...Running head: HISTORY OF Al-ANDALUS History of Al-Andalus: Tales of Harmony, Extermination & Vengeance Maddah Hussain History of Al-Andalus: Tales of Harmony, Extermination & Vengeance There is much of the debate going on about the history of Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain. Many historians David Fintz Altabé, Mark R. Cohen, Henry Kamen, Erin Morris, Mary Elizabeth Perry, Rukhsana Qamber, Saey, Tina Hesman Saey, Matthew E. Falagas, Effie A. Zarkadoulia, George Samonis, Hugh Kennedy and Maya Soifer, with their different views have tried to solve the mystery to what exactly happened? What were the conditions in Al-Andalus? Did people of different religious faiths coexisted at that time under Muslims’ rule? What caused the massacre and conversion of Jews and Christians into Islam? What led to the Spanish Inquisition? This paper is focused on the Spanish Inquisition, its causes and its consequences which includes the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the co-existence of Muslims, Christians and Jews, the fall of Al-Andalus leading to the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain beginning in 1478. This paper will also distinguish between religion and the wrongdoings of men, staining it for their ulterior motives. This paper will include different views of historians and their arguments about all of the incidents stated above. The central argument of this paper is, history of Al-Andalus, through many historians is biased; with little evidence, many of historians...
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...The Misrepresentation of African American Students in Special Education Programs SOCI 2301 Research Proposal Introduction In the American education system, there is a steady increase in the number of Black students that are placed in special education programs. Black children are primarily labeled with either being Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR), or having a Behavioral Disorder (BD) (Kunjufu, 1995). This is a concern because statistics show that even though African American children only constitute 17 percent of all students, they compromise 41 percent of all special education placements, and out of the 41 percent of black children that are placed in special education programs, 85 percent are boys (National Research Council, 1999). These statistics are not only alarming, but it has also been recognized that African American students, particularly black males, are either misdiagnosed or misplaced into special education programs. This is a noted and ongoing problem within the public school system, and it is a problem that is raising many questions. For instance, why are black children disproportionately labeled? Why are black boys labeled EMR and BD more than girls? Do these labels adversely affect their self-esteem? Is there a difference between these statistics and the lack of black male teachers in the school system? Are there differences between black and white female teachers as they relate to black male children...
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...Hate Crimes in American Society in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries Sample Student Research Paper Project of Sociology Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement…………………………………………….………….....Page 4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice...
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...fellow in the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Washington, DC-based Brookings Institution, argues that the narrative of terrorist organizations involved in drug trafficking is founded on “half-truths.” Felbab-Brown contends that is agencies use some cases, and manipulate facts in the drug trade to justify its involvement. "Many of these links are vastly exaggerated, and based on extraordinarily shabby evidence, the narco-terrorism narrative is based on a lot of drama and myth” says Felbab-Brown.(71) Felbab-Brown dismantles the idea that terrorist organization are narco-terrorist by saying...
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...Chapter 12-18 Study Guide Chapter 12- Reconstruction 1. Key Terms 1. Reconstruction- the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War. 2. Amnesty- the act of granting a pardon to a large group of people. 3. Pocket veto- indirectly vetoing a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill. 4. Freedmen’s Bureau- bureau established by congress as a solution to the refugee crisis. 5. Black codes- laws passed in the South just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. 6. Carpetbagger- name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the civil war and supported the Republicans. 7. Scalawag- name given to southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South. 8. Klu Klux Klan Act- In 1870 and 1871, Congress passes three enforcement acts to combat violence in the south. The third act (KKK act) outlawed the activities of the Klan. 2. Civil Rights Act of 1866- grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States except for Native Americans. Fourteenth Amendment- grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law”; no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.” 3. Military Reconstruction- the government sent...
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...by storm, In an environment racked with stress, insecurity, tough decisions and 60-hour weeks, you might expect a resurgence of a management model, based on Machiavelli's Prince, Leonia Helmsley or some other Theory-X icon. Instead, there's a stirring in the opposite direction: A flood of management books, articles and musings that propose the idea of leading from a service perspective; managing from the heart, value-based management, sensitivity and vulnerability. (1995, p 40) Examples of servant leadership are dated back to biblical era of Christ. Through these illustrations we will investigate the effects of this style of leadership from and organizational point of view. Measuring the Effectiveness of Leadership After a case study conducted in an effort to examine the...
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...where many weddings occur which are annulled within a week. These marriages do not represent the true meaning of love but simply a drunken night in Vegas. In 2011, there were 48,935 divorces granted in Australia; and still rising today. High divorce rates weaken what marriage is defined as. Why are we not able to teach society what marriage really stands for and make it include a homosexual marriage? The definition of love, according to dictionary.com is as follows: “Very strong affection: an intense feeling of tender affection and compassion.” If homosexual people feel this way then why shouldn’t they be able to be married? If they are happy with each other, then why should they be denied the right to marriage? Nancy Cott testified in Perry v. Schwarzenegger that "civil law has always been supreme in defining and regulating marriage” and that religious leaders are accustomed to performing marriages only because the state has given them that authority. Historically the concept of "traditional marriage" is defined as one man and one woman. However society has displayed something completely different considering the popular modern and ancient examples of family arrangements based on adultery, communal child-rearing, the use of concubines and mistresses and the frequency of prostitution, heterosexual marriage can be considered "unnatural” in...
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...Christian Reasons to Oppose the Death Penalty Mainstream and Conservative Christian Theology Strongly Opposes the Death Penalty Presentation to the Olympia Fellowship of Reconciliation’s Committee for Alternatives to the Death Penalty Glen Anderson (360) 491-9093 glen@olywa.net ------------------------------------------------- 1. Jesus’ two experiences with the death penalty: (A) The woman being stoned. (B) His own execution under the law ------------------------------------------------- 2. Other biblical insights into murder and the death penalty ------------------------------------------------- 3. The basic Christian principles of forgiveness and grace ------------------------------------------------- 4. Quotations ------------------------------------------------- 5. Resources 1. Jesus’ two direct experiences with the death penalty Jesus confronted the death penalty directly and explicitly twice in his life, and both times he rejected it. (A) The woman being stoned John 8:1-11 says: Jesus went to the Mount of Olives. Early in the morning he came to the temple, and all the people came to him. He sat down and taught them. The scribes and Pharisees brought him a woman who had been caught committing adultery. They set her in the midst and said to him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now Moses in the law commanded us that she should be stoned, but what do you say? They said this to tempt him so they might be...
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...Case Study 1: Whole Foods, Prepare a Job Structure By Matthew Osborne HRM 598 Professor Frederick Perry Introduction Whole Foods is a supermarket that has several different positions that it needs to evaluate. This paper will address the recommended titles, and levels to be associated with this group of positions. This will help the company determine what and how to pay its associates. It will also help the associates understand what to expect when working at Whole Foods, what it takes to do a good job at Whole Foods. This will also help the company determine career paths for high potential individuals. Evaluation of Jobs and Job Structure In creating the job structure, each job needs to be evaluated to see where it falls in the organization. In the case of Whole Foods, there is a larger organization and then the smaller store. Job H rotates among stores, and assists in hiring and evaluating staff, as well as training. It also has responsibility for the financials, the job description states assist the Store Team Leader, which could mean supervise. This position has responsibilities in multiple stores, and also manages the transfers between the stores. It is responsible for maintaining the culture of the organization. In the structure it appears to be an Area Team Lead, which is the appropriate title. Job C reports in to the Store Team Leader and provides “overall management and prepared supervision of the prepared foods department”. In evaluating this...
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...DIFFERENCE IN COMPETENCIES BETWEEN NURSES WITH ASSOCIATE DEGREE AND BACCALAUREATE DEGREES Kelly Matthews Grand Canyon University: RN to BSN NRS 430 V – PROFESSIOANL DYNAMICS 06/14/12 Abstract This is an attempt to analyze the differences in competencies between the nurses with Associate Degree (ADN) and Bachelor’s degree (BSN) in Nursing. The contemporary nursing career demands critical thinking, effective communication skills and comprehensive knowledge. To be equipped with these attributes, a Nurse must pursue at least the BSN degree program. The salient points considered for this analysis and finding are: • A comparison of curricula of both programs. • Increasing requirement of Educators, Researchers and Administrators in Nursing. • Patient safety, quality of care, sync with technological advancements. • A patient care situation. DIFFRENCES IN COMPETENCIES OF NURSES WITH ASSOCIATE DEGREE AND BACCALAUREATE DEGREE Education is an infinite process. Everyday, new developments emerge and new deceases and remedies discovered. The overall outlook of healthcare professions has dramatically changed in the past few decades. Nursing plays a very critical and important part in efficient care and patient safety. Nurses work shoulder to shoulder with physicians in treatment planning and management. Legal and ethical responsibility of the care provided is also increasingly shared by the Nurses. Nursing profession thus calls for better qualified and well groomed...
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...A Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism...
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...[Date] [Date] AK [company name] AK [company name] H120 Introduction to the History of East Asia Essay 3 Andy Ricci 622624 Word Count: 2018 H120 Introduction to the History of East Asia Essay 3 Andy Ricci 622624 Word Count: 2018 Why do we sometimes refer to the events of 1868 in Japan as a 'restoration', but to those of the years following 1911 in China as 'revolutions'? Introduction The Meiji Restoration of 1868 in Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 were responsible for producing an enormous amount of upheaval in both countries. Both nations were immersed in social, political and economic backwardness. In this context, both political episodes should be construed as an attempt to reverse decline and set the course for modernization. The main thesis of this essay is based on the notion that whilst there are some similarities between both political events, the main difference resides in the fact that the Meiji Restoration began the centralization of the mechanisms of governance and induced the social and economic modernization of the country. At the same time, the Chinese Revolution of 1911 did not succeed in engendering a sound system of government capable of reversing the country’s decline. The first part of the essay will deal with the main characteristics of the Meiji restoration of 1868. The second section of the essay will outline the main features pertaining to the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The third part of the essay will examine the similarities and differences...
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...Agenda-setting Weaver D H, Graber D, McCombs M, Eyal C 1981 Media Agenda Setting in a Presidential Election: Issues, Images and Interest. Praeger, New York M. McCombs Agendas: Political The political agenda is the set of issues that are the subject of decision making and debate within a given political system at any one time. Significant research specifically on the topic of agenda setting, as opposed to decision making, dates mostly from the 1960s. Early studies of agenda setting were quite controversial because they were often presented as critiques of the pluralist studies of the 1950s and 1960s. Truman (1951) mostly ignored the issue of who set the agenda of political debate. Dahl (1956) discusses the matter in mentioning that ensuring that no group have control over the range of alternatives discussed within the political system is a requisite for democracy. In his study of New Haven he explicitly raises the question of agenda setting, noting that with a permeable political system virtually all significant issues would likely come to the attention of the elites. ‘Because of the ease with which the political stratum can be penetrated, whenever dissatisfaction builds up in some segment of the electorate party politicians will probably learn of the discontent and calculate whether it might be converted into a political issue with an electoral pay-off’ (Dahl 1961, p. 93). In Dahl’s view, then, any issue with a significant potential following in the public would likely find...
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...I know this church is true: Deconstructing the falsehood of the LDS Establishment. “I know this church is true.” These words echo through every chapel of the 29,253 Wards and Branches (churches) in the LDS faith every first Sunday. Anyone sharing their testimony mechanically recites this followed by its companion phrases “I know the Book of Mormon is true” and “I know Joseph Smith was a prophet.” After obligatorily reciting these lines every congregant old enough to talk and brave enough to stand behind the pulpit shares their testimony of how the church affected their lives since the last time they bore their testimony. This profession of belief in the church serves a dual purpose in the eyes of many LDS members. They are taught from an early age that bearing one’s testimony wipes clean any sin leaving them spotless and without fault. (Smith 1835) This is one of the many fallacies heaped onto members and converts of the LDS faith commonly referred to as Mormons. This trinity of mantras is a short version of the church’s foundation and its belief system. The fast Sunday recitation is the cornerstone by which all temple-worthy members live their lives. It is also the stumbling block by which the façade of godliness within the Mormon faith can be deconstructed. By using the words of the Book of Mormon and other holy texts, as well as the words of their leaders, one can reveal a works-based system that is neither effective nor Biblical. The trinity of Falsehood LDS apologetics...
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...Theodore H. Poister Obed Q. Pasha Georgia State University Lauren Hamilton Edwards Sam Houston State University Does Performance Management Lead to Better Outcomes? Evidence from the U.S. Public Transit Industry Although performance management processes are widely assumed to be beneficial in improving organizational performance in the public sector, there is insufficient empirical evidence to back this claim. In this article, the authors examine the impact of performance management practices on organizational effectiveness in a particular segment of the public transit industry in the United States. The analysis utilizes original survey data on performance management practices comprising both strategy formulation and performance measurement in 88 small and medium-sized local transit agencies in conjunction with comparative outcome data drawn from the National Transit Database maintained by the Federal Transit Administration. The results provide evidence that more extensive use of performance management practices does in fact contribute to increased effectiveness in this segment of the transit industry. O ver the past 20 years, some of the biggest questions of public management have revolved around performance management, the process of establishing goals for an agency or program, and then using performance information to help manage effectively so as to achieve those goals (Behn 1995; Moynihan and Landuyt 2009; Moynihan and Pandey 2010). In the public sector, performance...
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