...‘Migration into cities has resulted in the rise of the informal sector rather than transforming the urban space into an industrial site.’ Discuss the reasons for this seemingly perverse phenomenon using examples from any two countries. Starting from the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution led to an incontestable migration from the countryside to the city as industries agglomerated in the centre of Western cities. A century later, as industrialization gained what is known as the developing world, classical economists such as Lewis predicted large waves of migration that would transform the urban space into an industrial site. Yet, the most noticeable phenomenon of migration was a rise and establishment of an informal sector, comprising up to 90% of jobs and 70% of GDP production in countries like India. Are these results perverse, i.e. contrary to the accepted or expected norm? Looking specifically at cities in Ghana and Pakistan, while economic policies must take some blame for the lack of industrialisation, the rise and perseverance of an informal sector results of the confrontational and antagonising policies taken against rural to urban migration, which itself was misunderstood by authorities. More recent research proves that while the informal sector remains as prominent, it is not incompatible with the development of industry. The traditional explanation of migration towards cities (rural-urban migration) is laid out by Lewis in a model that emphasises...
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...described as Transformational leadership. Our textbook states, “all transformational leaders are charismatic, however, not all charismatic leaders are transformational1.” Common characteristics of a transformational leader include having a clear vision of the future, the verbal skills needed to share their vision, the ability to project confidence to others in the ability to attain their vision, and the personalized leadership to set and achieve goals needed for the organization’s success. Henry Ford’s vision of a car for every American demonstrated his understanding that his company would be far more successful if every citizen were able to afford his vehicles, instead of only being available to the wealthy few. To this end, he introduced mass production in America via the moving assembly line, and offered higher wages for his employees. This practice of inexpensive production with high worker pay credited to Henry Ford is known as “Fordism”2. He understood that breaking down complex jobs into simpler steps allowed the unskilled worker to accomplish the task of the product being produced at a more efficient price. In order to maintain his workforce, Ford instituted a $5.00 an hour pay scale and was the first company to establish a workday of eight hours. This move caused many skilled and unskilled workers to flock to the Ford manufacturing plants, doubling the output of his...
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...Long Range Planning 41 (2008) 378e394 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/lrp Innovation Games: A New Approach to the Competitive Challenge ´ Roger Miller, Xavier Olleros and Luis Molinie Innovation is often perceived as an unmanageable phenomenon. Bets are placed on new products with the hope that a few winners will compensate for the many losers. At best, sophisticated selection procedures impose a certain discipline and provide guidance for containing costly errors. The research that we have conducted yields a more nuanced view. Innovation, we have found, becomes manageable when managers move away from universalistic prescriptions and recognise that different rules and practices apply in different contexts. Our main argument is that both executives and public officials need to learn from the new realities of innovation. Instead of being a uniform process, innovation takes place in seven distinct ‘games’, focusing on market creation, market maintenance and innovator support. Rules for managing innovation are neither generic best practices that can be applied universally, nor narrow industry-specific recipes. Instead, distinct contexts call for specific strategies and rules to create and capture market value. Thus, innovation games are not predetermined sets of rules but leave ample room for creative competition and collaboration. Our approach urges business executives and academics to reassess the validity of conventional approaches, no matter how well established. Managers...
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...of the concept. • Tools of globalization. • Different levels or aspects of globalization. • Negatives of globalization • Positives of globalization. • Suggestions. • Conclusion. Globalization is an irreversible and irresistible phenomenon. It is very famous all over the world. While dilating on the subject, it is important to note that globalization not only affects us as a citizen but also as “producer-consumer in the global economy”. In the modern contemporary world, intense debate revolves around the term “globalization”, which is even today a continuous issue. Before exploring the concept, we should take a look over the different definitions of the phenomenon. Globalization can be defined as “closely interrelated integration of market in terms of goods, services and capital”. It can also be defined as “gradual erosion of boundaries between states through increased economic interdependence and interlinkages can be termed as globalization. From the above mentioned definitions, we can assume that globalization is the mutual sharing of goods, services and capital between or among states. It is also gradually making states closer and integrated. There are different theories about the beginning of the concept of globalization. Some are of the view that it started from the mid of 20th century with woods conference 1944. While the others are of the view that this concept was properly started with the establishment of W.T.O in 1995. Whatever the reality is, it is true...
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...this business, the paper explores three central manifestations of globalization at work in the Caribbean cruise industry: the restructuring of the industry in the face of global competition, capital mobility, and labor migration; new patterns of global ethnic recruitment and strati®cation, including their incorporation into the product marketed to tourists; and deterritorialization, cultural theming, and simulation. The paper asserts that this ``globalization at sea'' illustrates the contradictions, ambiguities, and unchartered course of contemporary globalization processes. Keywords: globalization, tourism, cruise industry, Caribbean, migration, ethnicity. 5 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. ReÂsumeÂ: Le tourisme de croisiÁere aux CaraÈõbes: la globalisation en mer. Le tourisme de croisiÁere aux CaraÈõbes fournit un point de vue particuliÁerement appropriÂe pour comprendre le processus de globalisation dans le monde d'aujourd'hui. AprÁes avoir passÂe en revue la rapide expansion de ce genre de commerce, l'article explore trois manifestations centrales de la globalisation aÁ l'úuvre dans l'industrie des croisiÁeres aux CaraÈõbes: la restructuration de l'industrie confrontÂee Áa la concurrence globale, aÁ la mobilitÂe du capital et aÁ la migration du travail; les nouveaux modes de recrutement et de strati®cation ethniques globaux; et la dÂeterritorialisation, le thÁeme culturel...
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...- Impact of Migration: Focus on Philippines I. Introduction Ia. Defining Migration a.1 Kinds of Migration a.2 Who are Migrants a.3 Factors of Migration a.4 Reasons for Migration II. Review of Related Literature III. History of Migration and its Policies III.a. Migration Policies - Critique III.b. Statistics b.1.Number of Migrants b.2.Main destinations b.3.Occupations b.4.Sex b.5.Remittances III.c. Case Study c.1. Flor Contemplacion c.2. Angelo Dela Cruz c.3. Rodelio “Dondon” Lanuza IV. Impact of Saudization to Filipino OFWs V. Impact of Migration V.a. Impact of Migration to the Sending State a.1 Positive effects a.2 Negative effects V.b. Impact of Migration to the Receiving State b.1. Positive effects b.2. Negative effects VI. Implication of the Effects to the Philippines (Actions made to combat negative migration effects) VII. Implications of Migration to the Youth - Youth Migration VIII. Migration and Filipino Family Life, Society and Culture VIII.a. Effects on the family of an OFW VIII.b. Migration and Filipino Society IX. Solving Migration Problems X. Conclusion I. Introduction What is migration? According...
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...reasons including power, wealth, politics and resources. In early human history, conflicts were between neighboring tribes. In the modern world, these “tribes” consist of large human populations – China being the largest with just over 1.3 billion people (World Bank, 2008). Due to such large groups of people, larger, more destructive weapons were developed by humans for conflicts. These weapons, aptly named “weapons of mass destruction;” include chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons. Also included are any weapons which may be developed in the future with similar destructive capacity (Prawitz & Leonard, 1999).Lastly, the Earth is becoming increasingly populated by humans at an exponential, or hyperexponential rate (Varfolomeyev & Gurevich, 2001). This overpopulation is yet another threat to the survival of humans. Ecocide Ecocide, or the killing of the environment, is caused by human activities (Joksimovich, 2000). One of the largest causes of ecocide is the existence of extractive economies in industrialized nations. Extractive economies are those that deplete non-renewable resources and use renewable resources beyond their capacity (Coates, 2005). Some examples of this form of ecocide are the exhaustion of fisheries...
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...existing culture and structure of their country or territory. According to Roamer and Lee (2007), “in all countries regardless of the nature of their political institutions, the primary struggle among citizens, is and has been over the distribution of economic resources.” (p.1) Here, Roamer and Lee defends the idea that people’s main problem with unwanted guests come from their instinct to refuse sharing the economic resources they have. Obviously, economic reasons cannot be the only reason for people’s attitude towards strangers and when only economics related reasons are taken into consideration, it might mislead people regarding the main causes of xenophobia. This is why, in order to fully understand the underlying reasons of Xenophobia, it is significant to examine the concept from three different perspectives; from economics perspective, political perspective and from the perspective of international relations. Xenophobia in Germany: Turkish workers issue In our case, we will examine Xenophobia in a specific geography with a specific case: Xenophobia in Germany related to Turkish migration in 1960s. With the increase in Turkish population, German people started to show their complaints. At first, it was an advantage for them in terms of cheap labor while the situation turned into a threat in time with hundreds of thousands Turkish people living in their country. As stated by Faruk Şen (2002), “it is important to consider that none of the members of the two groups (Germans, Turkish...
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...Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1999. 28:i–xxiii Copyright © 1999 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGICAL ENLIGHTENMENT? Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1999.28:i-xxiii. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by 197.179.183.136 on 11/03/13. For personal use only. Marshall Sahlins Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; e-mail: m-sahlins@uchicago.edu Key Words: modernity, indigenization, translocality, culture, development n Abstract A broad reflection on some of the major surprises to anthropological theory occasioned by the history, and in a number of instances the tenacity, of indigenous cultures in the twentieth century. We are not leaving the century with the same ideas that got us there. Contrary to the inherited notions of progressive development, whether of the political left or right, the surviving victims of imperial capitalism neither became all alike nor just like us. Contrary to the “despondency theory” of mid-century, the logical and historical precursor of dependency theory, surviving indigenous peoples aim to take cultural responsibility for what has been done to them. Across large parts of northern North America, even hunters and gatherers live, largely by hunting and gathering. The Eskimo are still there, and they are still Eskimo. Around the world the peoples give the lie to received theoretical oppositions between tradition and change, indigenous culture and modernity,...
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...possibilities of business model innovation in mobility and automotive aspects. More precisely, the written report focuses on business model innovation in respect of urban mobility. Since, urban mobility is getting more and more relevance of future management tasks. Moreover aspects of car sharing and renting cars are discussed in literature often. Therefore, the paper gives a detailed overview of the theoretical and practical background of business model innovations of urban mobility including automotive issues. The paper is structured in three main passages…. Mobility is a basic condition for participating in working life. Other relying aspects of mobility are engaging in social, cultural and political activities and availing educational opportunities. In the future, urban mobility will cost 829 billion euro by 2050. The amount of people and goods transported is expected to triple. On top of that, urban mobility will use 17.3 % of the planet´s bio – capacity (Lerner, 2011, pp. 1-15). The development of automotive issues and mobility reflects the economic, social and technical trends in the cities. The population of cities is constantly growing both for demographic reasons and migration into cities aspects. Cities are the central points of economic growth and thus of individual prosperity which lead to a growing differentiation in lifestyles and mobility requirements. The growing individualization of urban society coupled with a growing number of small households leads to...
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...Printing press is a machine that transfers lettering or images with the contact of various forms of inked surfaces onto papers or similar kind of material into different ways. Printing press is used for printing many copies of a text on papers to form a book or similar kinds of reading material. Around 1446 several print masters were on the process creating effective technology of printing with movable metal type. The rapid cultural change in Europe fueled a growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents. A number of people had previously attempted to make a metal type movable printing press, but it was not until a method was invented for producing metal type in large quantities that printing with movable type became economically practicable. Johannes Gutenberg, the son of a noble family of Mainz, Germany was the first person to demonstrate the practicability of movable type printing machine. Gutenberg, who was a stonecutter and goldsmith, invented an alloy of lead, tin and antinomy that would melt at low temperature, cast well in the die, and is durable in the press (Kreis, 2011). As long as the metal in which they were cast did not wear down, it was possible to use and reuse the separate pieces of type, simply by arranging them in the desired order. The innovation of type from an alloy was durable and produced high quality printed books and was suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types which were already invented in East Asia. The mirror...
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...Farmer friendly Agricultural Policy that achieves food security, eradicates poverty, develops the rural economy and protects the environment (FMARD, 2000). The objectives and strategies to achieve them as spelt out in the policy documents emphasize the importance of agricultural extension to the goal attainment of the agricultural sector. To achieve increased production and improved processing in all the sub-sectors of agriculture (crop, livestock, and fisheries), improvement of quality of life and promotion of environment friendly practices and other objectives require extension effort. The new policy thrust expanded the broad objective according to FMARD (2000) to include; Promoting farmer-friendly agricultural policy that achieves food security, eradicates poverty, develops the rural economy and protects the environment through; • Creating the conducive macro-environment to stimulate greater private sector investment in agriculture, • Rationalizing the roles of the three tiers of government in their promotional and supportive activities to stimulate growth; • Reorganizing the institutional framework for government intervention in the sector, • Articulating and implementing integrated rural development as a priority national programme to raise the quality of life of the rural people; • Increasing agricultural production through increased budgetary allocation and promotion of the necessary developmental, supportive and service-oriented activities, opportunities; • Increasing...
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...Contesting the Margins of Modernity: Women, Migration, and Consumption in Thailand Author(s): Mary Beth Mills Source: American Ethnologist, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Feb., 1997), pp. 37-61 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/646565 . Accessed: 18/04/2011 07:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing and American Anthropological...
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................................................................................................... 3 Country Background ............................................................................................................... 4 An Overview......................................................................................................................... 4 Geography in General ........................................................................................................ 4 Demography ...................................................................................................................... 6 Political Environment and Administration ........................................................................... 7 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 8 Health care......................................................................................................................... 9 Education ..........................................................................................................................10 Historical Background and Present Situation.......................................................................11 1923 - 1950 .......................................................................................................................11 1950 - 1980 .........................................................................................
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...IIIT, Hyderabad Cloud Computing for E-Governance A white paper Abstract The worldwide revolution in Internet is changing our lives in terms of the way we work, learn and interact. These changes naturally should reflect the way government functions in terms of the organization of the government, its relationship with its citizens, institutions and businesses and cooperation with other governments. Also, the increasing generalization of technology access by citizen and organizations brings expectations and demands on government. At the same time, governments are also proactive in this domain and are planning new ways of interacting, improving services, optimizing processes and revitalizing democracy by spending amount on IT. It aims to deliver more interactive services to citizens and businesses through E-Governance. For this, cloud computing may lead to significant cost savings. It entails use over the Internet of computing hardware and software infrastructure and applications that are remotely hosted. In this white paper, we describe how this newly emerged paradigm of cloud computing can be helpful for E-Governance. IIIT, Hyderabad January 2010 CLOUD COMPUTING FOR E-GOVERNANCE January 1, 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 3 1. E-Governance Requirements .......................................................................
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