenia. Similarly, adopted children are looked at to test whether schizophrenia is an environmental influence or genetically inherited. They have been looking at children who were adopted and later...
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... There have also been discoveries that complete information was disclosed at time of trials being conducted. So, instead of picking random people and conducting the trials, people where purposely chosen who were homosexual prior to the beginning of testing. Homosexuality: Is it a Choice? Sexual orientation has to do with the sex of our preferred sex partner. It is the trait that predisposes us to experience sexual attraction to people of the same sex ourselves (homosexual, gay, or lesbian) to persons of the other sex (heterosexual or straight), or to both sexes (bisexual) (Simon, 2011). There have been a multitude of studies and research done on homosexuality and whether it is in fact an act based on biological, social or psychological stimulus (Knight, 2000). Since the early 1990s, there have been activist arguing that scientific research has proven homosexuality has a direct link to genetics or hormonal causes. Sexual orientation studies have been conducted on everything from eye-blinking, differences in portions of the brain, finger length, inner ear differences, genes and neuro-hormonal differentiation (Knight, 2000). These studies were performed with hopes of getting a definitive answer to the question: Are people born homosexuals or is it in fact a learned behavior...
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...Exploring Twins; towards a Social Analysis of Twinship. STEWART, Elizabeth A.. EXPLORING TWINS; Towards a Social Analysis of Twinship. New York, NY: Global Publishing at St. Martin's Press, 2003, 221 pp., $26.95 softcover. This extremely dense and turgid book, written by a sociologist who gave birth to twins herself, is rich with metaphor and literary and biblical allusion. The author exams myths and explanations of twinning throughout time and across world cultures. She also looks at why there are so many persistent myths around twins and sees these myths as a way of explaining twinning. While some cultures see twinning in positive terms [divinity, fertility], many see the phenomenon in negative terms [infanticide of one or both twins, death of the mother, banishment of the family, exposure of the twins, starvation of one or both twins, death to girls and life to boy twins]. Stewart also discusses the importance of support groups, such as MELD, to help parents strategize and cope with raising multiples. Interestingly, the Yoruba of Nigeria have the highest twinning rates in the world. Stewart spends a lot of time noting the occurrence of twins in literature, from Shakespeare, Rogers and Hart, Mark Twain, and Alice in Wonderland. They also appear prominently in films such as The Dark Mirror, The Parent Trap, Dead Ringers and Twins. She points out that twins research is often used to deduce the impact of nature vs. nurture, the extent to which the environment plays...
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...Outline and evaluate biological explanations of depression. 8 + 16 marks One biological explanation of depression is genes. This suggests that depression is inherited. Research shows that individuals with a depressed relative (parent/sibling) are 1.5. to 3 times more likely to develop depression than those without a depressed relative. Twin studies show a concordance rate of 46% for MZ (identical) compared with 20% for DZ (non-identical) twins. This suggests that genes have a role in whether people develop depression or not. However, concordance rates are never 100% for identical twins so this suggests that genes can’t be a full explanation because MZ twins share 100% of their genes and so if genes were the only cause of depression there would be a 100% concordance. This means that there must be other factors involved for example environmental ones such as upbringing and interaction with parents and family members. Higher concordance rates for MZ twins could be explained by the fact that being identical, they are more likely to share a more similar life experience than non-identical twins. It makes sense to take a mixed approach; the diathesis-stress model shows how there can be a genetic predisposition, which is triggered by environmental cues such as life experience. Research has shown that women who were genetically predisposed to depression (had an identical twin suffering with depression) were more likely to develop depressive symptoms when faced with negative life experiences...
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...Describe and evaluate the biological method of psychopathology (12 Marks) By Amy Smith The biological model (which is also known as ‘the somatic model’) assumes that all psychological disorders are physical illnesses. This model of psychopathology labels mental disorders like this and therefore has both positive and negative outcomes. The biological model states that the causes of mental disorders are normally down to one or more of the following four; genetics, neurotransmitters, infections and brain injury. Neurotransmitters are when there is too much or too little of a particular neurotransmitter such as an increased level of dopamine can lead to schizophrenia. People can increase their dopamine levels by taking drugs such as cocaine which therefore is why schizophrenia is linked so much with cocaine. A piece of research which I have studied is the Gottesman study. This was the study of the meta-analysis twins. Gottesman studied approximately 40 twins (monozygotic and dizygotic twins) and found that the monozygotic twins had a 48% chance of developing schizophrenia if one twin had schizophrenia already, however in dizygotic twins there was only a 17% chance. This piece of research proves that genes are a reason for developing psychological illnesses. The treatments associated with the biological method are drugs such as medication to change the neurotransmitter levels in the brain which can therefore relieve symptoms of the mental illnesses. Another treatment is psychosurgery...
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...Outline and evaluate 2 biological explanations for schizophrenia.’ 24 Marks One biological explanations for schizophrenia is genetic factors, which can be studied through twin studies. If the concordance rate is 100% in MZ twins it means that the characteristic is genetically determined because monozygotic twins share the same genes and environment. This was shown by Gottesman and Shields, who reviewed the results of 5 twin studies looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. These studies looked at 210 MZ twins and 319 DZ twins. It was found that in MZ twins there was a concordance rate of 35-58% compared with dizygotic (DZ) twin rates that ranged from 9-26%. They also found a concordance rate in MZ twins of 75-91% when the sample was restricted to the most severe form of schizophrenia. This can show that there is a link with genetics and schizophrenia. However, the twin studies have all assumed that the shared environmental effects for MZ and DZ twins are equal which may be incorrect. In addition twins are not representative of the wider population. This is because it is a very small sample and there are very few MZ twins in the population and only 1% are Schizophrenic. This shows the sample may not be generalizable to the public. In addition family studies support the idea that there is a genetic influence in schizophrenia. For example, if a parents is schizophrenic and a child becomes schizophrenic it would be likely that genetic factors responsible because...
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...sources assume that the query is a solved scientific problem with the indication going towards a biological reasoning possibly genetic for a homosexual alignment (Schumm, 2010). Opposing to this idea, the query has been studied poorly, though there are some indications on all sides of the question. Additionally, several studies which were highly flaunted by the media as evidence for the genetic basis for homosexuality have been challenged by the current thorough studies (Diamond, 2006). This proof is considered to fall under five critical categories. These include: * Possible hormone influences * Brain structure * Real genetic studies (GWAS) * Concordance of genomic markers in relations * Concordance of homosexuality in twins Until recently, sexual orientation used to be referred to as sexual preference. Definitely, these two terms represent significant variations in the way in which sexuality matures. A likelihood or preference is a choice of something due to taste while orientation is something that generally defines us (Schumm, 2010). The variations are practically necessary with respect to how legal rules apply to those gay individuals. In case homosexuality is not preferred, but actually is a genetically determined trait over which individuals have no option to, then legal rules should not look at straights and gays differently, since homosexuality would be equal to one’s race, over which persons have no control over (Diamond, 2006). Sexual Orientation-Brain...
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...Integrated The topic of the reading and listening passages is devoted to twin studies. In the reading passage we could find out about the scientific researchers which goal is to find out the role of nature and nurture in the development of personality. The author states that twins which have an identical genetics make up display similar behavior even in cases when the identical twins were separeted from each other and brought up in different environments. That is why the author states that heredety plays a part in the behavior of personality and such scientific achievments could be useful for understanding of some humans abilities or in medical science in general. In the listening passage the professor disagrees with the information wich was given in the reading part. She mainly states her opinion on the thought that if the twins were treated and brought up in absolute equal conditions it maens that their identical preferences are the cause of the same environment, not in case of natural reasons. To sum up, the professor is not sure about usefulnes of the mentioned research. Independent. The question of evaluating of a knowledge was always vital for a study process that is why the type of grading is really important. Some course grades are based solely on exams, at the same time some of the class grades are based more on participation. In my opinion, grades based on exams are better. The arguments for my point of view are listed...
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...not always guaranteed for the traits of the parents always pass to the children. For instance, leadership is a character that some parents do have but they happen to have some of the rudest children. Moreover, there is no any relationship between genes and a person’s lifespan. Death is a natural happening that comes an unannounced. The only that that I knew genes do influence are the body complexions like the skin color, height, weight gain and eye color. Moreover, intelligence is another trait that is hereditary though it does not always work that way (Alexander, 2013). There are some children from poor background whose parents were not that intelligent and they do manage to be very successful people in their future. According to the research “our potential age is primarily determined at the moment of conception,” something that it is yet to...
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...in this section 50 marks are available for this section 1. Briefly state the role of the following proteins in skeletal muscle: (5 marks): (a) myosin (b) hexokinase (c) lactate dehydrogenase (d) carnitine acyl transferase (e) creatine kinase 2. Explain why the contribution of anaerobic metabolism to energy supply increases with increasing exercise intensity. (5 marks). 3. Explain why adenine nucleotide loss occurs during very high intensity exercise. (5 marks). 4. Explain how some amino acids can be used as a fuel for exercise. (5 marks) 5. Describe the role of GLUT4 proteins in carbohydrate utilisation at rest and during exercise. (5 marks) 6. List the major modifications to the metabolic response to exercise as a result of endurance training. (5 marks) 7. What supplements might an athlete use to improve performance in high intensity exercise that results in fatigue in about 1-10 minutes? Include a brief description of their metabolic role. (5 marks) 8. Describe the main factors responsible for the integration of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. How are these affected by changes in substrate availability? (5 marks) 9. Which three factors account for the measured individual variability in any physical performance phenotype? (2 marks) 10. Explain how one gene can produce several different proteins. (3 marks) 1 11. What is heritability, and why are twins studies used to research its influence on physical performance? (5 marks) PART B: ESSAY QUESTIONS ...
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...Introduction Introduction Outline and evaluate the role of genetic factors in aggressive behaviour (5+16 marks) Moghaddom (1998) distinguishes between explanations of aggression which are normative, and those which are causal. Causal explanations, as in this case, suggest aggression is determined by particular factors e.g. genes and are usually biological explanations. The genetic explanation of aggression suggests that it is influenced through our genes, and that such behaviour is therefore inherited. Para 1 A01 Para 1 A01 It is thought that aggression is due to a defective gene that is inherited by following generations. One possible gene is the Monoamine Oxidase A gene, which produces Monoamine Oxidase A enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters associated with aggression. It is thought that a build-up of serotonin and dopamine can cause an individual to act aggressively to stress in the fight or flight response. There are two forms of the gene, MAOA-H (produces a high level of the enzyme) and MAOA-L (produces a low amount of the enzyme). The presence of the MAOA-L gene is related to an increase likelihood of aggression. One third of people in Western countries have the MAOA-L gene, compared to two thirds in countries with a history of warfare; leading the gene to be dubbed with the term “warrior gene”. Para 2 A02 Para 2 A02 Research to support the role of the MAOA gene comes from Cases et al who disabled the gene in the X chromosome of mice. As no enzyme was produced...
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...CONTROVESY IN MINISTRY PAPER Euthanasia October 5, 2013 THESIS STATEMENT: Now is our chance to choose the right side. God is holding back to give us that chance. It won't last forever. We must take it or leave it. Introduction: When I see the word euthanasia, my thoughts immediately takes me back to a program I saw on the TLC Network about co-joined siamese twins and to a gut-retching experience of my own. .The first case was about Siamese twins. These twins description: one had a full head and body while the other twin had only a head. The doctors called this head a parasite with some flesh that had a dysfunctional body. The dependent baby relied on the normal baby to sustain her life and this was taxing on the normal baby system because she was functioning for two instead on one. If nothing was done both babies would die. The dependent baby had a normal face and was always crying and her eyes were open and she also appeared, to me, to show emotions. What makes this case so sad, the parents decided to separate them even though it meant that the dependent baby will surly die. And they chose to spare the baby who had the better chances of survival. Upon separation, the dependent baby dies and the normal baby go on to live a normal life. I believe in Euthanasia under circumstances when the mercy killing of one who have no hope of surviving to save the life of the abled body if they are attached to each other or in cases when it involves the death of...
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...Term | Definition or Description | How will you remember? (examples from your life or books, articles, tv, etc or you can put the definition in your own words) | human development | the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death | changes that occur in people as they age | longitudinal design | research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time | group of participants is studied over a long period of time | cross-sectional design | research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time | different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time | cross-sequential design | research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of time | followed and assessed for a period of time | nature | the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions | inherited characteristics | nurture | the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, and intellectual growth, and social interactions | the influence of the environment | genetics | the science of inherited traits | inherited traits | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism | special...
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...BM001-4-0-OSE INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT LEARNING OUTCOME The learning outcomes at the end of this assignment are for students to have the ability to: 1. Understand the nature of the social environment. 2. Analyze the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat in business. 3. Understand and analyze internal and external factors and their influence in business environment. Assignment Description This assignment represents 40% of the total marks for this subject. Students are required to write a 2,000 word essay based on the case study. Case study Ford Motor Company is one of the greatest automobile manufacturers of all time. They started under Henry Ford in Detroit, Michigan. Ford had a skill for craftsmanship when he built an experimental car in 1896. It was a twin cylinder engine with potential of 20 mph. In 1899 he left his job in order to organize the Detroit Automobile Company. Ford's first production was in 1903, the Model A, with an under the floor engine selling for $850. In the first season it sold 1,708 cars. After World War II production slowed down until the entrance of the 1949 line. At this time power units were new along with the automatic transmission in 1950. Great automobiles were manufactured in the coming years. The sporty Ford Thunderbird was introduced with 5.1 litres and capabilities of 113 mph. In 1958 it became a convertible with five seats and a strengthened structure. Major restyling occurred in the late 1950's with such automobiles as the Falcon...
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