...Maternal deprivation Bowlby was a psychoanalyst; he came up with a theory for maternal deprivation. He used this theory to explain how a child would be effected if the emotional bond between the care giver and the infant was broken. He also showed that if the attachment was damaged on a regular basis, the child could suffer with social, intellectual and emotional damage due to maternal deprivation. This view is supported by Bowlby’s research, 44 Juvenile Thieves. Bowlby conducted a piece of research in which to find out if children were deprived of their mother during the critical period of attachment of the first few years of their lives, could this lead to a serious range of permanent consequences happen for later development. He took 88 clients from the child guidance clinic. Forty-four children had been referred to the clinic because of stealing. Bowlby interviewed children and their parents building up a record of their early life experiences. Bowlby found that 32% of the ‘thieves’ showed affectionless psychopathy as they had spent a considerable amount of time in hospital of a foster home as infants. In contrast only a small amount on the non-affectionless thieves had the same experiences. He concluded that disruption during the attachment stages was responsible for this. However this research was argued by Michael Rutter, he suggested that Bowlby did not consider the differences between deprivation and privation and their different consequences. He also stated...
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...Institutionalization Research on the dangers of institutional care for young children dates back to the 1940s. Rene Spitz, a psychoanalyst, undertook research in the 1930s and 1940s on the effects of maternal deprivation and hospitalism. His studies were one of the first to show that that social interactions with other humans are essential for children’s development. Spitz focused on infants who had experienced abrupt, long-term separation from the familiar caregiver, as, for instance, when the mother was sent to prison. He thought that infants in institutions suffered from lack of love and they were missing important parental relationships, which in turn was hurting or even killing them. (Spitz 1945) Another famous psychiatrist William...
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...theory: Attachment and Loss Volume 1. (1) Bowlby devoted much of his research on the theory of attachment, describing it as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). (2) His theory ‘emphasised the importance of the bond established between infants and their primary carer-usually their mother’ (Scott etal). Once the bond is first established, an attachment is made between the infant and their mother. Bowbly believed that the need to form this primary attachment was innate and crucial in the first months of life (critical period) as it would have a prolonged effect on a person’s future mental and developmental state. If a child is separated from their mother in which, Bowlby described as ‘maternal deprivation’, he believed that the...
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...people. By 18 months very few (13%) were attached to only one person; some had five or more attachments. • Rutter (1981) points out that several indicators of attachment (such as protest or distress when attached person leaves) has been shown for a variety of attachment figures – fathers, siblings, peers and even inanimate objects. Critics such as Rutter have also accused Bowlby of not distinguishing between deprivation and privation – the complete lack of an attachment bond, rather than its loss. Rutter stresses that the quality of the attachment bond is the most important factor, rather than just deprivation in the critical period. Another criticism of 44 Thieves Study as that it concluded that affectionless psychopathy was caused by maternal deprivation. This is correlational data and as such only shows a relationship between these two variables. Indeed, other external variables, such as diet, parental income, education etc. may have affected the behaviour of the 44 thieves, and not, as concluded, the disruption of the attachment bond. Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation is however, supported Harlow's research with monkeys. He showed that monkeys reared in isolation from their mother suffered emotional and social...
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...childhood. This can result from losing a parent at child birth. Bowlby does not differentiate between deprivation and privation. Hodges and Tizard’s study was conducted as a longitudinal study in order to collect reliable information linking to early experiences to later outcomes for the same individuals. It was also a natural experiment. The independent variable was how the attachment experience varied naturally. The study consisted of 65 children who had been placed in an institution, where there was an explicit policy against caregivers forming attachments with the children since before they were less than 4 months old, suggesting early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the children were adopted, 15 returned to their natural homes and the rest remained at the institution. At the ages of 8 and 16, the children who were adopted and those that returned home were interview including their families and friends. Hodges and Tizard found out that the adopted children generally had close attachments to their parents and good family relationships whereas the percentage of children with close attachment with their parent in the children that returned home was much less. However both groups of children were more likely to seek adult attention and approval than the controlled children, and both groups were less successful in peer relationships. This evidence does not support the maternal deprivation hypothesis as the two ex-institution groups (adopted and restored), differed within their family...
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...Review of “The Glass Castle” by Jeannette Walls “The Glass Castle” by Jeannette Walls is an intriguing story of Walls’ family and their experiences. Through Jeannette’s story as both the narrator and the protagonist in the story, the actual state of Walls’ family is vividly described. Through the eyes of Jeannette, the reader finally shares the troubles of Walls family, where the parents are less concerned about the children. Jeanette herself is rendering the burden and responsibility of taking care of her siblings on her shoulders. In conjunction with the other Walls (Jeannette’s siblings), the theme of the story is relinquished while at the same time developing the character of Jeannette. This context will embark on describing the Walls from a family’s point of view while at the same time highlighting their attachment styles. Right from the beginning of the story, the immediate surroundings of the Walls Family is disgusting. It clearly portrays negligence which is symbolic throughout the story as portrayed by Rex and Rose Mary Walls. Though Rex is a loving and caring father, he is irresponsible. Despite his academic qualifications, he cannot keep any job when his family needs it most. Under his alcoholic cover, Rex becomes a completely different person (Walls, 2006, p. 25). Throughout the story, Rex lives a dignified life in dreams and illusions. This is the only way he escapes his responsibilities and problems as the head, the provider, and the protector of the...
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...The World of Media and the everyday communication in a couple’s relationship 4 Factors Associated with Relationship Satisfaction: Importance of Communication Skills 4 Communication and Relationship Management 4 Being a couple in a media world: The mediatization of everyday communication in couple relationships Christine Linke Factors Associated with Relationship Satisfaction: Importance of Communication Skills I.S. Egeci.T. Gencoz Communication and Relationship Management Andrew N. German, Psy.D, associate professor and director of master’s programs Media plays a significant role in everyday life. How does media affect a couple, whose relationship is under constant everyday media pressure? Using the concept of mediatization as theoretical background for analyzing micro level processes. What is the importance of Communication Skills in a relationship and how does communication weigh in relationship management? Partners must establish good communication skills in order to maintain a successful relationship. However, when a couple is very successful and in the “limelight” so to speak, the pressure is undoubtedly more. Shen, S. (2010, July 29). The most successful busines power couples. Huff Post Business, Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/29/the-most-successful-busin_n_649622.html. Media plays an even greater risk for these relationships to fail. Media can play mind tricks and play with emotions through falsifying or...
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...Award 2010 (19 September 2010, New York) 1 | MDGs and Bangladesh In September 2000, world leaders endorsed the Millennium Declaration, a commitment to work together to build a safer, more prosperous and equitable world. The Declaration was translated into a roadmap setting out eight time-bound and measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): They include goals and targets on poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality, environmental degradation and the Global Partnership for Development. The proud Minister for Health and Family Welfare of Bangladesh Professor Dr AFM Ruhal Haque, MP with the UN MDG Award Crest in hand following the ceremony. New York, 19 September 2010 List of countries which received UN MDG Awards in 2010 Country Progress made for MDGs Bangladesh MDG4 Nepal MDG5 Cambodia MDG6 Sierra Leone MDG6 Liberia MDG3 Rwanda MDG4 & 5 Nepal has received a Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Award for significantly improving maternal health. Nepal was selected for the award from among 49...
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...examined to support the thesis of this study that an emotional deprived childhood is a contributing factor in a male mid-life crisis. In an emotional deprived childhood the child would develop a poor sense of self. This poor sense of self might be hidden down deep until a certain age like our early 40’s where we begin to reflect back on our life. Missing a maternal love as a child has repercussions in adulthood that can result in no success being good enough to satisfy the adults need to compensate for the missing maternal love. A mid-life crisis is a topic that has always interested me. Some men and women use the term mid-life crisis as an excuse for any bad behavior or mistakes they make in their early to mid-40’s. The cause behind a mid-life crisis has always interested me, knowing that someone did not wake up one day and decide to spend an obscene amount of money on a little sports car or commit adultery after a very loving marriage. In a male child’s life, a mother plays a very large role in creating a healthy sense of self and belonging. It only makes sense that for any male that is lacking a loving maternal relationship will suffer social-development setbacks at some point in their life. When reaching a certain point in our life we are all guilty of looking back over our life at our accomplishments and failures, however most of us are well equipped to be proud of our accomplishments and realize what our failures are allowing us to continue moving along in our...
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...Amartea Sen’s theory of welfare and its application to Kenya’s attainment of millennium development goals Amartea Sen is an Indian economists credited for the development of welfare theory in economics. He established various guidelines to act as a benchmark for the realization of better welfare in the society, which he termed as the main aim of development in the country. He believed that freedom rather than the functioning’s themselves, is the primary goal of development in any country. Through this, Sen is able to make the conclusion that the person’s standards of living should not only focus on the goods, its characteristics or the utility it provides but the capability of the person. In his case, the capability refers to the freedom the person has in terms of choice of functioning. He attaches a lot of weight on the range of choice the person rather than the choice of the best, which is the mainstay of welfare economics. According to Sen, there are four notions about goods, the notion of a good, characteristic of a good, functioning of a person and the utility of a good. For instance, Utilitarian’s view goods as having the value to the extent of satisfying human needs and wants. Enlightenment theorists view goods as only having value if they come from legitimate means. Egalitarians value goods to have an essential value; hence, distribution is paramount to them. The functioning of the person focuses mainly on the user and not the resources. In Sen’s view, the capabilities...
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...Freewrite # 1: One Aspect of a Typical Day I remember the first day home with first my newborn. However, apart from the overwhelming excitement part of having my baby home, the rest did not happen as I expected or at least planned ahead. I always try to be organized and well-prepared; things should be exact. But now the baby comes first. I can’t imagine leaving him just for a minute to do other errands. My mom always told me “Your life will change when your baby arrives”. I did not really believe her at the time, but now I guess she was right. In my eyes, my baby is the most wonderful and precious thing in the world I have ever received. Not even the first birthday present, which was a bike I had long wished for, I got from my parents on my 6-years-old birthday can be compared. The very first moment I saw him in the delivery room when the mid-wife handed him to me, I could feel how much love coming from him holding him in my arms, and also how much love coming from my heart in return. However, dealing with his routine on a daily basis needs a lot of patience. I have to admit that, there are times where my patience is tested. There are times when I feel completely frazzled and annoyed. There are times I take my son for granted with the “work” and “worry”, and how much my tired body screams at me for a break. But I know I will never wish for anything else. I might know well that all a baby does is eat, poop, cry, and sleep. This sounds simple at first, but, turns out a challenging...
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...according to DOH "The ENC Protocol is a step-by-step guide for health workers and medical practitioners issued by the Department of Health for implementation under Administrative Order 2009-0025. What are these step-by-step interventions? Immediate drying Using a clean, dry cloth, thoroughly dry the baby, wiping the face, eyes, head, front and back, arms and legs. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact Aside from the warmth and immediate bonding between mother and child, it has been found that early skin-to-skin contact contributes to a host of medical benefits such as the overall success of breastfeeding/colostrum feeding, stimulation of the mucosa—associated lymphoid tissue system, and colonization with maternal skin flora that can protect the newborn from sepsis and other infectious disease and hypoglycemia. Proper cord clamping and cutting Waiting for up three minutes or until the pulsations stop is found to reduce to chances of anemia in full term and pre-term babies. Evidence also shows that delaying cord clamping has no significant impact on the mother. Non-separation of the newborn from the mother for early breastfeeding initiation and rooming-in The earlier the baby breastfeeds, the lesser the risk of death. Keeping the baby latched on to the mother will not only benefit the baby (see skin-to-skin contact) but will also prevent doing unnecessary procedures like putting the newborn on a cold surface for examination (thereby exposing the baby...
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...disabling injuries (Such as Obstetric fistula). Maternal death and disability rates mirror the huge discrepancies that exist between the haves and the have-nots both within and between countries. Safe Motherhood begins before conception with proper nutrition and a healthy life style and continues with appropriate prenatal care, the prevention of complications when possible, and the early and effective treatment of complications. The ideal result is a pregnancy at term, without unnecessary interventions, the delivery of a healthy infant, and a healthy post partum period in a positive environment that supports the physical and emotional needs of the woman, infant and family. Working for the survival of mothers is a human rights imperative. It also has enormous socio-economic ramifications-and is a crucial international priority. Both the international conference on Population and Development and Millennium Development Goals call for a 75 percent reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015. This three prolonged strategy is key to the accomplishment of the goal: -All women have access to contraception to avoid unintended pregnancies. -All pregnant women have access to skilled care at the time of birth. -All those with complications have timely access to quality emergency obstetric care. In countries such as China, Cuba, Egypt, Honduras, Jamaica, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Tunisia, significantly declines in maternal mortality have occurred as more women have...
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...Saving Women, Saving Babies A Joint GOB-UN Maternal and Neonatal Health Initiative Newsletter: Issue No. 03 August 2012 community. I am glad to learn that this year no mother died while giving birth in this village.” The clinic is one of 145 community clinics established in Moulvibazar district to provide proper healthcare to poor rural people, especially expecting mothers and children in the district. Ban visited expectant women at the clinic and planted a tree on its premises. Then he went to a nearby house where a group of mothers apprised the UNSG of the services that they are getting through the community clinics regarding safe delivery and safe motherhood. Joint Government of Bangladesh – United Nations (GOB-UN) Maternal & Neonatal Health Initiative attracts UN Secretary General (UNSG) UN Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki Moon praised government’s steps as he visited a village in Moulvibazar, where he comments that rural healthcare in Bangladesh is on the right track to meet the MDG targets of reducing mortality and morbidity of women and children. The UN chief flew to the village from Dhaka on a helicopter along with UNFPA Executive Director, Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin, Senior Secretary of Government of the Bangladesh Mr. Humayun Kabir, UNFPA Country Representative, Mr. Arthur Erken, and other high government officials, and dignitaries. He along with his wife came to Mobarakpur community clinic, while the Chief Whip of the National Parliament Mr. Abdus Shaheed M.P. received...
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...Mary Winn 10/24/13 Does an Elective Abortion Lead to Negative Psychological Effects? Pro • Abortion can be considered a trauma. Approximately 10% of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one-fifth (2%) were considered major. Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, though in fact it is recognized that most abortion-related deaths are not officially reported as such. Women with a history of one abortion face a 2.3 times higher risk of having cervical cancer, compared to women with no history of abortion. Women with two or more abortions face a 4.92 relative risk. Similar elevated risks of subsequent ovarian and liver cancer have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. These increased cancer rates for post-aborted women may be linked to the unnatural disruption of the hormonal changes which accompany pregnancy and untreated cervical damage or to increased stress and the negative impact of stress on the immune system. Approximately 10% of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2%) are considered life...
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