...The Study of Heat, Kinetic Energy Theory of Matter, and Temperature Name University Physical Science Professor 17 July 2011 Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the similarities and differences between heat, temperature, and the kinetic energy theory of matter. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the study of heat relates to the kinetic energy theory of matter. It will also discuss what the study of heat is. I will then explain what temperature is. I will follow this by then explaining what the relationship between both heat and temperature are. Next, I will give the difference in both heat and temperature. I will then give examples of the various properties of a substance that will determine its heat capacity. Lastly, I will give the various sources of heat. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The study of heat is explained through science. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has. The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The result of heat in these three states of matter has different effects on each. For instance, if you gave the same amount of heat off for all three...
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...Dark Energy, Dark Matter In the early 1990's, one thing was fairly certain about the expansion of the Universe. It might have enough energy density to stop its expansion and recollapse, it might have so little energy density that it would never stop expanding, but gravity was certain to slow the expansion as time went on. Granted, the slowing had not been observed, but, theoretically, the Universe had to slow. The Universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the Universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the Universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. No one expected this, no one knew how to explain it. But something was causing it. Eventually theorists came up with three sorts of explanations. Maybe it was a result of a long-discarded version of Einstein's theory of gravity, one that contained what was called a "cosmological constant." Maybe there was some strange kind of energy-fluid that filled space. Maybe there is something wrong with Einstein's theory of gravity and a new theory could include some kind of field that creates this cosmic acceleration. Theorists still don't know what the correct explanation is, but they have given the solution a name. It is called dark energy. What Is Dark Energy? Universe Dark...
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...protons and other baryonic matter only make up about four percent of the known universe.1 So this leaves a huge chunk of over ninety percent unaccounted for. What is this mystery matter that is so crucial to the fabric of the Universe but at the same time is eluding the general public? The mystery ingredients are: Dark Energy and Dark Matter. To be more exact dark matter makes up 23% of our Universe and dark energy makes up 73%.1 Since the beginning of time people have always wondered what is out there in the universe and how it came to be. As the years went by and as technology evolved, astronomers started to answer some of these questions but only to bring up more new questions to be answered. When astronomers first figured out that the universe was expanding, they thought it was in a state of deceleration after it had been expanding for billions of years from the Big Bang. However to their disbelief, when they looked at very faraway supernovae and galaxies, they noticed that the universe was not decelerating but in fact accelerating.1 So this discovery led to the major question of what is the driving force behind the acceleration of the universe. There are many theories out there that try to predict the cause of the acceleration but the one that is most widely accepted is the theory of dark energy. The first person to actually come across dark energy was in fact Einstein. He didn’t even know at the time when he figured this out that it was dark energy. At the time he called...
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...universe is made up of Dark Matter. What is Dark Matter? Why does it take up so much space? How can we use it for the betterment of our universe? There are so many questions that arise when something we know little about makes up so much of where we live. What I Already Know About My Topic: I chose to write about Dark Matter in the universe because it is a very rarely known thing in human understanding. When someone thinks space, they think planets, galaxies, and “Star Wars.” When I took my first high school science class, the very last section we had was about Dark Matter, and I had visibly freaked out to the point that my teacher asked me if I was okay. When it comes to “galactic” science, I tend to know quite a bit more about the subject than those that taught it to me because I was always a “Discovery Channel” child. Dark Matter is an interesting thing that you seldom hear or see anything pertaining to. This is why I have chosen to “teach” you about this potentially catastrophic element. Have you ever just taken a moment to look up at the stars and thought, “Wow, there’s quite a lot of black up there! I wonder what it is?” Well, ladies and gentlemen, that “space” that surrounds us is actually not space at all! It is filled with boundless amounts of an element that doesn’t exist within the Earth’s atmosphere! Surprisingly enough it is filled with a substance called Dark Matter, otherwise known as ‘Anti-matter.” Now you may be filling up...
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...motion, in Kinetic theory all states of matter are in vigorous motion and heat transfer is associated with the motion of atoms or molecules. The kinetic theory of matter says that all matter is made of particles that are in constant motion. Matter is made of constantly moving particles, which tells us how the matter in solids, liquids, and gases behaves. The reason heat relates to the kinetic theory is because, gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact on a surface causes the gas pressure to rise. Heat study is explained through the movement of warmer and cooler objects, the changing of temperature. It is not a theory of sorts like kinetic theory of matter is. Scientist state that heat is defined as “something” that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. The more heat that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance it has. Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Temperature is the measure of the average heat or thermal energy of particles in a substance. The relationship between heat and temperature is described as the degree of hotness or cold of a body, based on average kinetic energy. Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion in a substance. Heat energy depends on the speed of the particles...
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...Matter is generally considered to be anything that has mass and volume. The volume is determined by the space in three dimensions that it occupies. The mass is determined by its rest mass (or invariant mass), which is measured by the acceleration a body has when a force is applied. The greater the mass, the slower the acceleration for the same force. Matter is thus a general term for the substance of which all observable physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles that have mass, but this definition confuses mass and matter, which are not the same. Different fields use the term in different and sometimes incompatible ways; there is no single agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter," even though the term "mass" is better-defined. Common definition The common definition of matter is anything that has both mass and volume (occupies space). For example, a car would be said to be made of matter, as it occupies space, and has mass. The observation that matter occupies space goes back to antiquity. However, an explanation for why matter occupies space is recent, and is argued to be a result of the Pauli exclusion principle. Two particular examples where the exclusion principle clearly relates matter to the occupation of space are white dwarf stars and neutron stars, discussed further below. Atoms and molecules definition A definition of "matter" that is based upon its physical and chemical structure is: matter is made up of atoms and molecules...
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...treatment. 7. The analysis of data from a systematic investigation may provide the researcher with a basis to reach a reasonable conclusion. 8. Scientific methodology almost always begins with a question, is based on observation and evidence, and requires logic and reasoning. 9. Not all systematic investigations are experimental. 10. It is important to communicate systematically the design and results of an investigation so that questions, procedures, tools, results, and conclusions can be understood. Matter 11. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 12. Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. 13. Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. 14. Matter can be classified as elements, compounds, and mixtures. 15. Matter can be described by its physical properties that include shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color. 16. Some physical properties of matter such, as density, boiling point, and solubility are characteristics of a specific substance and do not depend on the size of the sample. 17. Equal volumes of different substances usually have...
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...Introduction to Physical Science – SCI110 Assignment #2 Week 4 Melissa Garrett Assignment #2: Paper Due Week Four: In a documented essay of 900 - 1200 words please address the following issues, in your own words: * How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? * What is heat? * What is temperature? * What is the relationship between heat and temperature? * How are they different? * What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? * What are the various sources of heat? Conclusions about the structure of matter have been developed by physicists and chemists over the past 150 years. To understand it further let us look at the structure and the processes that occur to determine the state in which it exits. Matter typically exists in 3 common states or phases: solids, liquids, and gases. It is made up of molecules. “A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic properties of that substance” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom Edition, p.98). According to the Kinetic theory of matter, these molecules are in constant, random motion. Through the force of cohesion, molecules interact and attract each other. In the case of solids, which have a definite shape and volume, the molecules vibrate “in a fixed equilibrium position with strong cohesive forces” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross,...
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...Name Institution Heat Conversion Matter refers to any substance that occupies space and has weight. It comprises of atoms and molecules that are constantly in motion due to energy that they possess. Energy is present in all matter mostly in form of heat energy. Energy takes various forms and can change from one form to another form. Other than heat energy, various forms of energy include electrical, light, mechanical, chemical, sound and nuclear energy. These different forms of energy can cause a substance to heat up by simply increasing the speed of the molecules in the matter. Molecules therefore, have characteristics of warmth and coldness depending on the form of energy they possess. Since the particles are constantly moving, they possess kinetic energy, which is also one of the various forms of energy. Relationship between heat and kinetic theory of matter Kinetic theory of matter explains that, matter is in a constant random movement. Applying heat on molecules cause the particulars to move in a random motion. Heating transfers heat to nearby molecules in a substance, which becomes excited and then stimulates the surrounding molecules into motion. The process of molecules excitation continues until all molecules move in a vigorous random motion (Goswami et al., 2010). In this process of molecules excitation, the kinetic theory of matter links together with heat. Heat Heat is the transfer of energy that results from temperature difference between...
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...1. Define heat. Heat- is energy transferred from one body to another by thermal interactions. The transfer of energy can occur in a variety of ways, among them conduction, radiation, and convection. Heat is not a property of a system or body, but instead is always associated with a process of some kind, and is synonymous with heat flow and heat transfer. 2. Differentiate heat from temperature The heat is the energy transferred from one body while the temperature is the amount of hotness or coldness of a body. 3. How heat is related to thermal energy Heat is thermal energy in the process of transfer or conversion across a boundary of one region of matter to another, as a result of a temperature difference. In engineering, the terms "heat" and "heat transfer" are thus used nearly interchangeably (heat transfer is the rate of heat flow in time, or the heat power), since heat is always understood to be in the process of transfer. The energy transferred by heat is called by other terms (such as thermal energy or latent energy) when this energy is no longer in net transfer, and has become static. Thus, heat is not a static property of matter. Matter does not contain heat, but rather thermal energy, and even the thermal energy is subject to transformations into and out of other types of energy, and so can be considered to be "conserved" only when these processes are small. 4. Explain how temperature is measured 6. Explain how heat is transferred by conduction, convection...
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...breaking down conduction we understand it is the physical transfer of heat. Two objects are touching and the heat from one object transfers to the other object to warm it. In convection we understand it is the flow of matter that moves the heat. Matter is warmed, moves away from the heat source and then other matter that has not been warmed moves closer to the heat source to be warmed. This creates a current allowing the flow of hot matter away and cool matter toward the heat source. Radiation is the other type of heat transfer we discuss; this type of heat transfer takes no matter at all and uses electromagnetic waves to transfer energy (heat) from one object to another. Conduction, convection and radiation are all methods in which heat is transferred from one object to another or from a heat source to an object. In each of these methods heat moves from the higher temperature to the lower temperature until a thermal equilibrium is established. It is the differences of each type of heat transfer that will be discussed in this paper. Before I explain each type of heat transfer I will discuss heat transfer in general. Heat is a form of energy, so when an object such as a cup is hot the particles in that cup have a lot of kinetic energy. In the hot cup, the particles will vibrate and rotate and the more the particles do that the greater the temperature of the object will be. Temperature is a measure of the amount of kinetic...
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...The Kinetic Theory of Matter is matter that is made of molecules. These molecules are in a continual state of rapid, random motion. (Freeman, Ph.D., M. Ira, 1957, p. 63). According to Ron Kurtis (2011), matter should behave, based on certain assumptions and approximations, as well as, observations and experiments, and fact that materials consist of small molecules or atoms. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that particles are small and widely separated. As they collide, they exchange energy. The theory explains the transfer of heat and the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume properties of gases. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is composed of large and small particles that are in constant motion. It is also assumed that particles are small and widely separated. These particles collide and exchange energy. The theory explains the transfer of heat and the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume properties of gases. Heat is something that moves between two objects when two objects of different temperature are brought together. (Tillery, Bill W, Enger Eldon, D and Ross, C. Frederick, 2009, p. 82). Temperature is the degree of intensity of hotness or coldness. The relationship between heat and temperature is that heat energy is in substances whose molecules are moving rapidly in a disorderly way. This will give up some of its heat to another substance whose molecules are less agitated. When this occurs, there is a flow...
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...Name Institution Heat Conversion Matter refers to any substance that occupies space and has weight. It comprises of atoms and molecules that are constantly in motion due to energy that they possess. Energy is present in all matter mostly in form of heat energy. Energy takes various forms and can change from one form to another form. Other than heat energy, various forms of energy include electrical, light, mechanical, chemical, sound and nuclear energy. These different forms of energy can cause a substance to heat up by simply increasing the speed of the molecules in the matter. Molecules therefore, have characteristics of warmth and coldness depending on the form of energy they possess. Since the particles are constantly moving, they possess kinetic energy, which is also one of the various forms of energy. Relationship between heat and kinetic theory of matter Kinetic theory of matter explains that, matter is in a constant random movement. Applying heat on molecules cause the particulars to move in a random motion. Heating transfers heat to nearby molecules in a substance, which becomes excited and then stimulates the surrounding molecules into motion. The process of molecules excitation continues until all molecules move in a vigorous random motion (Goswami et al., 2010). In this process of molecules excitation, the kinetic theory of matter links together with heat. Heat Heat is the transfer of energy that results from temperature difference between...
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...100 LECTURE UNIT 1. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMSITRY Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Applications of Chemistry • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers • • • Classification of Matter A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. An element is a substance that is composed of tiny particles called atoms. A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout. 1 |P a g e _____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical properties: readily observable/measurable without altering the...
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...Olivia Uitto Science 110- Introduction to Physical Science April 27, 2012 HEAT 2 How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? The philosophers Democritus and Lucretius stated that matter is composed of particles. They also believed that these particles were in constant motion and in the state of solid, liquid, or gas (Gibbs, 2010). They called this theory the Kinetic Theory of Matter after the word kinema, which is Greek (Gibbs, 2010). In the study of heat we learn that whenever heat is added to a substance, molecules and atoms vibrate faster. Due to the quickly vibrating atoms, the area between the atoms get larger (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). The state of the matter of the particular substance is determined by the motion and space between the particles. The more an object expands, the more space it takes up (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). During this process, the mass of the particular object will not change. Solids, liquids, and gas all expand when heat is added. When an object cools, molecules vibrate at a slower pace. The atoms start moving closer together again and the matter begins to contract. During this process as well, the mass will remain the same (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). Several good examples of the Kinetic Theory of Matter relating to heat is with sidewalks and railroad tracks which are solids. They expand on a hot day but contract as the day gets cooler. As for liquids, when water starts...
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