...Renaissance, Protestant, and Roman Catholic Churches Struggle for Power During the early modern period, from the 14th to the 17th centuries, Europe went through transformations in religious, cultural, and intellectual terms. Mainly due to these changes were the competing perspectives of the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Roman Catholic Church on the nature and role of the Church within Christianity. The Renaissance originated in Italy and spread through Europe, marking a rise of classical learning, humanism, and artistic achievement. It focused on a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, generating a renewed interest in secular knowledge and creativity. The Renaissance greatly influenced...
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...The reformation was a historical event that happened around the 15th century, it’s based on the re-formation of the church. Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther released the ninety-five these statement on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg (“ German reformation, 3 ”). Martin Luther like his father and grandfather, he was a slave, he was also the oldest of ten children. The reformation has ended near the late 1900s. When he was younger, he was sent to a boarding school, but on his journey back he was supposed “kidnapped”. In the early 21st century, relations have been good throughout the catholic church and mainstream Protestantism. The story of the Protestantism is a bloody and violent time for both sides. The Reformation is...
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...pre-Reformation Catholic sentiments authors and discussing about the Counter Reformation and the Catholic Council of Trent. He brings up different scholarly arguments on how to interpret the Reformation. Janz tries us much as he can to stay neutral and give explanations on what the questions are. He therefore, provides documents that hold the ability to place challenges on both viewpoints and supports a study of the texts themselves. In his book, Janz includes opinions explaining the significance of both Martin Luther and John Calvin. This paper is therefore, intended on highlighting the significance of these two individuals and contrasting the opinions contained in writings of each. The significance of Martin Luther Many people wonder why there exists a great fuss over martin Luther and the Protestant reformation. They also don’t understand how and why this German monk turned out to be a lightning rod for change in religion and community in Europe during the Renaissance. Many people also do not comprehend the significance of the circumstances and the importance Luther and his persuade on the Reformation and how it affects them in the present days. Back in 1520 Luther was thought of as an insightful church leader and other thought of him as an ecclesiastical terrorist. His thoughts transformed the universe essentially, and were the flashpoint where thoughts and tendencies, which had been blazing in Europe made people to begin talking, and they brought about bigger ideas. Martin Luther’s...
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...Abstract Lutheranism and Baptist doctrines have slightly similar ambitions. Each doctrinarian can be understood as significantly diverse. It is vital to understand what each religion is in terms of historical and current views. Sheehan, Jonathan. All religious doctrine that exists has unique practices of worship and biblical views. The standards that each has is based upon the scriptural evidences. Utilization of different biblical interpretations laid a foundation for religious practice for both canons. Lutheranism began with Martin Luther. Sheehan, Jonathan. He challenged that authority of the Catholic Church in 1517 with his work, the 95 Theses. Many denominations after Lutheranism such as the Anabaptist rejected the authority of the Catholic Church completely. Lutheranism is a chief branch of Christianity in western society. It recognizes with the philosophy of the 16th century German theologian and reformer Martin Luther. Baptist believers are Christians that have theological beliefs of salvation through the acts of faith and baptism by the form of immersion. Sheehan, Jonathan. They hold the bible as an authority. Lutherans embraced the main creeds of Christianity. The Creed of Apostle and the creed of Nicene are of those that had been incorporated. The Baptists avoided the affiliation of creeds and what it represents. The Lutherans embraced the Aramaic and Greek scriptures. In addition of this they also included the study of the Apocrypha as sound sources of doctrine...
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...The initial spread of Martin Luther’s new theological ideas naturally produced chaos, dissent and rebellion. He launched Protestant Reformation with his 95 theses. He argued that all vocations are equal, including that of women. The religious unity that once held the society together, began to fall apart which lead to individual thought and opinion regarding religion, which further lead into politics, economics and social structures. The breaks in the church made people question if they should be so devout to their Catholic religion. For example, clerical immorality, ignorance, absenteeism, selling of indulgences and priests living in luxury created turmoil between the clergy and common people. Martin Luther believed that authority rested in the word of God. The Church should not be a hierarchy of clergy but a community of believers. Religious truth and authority can only be found in the Bible. He translated the Bible from the traditional Latin into German to help the people read the Bible and begin to think for themselves. He also wrote the Catechism, which simplified the Bible and explained the church doctrine so that the...
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...World leaders and United States leaders share the ambitions to achieve these descriptions. Martin Luther and Martin Luther King Jr. are two names nearly every American citizen knows and most likely respects today. To begin, Martin Luther served as a prominent world leader. Many years ago, in medieval Germany, Martin Luther changed the church forever. He lived as a man full of deep faith for God and was a strict Christian all of his life. Today he is known by numerous people as the most influential German monk who ever lived. Luther had a doctorate in Theology and craved for a reform. He had the biggest issue with parishioners buying indulgences, believing that this purchase would ensure their salvation. He fought for justice and equality, as many great leaders have. At one point he nearly brought down the entire Roman Catholic Church. After writing his famous 95 Theses, the Church was devastated. Even though Luther was hesitant to fight back about the indulgences, he found answers when he turned to the Bible and realized that it is not the Church that will guarantee salvation, it is your own personal faith. In his theses he criticized the Pope’s purpose in raising money and expressed a straightforward concern for the people of Rome. Due to the revolutionary machinery of printing, Luther’s 95 Theses spread throughout all of Europe within three months (“About Martin Luther”.) In 1521, Luther was forced to face Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms. Here, he was expected to retract...
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...Martin Luther King, Jr., in his famous Letter from the Birmingham Jail, responds forcefully yet politely to a public statement made by eight Alabama clergymen in 1963. He defends his position as an African American and strongly advocates racial equality, citing countless sources and employing several literary devices. Most significantly, King uses frequent allusions and vivid metaphors, to relate to his audience and convey his passion for equality. Martin Luther King Jr. uses allusions to biblical figures and events that appeal to both ethos and pathos throughout the “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” The ethos and pathos of biblical figures and events have a strong impact and effectiveness to the readers. Since King is a Christian he uses biblical...
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...Christian St. Germaine Mr. Gomez American Literature 15 April 2015 The Great Racial Debate; and Differences of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. for Racial Equality America in the 1960s was marked by an era of unfortunate segregation, violence and unrest towards African Americans in the country. They faced often-brutal violence and a government that had forgotten them in regards to human rights. Blacks needed something to be done about the harm and inequality they were facing at the time. Fortunately, two men in particular rose to the occasion to fight for what they believed in. They focused on achieving the same goal of a better society for Blacks. However, they differed greatly in regards to how they sought to complete this goal. While Malcolm X often viewed the problem as a war and wanted to ensure that his people would have the means and the power to fight back against the harmful Whites. Martin Luther King Jr. believed it would be more beneficial to both parties if the violence ceased to exist. The struggle for racial equality caused Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. to seek separate and contradictory methods of achieving what they felt was right for African Americans. One main difference between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. was their distinctive childhoods. The two men were raised under dissimilar circumstances and environments. It can be supposed that the way they grew up directly relates to the views they had on the racial problems and the way...
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...Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. (Cultural Relativism NP). According to the cultural relativist the civil rights reforms that Martin Luther King sought were not morally right or wrong. One example would be if you were raised to believe that African Americans should be discriminated, yet in another country, people believe is wrong to discriminate because of their skin color. Someone who believes in cultural relativism would not judge discrimination as "right" or "wrong", because there isn't a "right" or "wrong". They believe that each culture must be understood with neutrality. Martin Luther King Jr. was an important individual, because he tried to end racism. Martin was...
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...Niccolò Machiavelli and Martin Luther: Shaping Modern Political Theory By: Andrew Plotnikov Hist 151-001 I pledge that I received no unauthorized assistance in the completion of this work _____________________________________ Martin Luther and Niccolò Macchiavelli were two European figures in the early sixteenth century who recognized crises of leadership and authority in Europe. Machiavelli and Martin Luther were arguably two of the greatest reformist minds of early 1500s, and their reactions to the crises of leadership present in their countries through their writings led to tremendous political and religious advancements; through their analyses of legitimate rule in The Prince (Machiavelli), and On Christian Freedom and Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther), Machiavelli essentially shaped modern political thought, and Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation that shocked Europe in the early 1500s. Though their responses were based on different groundwork, they each detected and sought to resolve their respective crises, and in doing so aligned their political theories. In analyzing the greatness of the two monumental European figures and their abilities to catalyze change in so many people, comparisons between the writings of both begin to emerge. In particular, Luther and Machiavelli shared innovative perspectives in their analyses on legitimate rule, and in doing so they revealed the pillars on which they built their cases: through...
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...Frank Taranto, Jr. & Glenn Machado HSS 212-003 Dr. Priscilla Oguine October 17, 2002 The undeniable power, force, and influence of religion stand out throughout history. However, according to J. Michael Allen and James B. Allen in World History from 1500, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, religion was exceptionally important, because it had a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships (16). Hundreds of years may separate these two time periods and the modern world, but the same positive effects of religion such as unity, security, and a social order are still basic ideals in today’s world. This is also true for the negative effects such as the conflicts that result in war and bloodshed, the separation of social classes, and the corruption throughout the church, especially the recent sex scandal in the Catholic church. In order to appreciate the impacts of religion during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the positive and negative effects of this era must be understood. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, religion gave people a sense of belonging. Belonging to a church was important during this time because it gave people a sense of security and support. This was important because it made it much easier to deal with everyday problems and issues. For instance, diseases and death were extremely common during this time period, because of the lack of medicine and technology. So, religion...
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...Xavier Jones Professor Brenda Stephens Eng 101 25 November 2015 Social Inequality and Racism: How We Have Killed the Dream. On August 28, 1963 The March on Washington called for more jobs and all around freedom. It remains one of the most popular mobilizations ever created. It was planned and birthed by a union of civil rights activist and people of feminist support, in which most were African Americans. The protest drew nearly a quarter of a million people to our nation’s Capital. One of, if not the most memorable moment of The March on Washington is Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech (“The Forgotten Radical History of the March on Washington”). The entire speech was an ascending oratory that still speaks volumes today just as it did fifty plus years ago. The speech commanded social and racial neutrality, and looked to a desegregated society. The main idea behind Dr. King’s famous speech was very simple; equality for all mankind was necessary for the future. It was 1963 but yet Dr. King was so far down the line in terms of the next generation and what was needed for the nation and all people of different backgrounds, cultures, and ethnicities. He had the formula; the very last portion of the speech summed it all up when he said: “This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords...
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...Early Modern Europe – Major Forces for Change There are a lot of events that shaped the history of early Europe. Our ancestors had a lot on their plate when they discovered new lands and fought new diseases. One of the early forces that had a major impact were the crusades. The Crusades were a bunch of religious wars that were called on by the Pope and the Catholic Church in order to defend Christianity against the Muslims and get closer to the holy cities and other places in ancient Palestine. So what exactly does “crusade” mean? The word comes from an old French word “crois”, which means cross (if you haven’t guessed it). The crusaders (men who take vows to fight for Christianity) were not usually under a single banner, they all attached a cross to their clothes, but joining a crusade was usually voluntarily (depending where you were from). The Lords would get a notice that the Pope has called a crusade, and if they didn’t have any local problems of their own, they would go and fight the Byzantines. But the King of a country was still the same old mean guy, and if a lord or a noble died while fighting in the crusades, his land was possessed by the king, and other nobles were so righteous that they sold off their lands in order to buy weapons and armor to fight in the crusades. Not everything was so grim, the crusaders were facing a superior force and they had to adapt, they learned for example how to use a compass or how to build better ships. And while warring with other...
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...Alexander, J. Neil. "Advent, Christmas and Epiphany" Liturgy (Summer 1984), 9-16. Alexander, J.Neil. "A Sacred Time in Tension" Liturgy (Volume 13, Number 3), 5-10. Alexander, J. Neil. "Rejoicing in the Glorious Company of the Saints-the Origin of the Feast" Liturgy (Volume 14, Number 3), 1-15. Alexander, J.Neil. The Liturgical Meaning of Advent, Christmas, Epiphany: Waiting for the Coming. The Pastoral Press, 1993. Asendorf, Ulrich. "Luther's Sermons on Advent as a Summary of His Theology" in A Lively Legacy: Essays in Honor of Robert Preus Edited by Kurt Marquart et al. CTS Press, 1985. Babin, David. Week In-Week Out: A New Look at Liturgical Preaching. Seabury, 1976. Bainton, Roland. Martin Luther's Christmas Book. Augsburg Publishing House, 1997. Bainton, Roland. Martin Luther's Easter Book. Augsburg Publishing House, 1997. Bass, George. "An Introduction to Liturgical Preaching" Response (Easter 1978), 29-32. Bass, George. The Renewal of Liturgical Preaching. Augsburg Publishing House, 1967. Baughman, Harry F. Preaching From the Propers. Board for Publications Of the United Lutheran Church of America, 1948. Beckwith, Roger. "The Origin of the Festivals of Easter and Whitsunday" Studia Liturgica 13 (1979-1980), 1-20. Bergerm Rupert and Hans Hollerweger (editors). Celebrating the Easter Vigil. Pueblo Publishing, 1983. Bobb, Barry and Hans Boehringer (editors). Proclaim: A Guide for Planning Liturgy and Music. CPH, 1994. Bonneau, Normand. The Sunday Lectionary:...
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...to the country and the world. That event not only changed the American society but it also shaped the lives of the Muslims communities for the worse. Every since 9/11 attacks, Muslim-Americans started to feel discrimination, isolation and being perceived as terrorist. Prothero described in the book, “the Islam beings in the imagination, more specifically in that corner of the imagination colonized by fear. It has been a religion of on-again, off-again obsession of westerners for centuries, (26).” American’s saw Islam as inherently militant and violence belief that is danger to national security. Despite all of those confusion and misconception built upon this religion, Islam as many Muslims describe it, is a religion that promotes peace, unity and love. Another thing that has been the longest controversy in western society that was misinterpreted, questioned and undermined its mythology by the western media were the Jihad and Sharia law (Islamic law) principles. After the 9/11 attacks these two concepts have a gained paramount significant that were referred as a militaristic rules that emphasized the violence and intolerant act of Muslims. However, as the Quran and Muslims interpret, Jihad means to struggle in the name of Allah (God) and Sharia Law is political movement that’s combined with Quran principles, prophet Mohammed saying known as the Hadith, and also the Fatwas, which is the interpretation of Hadith, by Muslims scholars all of these establish a sharia-based society...
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